投饲蚕豆对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

分别以配合饲料、浸泡蚕豆、发芽蚕豆喂养体质量为(530±20)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)77 d,以考察投饲蚕豆对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响.结果表明,配合饲料组、浸泡蚕豆组和发芽蚕豆组草鱼的增重率分别为83.08%、55.01%和62.82%,饵料系数分别为2.03、2.96和2.70,投饲浸泡蚕豆或发芽蚕豆显著降低了草鱼增重率(P<0.05),增加了饲料系数(P<0.05):与配合饲料组相比,浸泡蚕豆组和发芽蚕豆组草鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量和肌肉失水率显著降低(P<0.05),胶原蛋白含量和肌纤维直径显著增加(P<0.05);肌肉游离氨基酸中呈味氨基酸的含量显著下降(P<0.05),而必需氨基酸含量显著增加(P<0.05);肌肉的硬度和黏性也有了显著提高(P<0.05).上述结果表明,饲喂蚕豆可显著改善草鱼肌肉品质,但同时降低了草鱼生长性能.[中国水产科学,2008,15(6):1 042-1 049]     

投饲蚕豆对草鱼生长和肉质影响的初步研究

分别以配合饲料(对照组)、蚕豆(蚕豆组)饲喂平均体重为496.5 g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)66d,考察蚕豆对草鱼生长和肉质的影响。结果表明:配合饲料组和蚕豆组增重率为82.76%,36.96%;饵料系数为2.17,4.45;肥满度为13.09,7.72;粗脂肪含量为0.89%,1.43%;肌肉失水率为27.14%,15.87%;肌原纤维长度为28.32μm,33.31μm;羟脯氨酸0.12mg/g,0.16mg/g。在生长方面,与配合饲料组相比,蚕豆组草鱼的增重率、肥满度极显著降低,饲料系数极显著增加(P<0.01);在肌肉品质方面,失水率极显著降低;粗脂肪含量、肌原纤维长度、羟脯氨酸含量极显著提高(P<0.01)。结果表明,投喂蚕豆对草鱼肌肉具有特殊的改变作用。     

蚕豆、大巢菜籽及苦瓜籽饲料对草鱼生长、肌肉成分、组织生化指标和消化酶活性的影响

分别以常规配合饲料(配合饲料组)、浸泡蚕豆(浸泡蚕豆组)、含75%蚕豆(蚕豆饲料组)、60%大巢菜籽(巢菜籽饲料组)、60%苦瓜籽(苦瓜籽饲料组)的饲料饲喂体重为(59.0±0.6)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella),养殖8周后,配合饲料的增重率显著高于其他各组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于其他各组(P0.05);与浸泡蚕豆组相比,蚕豆饲料组的增重率提高56.9%,而巢菜籽饲料组、苦瓜籽饲料组的增重率则分别下降30.6%、21.2%(P0.05);浸泡蚕豆组、蚕豆饲料组、巢菜籽饲料组、苦瓜籽饲料组的肌肉胶原蛋白含量较配合饲料组显著提高,而肌肉脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05);苦瓜籽饲料组的肌肉总氨基酸(TAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量显著高于配合饲料组和浸泡蚕豆组(P0.05)。在生化指标方面,与配合饲料组相比,投喂蚕豆、巢菜籽饲料及浸泡蚕豆显著降低了肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P0.05),提高了肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量和肌肉肌酸激酶(CK)活性(P0.05),但蚕豆饲料组的肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于浸泡蚕豆组(P0.05);在消化酶方面,投饲蚕豆、巢菜籽、苦瓜籽饲料和浸泡蚕豆显著降低了前肠脂肪酶活性(P0.05),提高了α-淀粉酶活性(P0.05),蚕豆饲料组、巢菜籽饲料组及浸泡蚕豆组的碱性蛋白酶活性较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。上述结果表明,饲喂以蚕豆、大巢菜籽、苦瓜籽为主要成分的配合饲料及浸泡蚕豆可改变草鱼肌肉组成,但也降低了草鱼生长性能;综合生长性能和肌肉组成,蚕豆饲料较巢菜籽饲料、苦瓜籽饲料和浸泡蚕豆在脆化草鱼生产养殖上更具有可行性。     

不同饲料原料对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

分别以专用配合饲料、浸泡蚕豆、浸泡豌豆喂养体质量为(1540.9±57.5)g的草鱼(Cteno-pharyngodon idellus)90d,以考察不同原料对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,配合饲料组、浸泡蚕豆组和浸泡豌豆组草鱼的增重率分别为17.3%、13.7%和12.2%,饵料系数分别为5.00、4.09和5.08,三种原料对草鱼的脏体比、肝体比没有显著影响;与普通草鱼相比,三种原料组草鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量和肌肉失水率显著降低(P0.05),胶原蛋白含量和肌原纤维长度显著增加(P0.05)。上述结果表明,三种原料均可显著改善草鱼肌肉品质;与浸泡蚕豆组相比,专用配合饲料组显著提高了草鱼的生长性能。     

不同饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼生长性能的影响

为筛选出营养利用率高、对环境压力较低、适合于珍珠龙胆石斑(Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀)的饲料,研究了配合饲料、饵料鱼、饵料虾、配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲、配合饲料与饵料虾混饲等几种饲料及组合对珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼摄食生长、消化酶活性、肌肉营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明:投喂饵料鱼的试验组,幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率显著高于其它组,而配合饲料组的蛋白质效率显著优于其它组(P0.05);配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组,幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率均仅次于最优组。饵料鱼组、配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P0.05),饵料鱼组的肠脂肪酶活力显著高于其它组,配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的脂肪酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P0.05)。配合饲料组、配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于饵料鱼组(P0.05),饵料鱼组的粗脂肪含量显著高于其它组(P0.05)。饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的试验鱼肌肉中鲜味氨基酸、人体必需氨基酸和氨基酸的总量高于其它组。综合分析认为,采用配合饲料与冰鲜饵料混合饲喂珍珠龙胆石斑鱼效果较好。     

投喂蚕豆和普通配合饲料草鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析及营养评价

对投喂蚕豆和普通配合饲料的2组草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）肌肉中的胶原蛋白、钙离子（Ca2＋）、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了比较分析,并对其营养价值与食用价值进行了评价。结果显示,投喂蚕豆草鱼肌肉中胶原蛋白和Ca2＋的质量分数分别为（0．149±0．011）％和（0．036±0．011）％,比投喂普通配合饲料的草鱼分别提高了36．7％和154％。投喂蚕豆草鱼肌肉中氨基酸总量为（16．802±1．823）％,投喂普通配合饲料草鱼氨旗酸总量为（18．444±0．850）％;投喂蚕豆草鱼肌肉中4种鲜味氨基酸[天冬氨酸（Asp）、谷氮酸（Glu）、甘氯酸（Gyl）和丙氨酸（Ala）]总质量分数为（6．613±0．771）％,低于投喂普通配合饲料草鱼。投喂蚕豆荦：鱼和投喂普通配合饲料草鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）总量分别占脂肪酸总量的73．857％和76．334％,其中单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）分别占脂肪总量的（55．598±2．403）％和（33．832±2．755）％。结果表明,投喂蚕豆荦：鱼叽肉中胶原蛋白和Ca2＋含量比投喂普通配合饲料的草鱼有显著提高,但其鲜味程度、氨基酸以及小饱和脂肪酸含鞋比投喂普通配合饲料草鱼低。     

一种复合益生菌对草鱼生长和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究复合益生菌对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长和抗氧化功能的影响,实验设1个对照组((Ⅰ组)投喂基础饲料)和3个实验组(投喂在基础饲料中添加复合益生菌的饲料,添加浓度分别为1000 mg/kg(Ⅱ组)、2000 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)和3000 mg/kg(Ⅳ组)),每组3个重复,饲养初始体重为(175.79±15.32)g草鱼8周后,测定生长和抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组均能显著提高草鱼增重率、特定生长率,降低饵料系数,存活率无显著差异,且Ⅲ组增重率和特定生长率最高,饵料系数最低,增重率比Ⅰ组提高了16.32%。复合益生菌显著提高了草鱼肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性,其中Ⅲ组的脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性最高,Ⅳ组的淀粉酶活性最高;复合益生菌显著提高了草鱼血清中总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量,当添加量为3000 mg/kg时,会降低其超氧化物歧化酶活性;复合益生菌能显著降低草鱼血清中抗超氧阴离子自由基活性和丙二醛含量,当添加量为3000 mg/kg时,抗超氧阴离子自由基活性和丙二醛含量均有所升高。结果表明草鱼基础饲料中适量添加复合益生菌能促进其生长,降低饵料系数,提高肠道消化酶活性和抗氧化功能,适宜添加量为2000 mg/kg。     

配合饲料和冰鲜鱼对大口黑鲈生长和品质的影响

为探究不同来源饲料对大口黑鲈生长和肌肉品质的影响，选取投喂配合饲料、冰鲜鱼、混合饲料(配合饲料与冰鲜鱼质量比为1∶1)的大口黑鲈，对其生长状况，以及肌肉营养成分、颜色、持水力、质构特性和肌纤维特性进行分析。试验结果显示：冰鲜鱼组大口黑鲈的生长性能显著优于配合饲料组，混合饲料组介于两者之间，但配合饲料组具有更低的饵料系数；与其他组相比，冰鲜鱼组肌肉的粗脂肪含量更高(P<0.05);冰鲜鱼组肌肉的红度值(a*)最高(6.51±1.10),黄度值(b*)最低(4.81±0.69);配合饲料组离心损失率、失水率显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05),且其熟肉率仅73.15%,显著低于混合饲料组(78.04%)和冰鲜鱼组(77.81%)(P<0.05);冰鲜鱼组大口黑鲈肌肉的硬度、咀嚼性均显著高于配合饲料组和混合饲料组(P<0.05);与配合饲料组相比，冰鲜鱼组和混合饲料组大口黑鲈肌纤维直径更小、密度更高。试验结果表明，在本试验条件下，冰鲜鱼更利于大口黑鲈的生长和肌肉品质的提高，但配合饲料组的饵料系数更低，饲料利用率更高。因此，建议从冰鲜鱼的营养组成、大口黑鲈的营养需求和生理特...     

壳聚糖投喂方式对草鱼抗饥饿胁迫能力的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%的壳聚糖,采用3种不同的投喂方式(方式A:连续投喂基础饲料,对照组;方式B:连续投喂添加0.5%壳聚糖的饲料,连续组;方式C:先投喂0.5%壳聚糖饲料再投喂基础饲料且每15天间隔投喂,不连续组)饲喂初始体重(19.46±0.04)g的草鱼60d后,对草鱼进行饥饿胁迫处理[各投喂方式分为投喂组(feeding,F)和饥饿组(starvation,S)],以生长、一氧化氮(nitrogenoxide,NO)含量和溶菌酶(lysozyme,LSZ)活性为指标考察壳聚糖不同投喂方式对草鱼抗饥饿胁迫处理的能力。结果显示,(1)连续组和不连续组60d时草鱼增长率和增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),15d饥饿处理后也呈现投喂组和饥饿组的增长率和增重率高于对照组的趋势(P>0.05);(2)对照组头肾、肝胰脏NO含量和血清、头肾溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著高于投喂组(P<0.05),连续组除头肾外NO含量和各组织溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著低于投喂组(P<0.05)或与投喂组无显著差异(P>0.05),不连续组除脾脏外NO含量和除肝胰脏外的溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著低于投喂组(P<0.05)或与投喂组无显著差异(P>0...     

脆化专用饲料对罗非鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

为考察脆化饲料对罗非鱼(Tilapia)生长和肌肉品质的影响,实验分别以配合饲料(对照组)、脆化饲料(试验组)喂养体质量为(115.30±23.69)g的罗非鱼99 d。结果显示:配合饲料组和脆化饲料组罗非鱼的增重率分别为185.25%、94.96%;饲料系数为1.87、2.94;肥满度为15.23、12.50;肌肉粗蛋白含量为19.40%、18.26%;粗脂肪含量为0.75%、1.32%;胶原蛋白为2.03、2.91;肌原纤维耐折力为33.93μm、64.84μm;滴水损失为2.59%、1.82%。与对照组相比,在生长方面,脆化饲料组罗非鱼增重率、肥满度显著降低,饲料系数显著增加(P<0.05);在肌肉品质方面,肌肉的粗蛋白含量和滴水损失显著降低,而粗脂肪含量、胶原蛋白含量和肌原纤维耐折力显著提高(P<0.05)。结果表明,脆化饲料在一定程度上改善了罗非鱼的肌肉品质。     

The supplementation of nutrient additives in broad bean-based diet improved the growth of “crisped” grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

To investigate the effects of supplemental nutrient additives in broad bean-based diets on growth, flesh quality, and collagen gene expression of grass carp, five diets were prepared, including complete formula diet (control), soaked broad bean (SBB), and three broad bean-based diets containing 80% broad bean without (BBD1) or with the supplementation of methionine (BBD2), and methionine+vitamins+minerals (BBD3), and were fed to grass carp (171.9 ± 1.1 g), Ctenopharyngodon idellus, for 84 days. The results showed that broad bean-based diets significantly increased weight gain (WG) and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of grass carp when compared to the SBB (p < .05). The BBD3 group reached levels similar to the WG and FCR of the control group (p > .05). Grass carp fed the BBD3 diet had lower steaming loss of flesh, higher muscle fiber density, and higher collagen content in muscle and skin than the control (p < .05). The relative expressions of COL1A1 and COL1A2 mRNA in muscle and skin were significantly higher in the BBD3 and SBB groups than in other groups (p < .05). In conclusion, the combination of methionine, vitamins, and minerals in broad bean-based diets promoted the growth of “crisped” grass carp and improved flesh quality and collagen gene expression when compared to the control formula diet.     

种青养鱼模式下的草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性

为探究种青养鱼养殖模式对草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性的影响,随机选取以种青喂草为主养殖模式下养殖的草鱼(生态草鱼)和投喂人工配合饲料进行养殖的草鱼(饲料草鱼)各16尾,测定其肌肉系水力和质构特性指标,以及肌肉常规营养成分、矿物元素、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果显示,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肝体比和空壳率无显著性差异;生态草鱼肌肉系水力指标中滴水损失显著低于饲料草鱼,冷冻渗出率不显著地低于饲料草鱼,失水率不显著地高于饲料草鱼,p H值无显著性差异;肌肉的硬度、弹性、凝聚性、胶黏性和回复性均无显著性差异;生态草鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于饲料草鱼,水分、灰分、粗蛋白含量均无显著性差异;生态草鱼P和Fe含量均显著高于饲料草鱼,Mg、Mn和Cr含量均极显著高于饲料草鱼;生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸总量分别为6.85%和6.27%。生态草鱼必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为76.07,而饲料草鱼为77.29,饲料草鱼略高于生态草鱼。生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉均含19种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、花生四烯酸(ARA)、亚油酸(LA)、油酸、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和硬脂酸含量较高,为主要脂肪酸,而花生五烯酸(EPA)+DHA含量分别为8.95%和10.70%,且差异显著。研究表明,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼在肌肉质构特性方面无显著性差异,与饲料草鱼相比,生态草鱼具有肌肉系水力强、低脂肪和矿物元素含量高的特点。     

饲料中添加生物素对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响

在纯化饲料中分别添加生物素0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.60 mg/kg投喂初始质量为(5.92±0.25)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼8周,研究了不同生物素添加量对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养成分、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果显示:与对照组相比,添加生物素提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率,降低了饲料系数。添加量为0.40 mg/kg时草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);添加不同水平生物素对草鱼幼鱼全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响,但添加量为0.40 mg/kg时粗蛋白含量最大。0.10 mg/kg组和0.20 mg/kg组的全鱼灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加生物素对血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和总胆固醇(TC)无显著影响,但显著提高了血清甘油三酯(TG)含量,各添加组TG含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1.60 mg/kg添加组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合本试验结果,草鱼幼鱼饲料中生物素适宜添加量为0.40 mg/kg。     

膨化与非膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、体成分及部分生理生化指标影响

以商业配方为基础,配制膨化饲料和非膨化饲料饲喂初始体重（394.96±13.21g）草鱼（Ctenopharynodon idellus）120天,旨在对比这两种饲料对其生长、体成分及部分生理生化指标的影响。养殖试验在水库网箱（2m×2m×2m）中进行,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。实验结果表明,与非膨化料组相比,膨化饲料组草鱼成活率和增重率显著提高（P＜0.05）,饵料系数显著降低（P＜0.05）,增重成本显著降低（P＜0.05）;肥满度、肝体比、脏体比和肠体比显著升高（P＜0.05）;鱼体血清血糖、甘油三酯、总固醇和过氧化氢酶显著升高（P＜0.05）;胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶显著降低（P＜0.05）;肝脏谷丙转氨酶（GPT）显著升高,谷草转氨酶（GOT）显著降低（P＜0.05）;鱼体成分中水分和灰分无显著差异（P>0.05）,粗脂肪显著升高、粗蛋白显著降低（P＜0.05）。综上所述,与非膨化饲料相比,饲喂膨化饲料可使大规格草鱼生长性能和养殖效益提高,但会鱼体肥满度和粗脂肪含量提高。     

Evaluation of Cluster Bean Meal Cyamposis fefrugonoloba as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract— A12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of utilizing cluster bean seed meal (CBM) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets for common carp Cyprnus carpio fingerlings. The replacement levels of cluster bean meal protein in the diets were 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total fishmeal protein. All diets were isonitrogenous at 33.1% crude protein and isocaloric at 4.8 Kcal/g. There were significant differences in the final individual weights, weight gains, specific growth rates (SGR %/d), feed conversion ratios (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), and feed intake among fish group ( P × 0.05). Common carp fed the diet containing 50% (CBM) exhibited comparable growth to those fed a fishmeal-based diet. Digestibility of protein, energy and lipid decreased with increasing levels of CBM above 50% of total fishmeal replacement in the diet. Incorporation of CBM in diets significantly affected the dry matter, protein, and energy of whole fish body. These results suggest that CBM can replace 50% of the fishmeal in diet for common carp.     

Protein‐sparing capability of dietary lipid in herbivorous and omnivorous freshwater finfish: a comparative case study on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus)

Two, 8‐week feeding trials were conducted to compare protein‐sparing capability of dietary lipid in herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and omnivorous tilapia (Oreochomis niloticus × O. aureus). Utilizing a 2 × 3 factorial design, experimental diets containing two levels of crude protein (380 and 250 g kg⁻¹) and three levels of lipid (0, 40 and 100 g kg⁻¹) were formulated for use in both feeding trials. Growth performances showed better response of both fish fed 380 g kg⁻¹ protein diet than those fed 250 g kg⁻¹ protein diet. Despite the dietary protein level, weight gain (WG), specific growth ratio (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio were much higher (P < 0.05) for grass carp fed 40 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet than those fed 100 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet; however, there were no significant differences in tilapia fed the two diets. The feed intake of grass carp fed lipid‐free diet was the lowest, but it tended to decrease with increase in dietary lipids in tilapia. Lipid retention (LR) was negatively correlated with dietary lipid concentration of both fish. Viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) and whole‐body and liver lipid content positively correlated with dietary lipid concentration of both fish. Plasma parameters and liver enzymes activities were also positively correlated with dietary lipid concentration of both fish. Liver lipid contents were higher and enzymes activities were lower in grass carp when compared with tilapia. These data suggested that there was no evidence of a protein‐sparing effect of dietary lipids in grass carp. Tilapia has relatively higher capacity to endure high dietary lipid level compared to grass carp.