人工配合饲料养殖华鲮的肌肉营养成分分析

摘要:为了给华鲮种质资源的开发利用及人工养殖提供依据,对在池塘人工养殖的华鲮含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行测定,结果表明:含肉率为60.65％;肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量分别为19.99％、5.10％、1.51％;肌肉中18种常见氨基酸总含量(占肌肉干重)为75.23％。其中必需氨基酸含量为33.36％,占氨基酸总量的44.34％。必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为0.80。鲜昧氨基酸含量为30.07％,占氨基酸总量的37.40％。必需氨基酸指数（WH0／FAO标准为参照）为82.34。色氨酸为第1限制性氨基酸,蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为第2限制性氨基酸。     

中华倒刺鲃肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

利用常规肌肉营养测试方法测定分析5尾中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)的肌肉营养成分。结果表明，中华倒刺鲃肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白质量分数19．22％，粗脂肪质量分数1．96％，水分质量分数77．0％，灰分质量分数1．62％，碳水化合物质量分数0．18％。肌肉中含有17种氨基酸，总量为73．61％(质量分数，干样)，其中7种人体必需氨基酸(不包括色氨酸)总量是32．26％，占氨基酸总量的43．83％；其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO／WHO的标准。中华倒刺鲃的限制性氨基酸为(蛋氨酸 胱氨酸)、缬氨酸和(苯丙氨酸 酪氨酸)，必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为71．34，4种鲜味氨基酸总质量分数为24．22％(干样)。脂肪酸中EPA与DHA质量分数分别为0．87％、3．08％，比其他经济鱼类均高，微量元素比值合理，表明中华倒刺鲃有较高的食用价值与保健作用。     

人工养殖一龄哲罗鱼肌肉营养成分分析

对人工养殖的一龄哲罗鱼肌肉的营养组成进行分析,为营养生态生理的研究提供基础资料。采用国家标准方法测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氨基酸。结果显示:肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白质含量为20.08%,粗脂肪含量为1.59%,水分含量为76.86%,灰分含量为1.77%;肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总量(鲜样)为16.95%,其中7种人体必需氨基酸(不包括色氨酸)、2种半必需氨基酸总含量(鲜样)为9.19%;一龄哲罗鱼的限制性氨基酸为(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)和缬氨酸;必需氨基酸指数为70.90。结果表明人工养殖一龄哲罗鱼是一种营养价值较高的优质鱼类。     

稀有白甲鱼含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

试验结果表明，稀有白甲鱼含肉率为69．92％；肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量分别为16．58％、2．05％、0．99％；肌肉中17种常见氨基酸（除色氨酸）总含量（占肌肉干重）为77．89％。其中必需氨基酸含量为36．27％，占氨基酸总含量的46．56％。必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为0．87。鲜味氨基酸含量为26．26％，占氨基酸总含量的33．70％。必需氨基酸指数为70．44。缬氨酸和异亮氨酸分别为第一、二限制性氨基酸。     

美洲鲥鱼卵营养成分分析及评价

采用生化分析方法对池养美洲鲥亲本的游离卵进行营养分析和品质评价,以探明美洲鲥鱼卵的营养价值。结果显示,美洲鲥鱼卵鲜样的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为91.88%、5.33%、1.14%和0.76%。检出的18种常见氨基酸中,含量最高的4种氨基酸是谷氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸和天冬氨酸;鱼卵干样中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸分别为61.41%、27.05%、30.54%和21.12%;必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸/氨基酸总量分别为0.44、0.89和0.34;蛋氨酸+胱氨酸和色氨酸分别是第一、第二限制性氨基酸;其必需氨基酸指数和支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)分别为86.98和3.17。鱼卵干样中检出3种饱和脂肪酸(总量为30.43%)、2种单不饱和脂肪酸(总量为28.45%)和8种多不饱和脂肪酸(总量为41.04%),饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸的比值和n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的比值分别为0.44和0.51;以油酸(C18:1n9c)(27.13%)、棕榈酸(C16:0)(22.39%)、亚油酸(C18:2n6c)(14.56%)、二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6n3)(11.29%)为主,共占脂肪酸总量的75.37%。研究表明,美洲鲥鱼卵虽水分含量特别高(91.88%),但其干物质营养价值较高、味道鲜美。     

贵州水域乌鳢含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

对贵州水域乌鳢(Channa argus)的含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行了分析测定,采用重量法、索氏提取法、凯氏定氮法分别测定了乌鳢肌肉(鲜样)中水分、灰分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质。结果表明:贵州水域乌鳢含肉率为68.24%±1.4%;肌肉中(鲜样)水分、灰分、脂肪和蛋白质含量分别为78.48%±1.23%、1.65%±0.11%、3.02%±0.13%、16.74%±0.35%;肌肉中17种氨基酸(除色氨酸)总量为57.687%,乌鳢肌肉中所含人体所需必需氨基酸为28.980%,占氨基酸总含量的50.24%;鲜味氨基酸为22.65%,占乌鳢氨基酸总量的38.33%。乌鳢肌肉中所测得的必需氨基酸比例与FAO评价的标准相近似,所测得第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸和胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸是苏氨酸和缬氨酸。     

湖白鲑肌肉营养成分分析

测定了湖白鲑(Coregonus cluncaformis)的肌肉营养成分。结果显示:湖白鲑含肉率为60.82%,肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白质含量为16.85%,粗脂肪含量4.39%,水分含量77.06%,灰分含量1.13%,该鱼肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总量为62.00%(质量分数,干样),其中7种为人体必需氨基酸(不包括色氨酸),总量为28.16%,占氨基酸总量的45.42%;其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准。湖白鲑的限制性氨基酸为(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)、苏氨酸和(苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸),必需氨基酸指数为59.80,4种鲜味氨基酸总量为19.94%。     

人工养殖条件下华鲮含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

为了给华鲮种质资源的开发利用及人工养殖提供依据,对在池塘人工养殖的华鲮含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行测定,结果表明:含肉率为60.65%;肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量分别为19.99%、5.10%、1.51%;肌肉中18种常见氨基酸总含量(占肌肉干重)为75.23%。其中必需氨基酸含量为33.36%,占氨基酸总量的44.34%。必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为0.80。鲜味氨基酸含量为30.07%,占氨基酸总量的37.40%。必需氨基酸指数(WHO/FAO标准为参照)为82.34。色氨酸为第1限制性氨基酸,蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为第2限制性氨基酸。     

裸盖鱼(Anoplopoma fimbria)肌肉的营养成分分析及评价

采用生化方法对裸盖鱼肌肉的营养成分进行了分析,并对其营养品质进行了评价.结果显示,裸盖鱼水分含量为69.92%,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和总糖含量分别占肌肉湿重16.48%、10.64%、1.69%和1.27%.裸盖鱼肌肉(干样)中含有17种氨基酸,总量为43.81%,其中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(WEAA/WTAA)为40.68%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(WEAA/WNEAA)为81.74%,符合FAO/WHO 的理想模式;肌肉氨基酸的支/芳值(BCAA/AAA)为 2.51,接近人体的正常水平;鲜味氨基酸总量(FAA)为 16.94%,占氨基酸总量的 38.67%,高于我国北方主要海水养殖品种;第一限制性氨基酸为胱氨酸+蛋氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为76.35,属于氨基酸较为平衡的鱼类.裸盖鱼肌肉不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值(UFA/SFA)为 2.81,脂肪质量较高.此外裸盖鱼肌肉营养元素丰富,P和Zn含量较高,并富含VA、VB6和VB3.分析认为,裸盖鱼肌肉呈味氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素含量丰富,味道鲜美,具有较高的营养价值和保健作用.     

梭鱼肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

利用常规营养测试方法对6尾梭鱼(雌雄各半)的营养成分进行了测定,并做了较为全面的分析和比较。结果表明,其肌肉鲜样中水分含量为80.90%,粗蛋白含量为17.25%,粗脂肪含量为0.76%,灰分含量为0.83%,碳水化合物为0.26%。肌肉中17种氨基酸的总量为干重的82.51%。其中,7种必需氨基酸的总量占干重的33.14%,占氨基酸总量的40.18%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比例为78.40%,符合FAO/WHO的标准。梭鱼的第一、二限制性氨基酸分别为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸和缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为59.63。梭鱼肌肉中含有24种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,与饱和脂肪酸的比例约为3:1;必需脂肪酸ω-6和ω-3家族的比例(6.11:1)合理;EPA+DHA的含量占干重的4.32%,高于其他一些经济鱼类。梭鱼微量元素的比例合理。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.