EMS,求索之路漫漫

6月份与湛江水博会同步召开的中国对虾产业论坛,EMS依然是大家热议和关注的焦点.许多人慕名而来,希望通过论坛上各国专家报告和讲座能够有所收获,但是,EMS对于大家而言,依然还是一个悬而未决的问题.这两年,因为EMS问题,对虾养殖业遭受重创,对虾大量减产.高虾价、高利润刺激着对虾养殖区域的迅速北移.南方作为EMS的重灾区,今年的养殖形势略有好转,但是,国内外的专家学者对EMS摸索了长达2年的时间,依然未找到症结的根本所在.     

生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾封闭养殖试验中的形成条件及作用效果

本研究尝试将生物絮团技术应用到凡纳滨对虾试验性封闭养殖系统中,筛选生物絮团养殖所需的适宜碳源及其添加量,在此基础上研究生物絮团养殖系统中凡纳滨对虾的适宜养殖密度。结果表明,在养殖密度为150和300尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中,每天按照饲料(蛋白含量42%)投喂量的77%添加蔗糖,生物絮团4d即可形成,在84d的养殖期内,养殖水体的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度均维持在较低水平,对虾成活率在80%以上,取得较好的养殖收获。     

太阳能养殖对虾技术探讨

目前因国内外市场对虾价格高、销路好、利润高,故企业对对虾养殖过程高能耗、高成本并不介意。但从我国能源短缺,企业增益考虑,还应节约常规能源。利用太阳能既可就地取材,无需运输,又可减少环境污染,增加企业效益。对虾养殖过程大体有以下几方面能耗:1.海水的     

人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中的初步应用

为了探讨人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖中的应用效果,优化生物絮团技术的使用方法,分别以甘蔗渣和稻壳粉为载体,配合芽孢杆菌BZ5制成甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,然后将其应用于凡纳滨对虾养殖系统,通过定期检测养殖环境中的水质指标、絮团含量、细菌数量以及对虾生长指标,评估添加人工悬浮生物絮团对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响。试验结果,甘蔗渣组和稻壳粉组养殖水体中的总氨氮(TAN)和总溶解态氮(TDN)水平低于对照组(P 0. 05);试验组单位水体的弧菌数量均维持在0～1×10~3CFU/m L;稻壳粉组对虾的成活率(50. 8%)显著高于对照组和甘蔗渣组(P0. 05),比对照组高27. 0%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的饲料系数(分别为1. 62和1. 87)显著低于对照组(P0. 05),分别比对照组低16. 5%和27. 7%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的单位面积对虾产量分别为2. 53 kg/m~2和2. 2 kg/m~2,分别比对照组(1. 82 kg/m~2)高39. 0%和20. 9%,且稻壳粉组显著高于对照组(P 0. 05);甘蔗渣组对虾的体长、体质量显著高于稻壳粉组(P 0. 05),与对照组无显著差异。结果表明,在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中添加甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,能够为细菌提供缓释碳源和附着表面,促进益生菌的生长和繁殖,维持良好的水质,还能在一定程度上促进对虾生长,提高对虾的成活率,降低饲料系数。     

海水对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统模式分析

对虾养殖由于受到水资源和虾病的困扰,工厂化循环水养殖已经成为今后对虾养殖的一个重要方向。对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统的结构包括了养虾池、水处理技术、消毒杀菌、增氧技术、水温调节装置等。目前,典型的养殖模式有美国德州跑道式对虾养殖系统、台南室内自动化循环水养虾系统、美国佛罗里达三阶段养殖系统和美国夏威夷基于微藻的循环水对虾养殖系统。文中对这4种典型的对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统的养殖试验情况进行分析比较。     

日照海珍品越冬有重大突破

经过几年的研究试验,日照市水产研究所利用太阳能对多种海珍品越冬养殖取得突破性进展。他们研究的太阳能全天候对虾越冬,改变传统工艺,降低成本70%,解决了亲虾供不应求的矛盾。同     

主推品种对虾

[品种来源]我国对虾养殖的品种有南美白对虾、中国对虾、斑节对虾和日本对虾等.1992年流行性虾病暴发前,以养殖中国对虾为主,目前以养殖南美白对虾为主.2006年,南美白对虾养殖产量占对虾养殖总产量的82%.1988年4月和1991年4月,中国科学院海洋研究所率先分别从美国和厄瓜多尔引进南美白对虾,进行全人工繁殖和虾苗培育的研究,至20世纪90年代后期,许多省、市从美洲国家引进南美白对虾,来进行人工育苗和大面积高产养殖试验.     

5月份山东省水产养殖病害测报情况通报

1 5月份全省水产养殖病害发生情况 5月份,全省17个市共测报了19个养殖品种,共有9个养殖品种发生了30种病害(包括病因不明病害)。另外,鲈、梭子蟹、日本对虾、中国对虾、南美白对虾、海参、鲍鱼、扇贝、杂色蛤和海带共10个养殖品种无病害发生。     

正确使用养殖环境调控剂 营造良好对虾生态环境

2003年养殖对虾的售价经历了从上半年的高开(规格为70尾/千克的对虾售价25元/千克),到10月份的低走(规格为70尾/千克的对虾售价19元/千克),再到2004年1月份的持续平稳(规格为70尾/千克的对虾售价23元/千克)。反思我们的对虾养殖业,规格大了,产量增加了,而比较经济效益却下降了。就使得我们必须充分重视养殖对虾品质与质量安全,使之符合当前国内外市场的准入,更好地应对入世后的国际技术和贸易壁垒,从而保证养殖对虾在国内外市场的良好流通。从对虾养殖生产的工艺流程来看,要抓好养殖对虾的品质和质量安全,就必须关注养殖环境、水源和养殖投…     

养殖对虾中氯霉素残留的放射免疫分析

采用放射免疫分析法，测定了湛江市水产市场3份新鲜养殖对虾及2份出口养殖对虾氯霉素残留量。结果表明，本方法的检测限量为0．15ppb，3份新鲜养殖对虾体内氯霉素残留量均大于0．15ppb，2份出口养殖对虾氯霉素残留量均小于0．15ppb。提示放射免疫分析法可作为水产品中氯霉素残留量的有效检测手段。     

有机海水围塘养殖生态系统能量收支与利用效率研究

对连云港市宋庄镇有机海水养殖基地的海水围塘南美白对虾—缢蛏—梭鱼混养系统和南美白对虾单养系统的能量收支与利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,在有机水产养殖方式下,混养系统中能量输入、输出分别为10.54和8.37MJ/m2,单养系统能量输出、输入分别为13.45和10.72MJ/m2。混养系统的光能利用率、光合能转换效率、生物能转换效率、总能转化率和底泥沉积率分别为0.18%、34.51%、48.11%、16.89%和62.41%,单养系统相对应的数据分别为0.19%、24.95%、24.04%、11.17%和68.54%。混养系统除光能利用率外,其他指标均优于单养系统,底泥沉积率亦小于单养系统。从综合生态经济指标来看,混养系统也优于单养系统,但2者综合生态经济指标(EY)均小于1,混养和单养系统都具有提高经济效益和生态效益的潜力。     

Dietary effect of fish oil and soybean lecithin on growth and survival of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei in the presence or absence of phytoplankton in an indoor system

This study was conducted to evaluate whether phospholipids have the potential to reduce the level of dietary fish oil inclusion in shrimp feeds in the presence and absence of phytoplankton. To do so, weight gain of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei stocked at 80 shrimp m^?2 fed different dietary levels of fish oil and soybean lecithin was determined. Six experimental 35% protein diets were formulated to contain 1%, 2% or 3% fish oil combined with either 1% or 4% soybean lecithin. Dietary effects were evaluated using a ‘clear‐water culture system’ without the presence of microalgae in 40‐L aquaria and a ‘green‐water culture system’ in 1.9‐MT tanks. After an 8‐week feeding period, shrimp cultured in both systems and fed diets containing 4% soybean lecithin had greater weight gain than those fed 1%. Thus, diets supplemented with phospholipids improved the efficiency of lipid utilization for growth: diets containing 1% fish oil in combination with 4% soybean lecithin can be used as a cost‐effective combination for commercial shrimp culture feeds. Weight gain in the green‐water system was 1.5–1.7 times greater than that for shrimp reared under clear‐water conditions, suggesting that phytoplankton contributes to shrimp growth through the continuous provision of nutrients.     

对虾工厂化养殖的系统结构

对虾工厂化养殖是在人工控制条件下,利用有限水体进行对虾高密度养殖的一种生产方式,它依托一定的养殖工程和水处理设施作为技术支撑,融合无公害生产的管理模式,是一种高效的环境友好型养殖。文章就构建对虾工厂化养殖平台中的各系统环节及该种生产模式的概况作系统综述。     

一株芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及在生物絮团对虾养殖中的应用

从对虾养殖池中分离到1株细菌(编号2013042402,简称菌株02),分别用16S rDNA序列比对法和细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法对该菌进行鉴定.结果显示,菌株02为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.).为探讨该芽孢杆菌在生物絮团对虾养殖中的使用效果,实验分别设置加菌加糖组(菌株02的量为2.0× 104 CFU/ml,蔗糖量为饵料的70％)、加菌组、加糖组(生物絮团组)及空白对照组,研究了菌株02对养殖水质(温度、盐度、溶氧、pH、氨氮及亚硝酸氮)、对虾存活率及水体中主要菌群组成等指标的影响.结果显示,加菌加糖组能显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度,提高对虾存活率.生物絮团对虾养殖系统中添加菌株02,能够改善菌群结构,抑制弧菌生长.研究结果可为生物絮团对虾养殖中定向培养有益微生物提供技术支持.     

Aquacultural ponds as energy storage and waste recycling systems

Considerable research has been done in an attempt to utilize solar energy to improve the productivity of aquatic culture systems. At the same time solar energy research has identified energy storage as a problem in commercializing the use of solar energy for heating and other purposes. Thus, a system is proposed to combine aquacultural production facilities and solar energy storage with the possibility of later combining recycling of agricultural wastes into the combined system. System feasibility is being explored by use of mathematical simulation models. Six model components on interacting models are briefly outlined and progress on detailed model development is described. A model capable of predicting the hourly solar energy available at any point on the earth's surface for which cloud cover, clearness number and latitude are known, is described. Example model output is presented and compared to measured data.     

Comparison of microbial community structures in intensive and extensive shrimp culture ponds and a mangrove area in Thailand

ABSTRACT:   A pelagic bacterial community structure was examined in experimental intensive shrimp culture ponds that have a shrimp–mangrove complex aquaculture system, an extensive shrimp culture pond and a mangrove area in Thailand by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified partial 16S rRNA genes. Bacterial community structure in the intensive shrimp culture ponds was distinguishable from that of the mangrove area. In the extensive shrimp culture pond, the bacterial community structure resembled that in the mangrove area, but bacterial abundance was as great as that in the intensive shrimp culture ponds. Among the intensive shrimp culture ponds, the bacterial community structure was different between a closed culture system and a shrimp–mangrove complex culture system. Moreover, the bacterial community structure in mangrove planted ponds was close to those in the intensive shrimp culture ponds when shrimp culture was conducted, but it was close to those in the mangrove areas without shrimp culture. These results suggest that intensive shrimp culture with shrimp feed input affects the bacterial community structures in pond water.     

水温和盐度对南美白对虾幼虾能量收支的影响

用室内生态实验法测定了南美白对虾幼虾在不同盐度(5,15或25)和水温(20～23℃,25℃,30℃或33℃)下摄食水丝蚓的能量收支方程。在盐度5～25时,随盐度降低,对虾的能量转换效率升高,同化率降低。在盐度为5时,K1最高(29.02%),同化率最低(77.89%)。对虾具补偿机制来补偿调节渗透压的能耗。盐度对同化率的影响,主要是通过影响呼吸代谢实现的。对虾的特定生长率(y)(%·d-1)随水温(X)(℃)上升而增加,其关系式为:y=0.0168LnX 0.0831(R2=0.9324)。对虾在较高温度下生长快,主要是增加绝对摄食量,提高吸收效率,减少粪便排泄量。在相同温度下,变温时对虾的摄食量高于恒温时。     

不同热加工方式对刀额新对虾过敏原活性的影响

选取煮(100 ℃)、蒸(100 ℃)、高压(121 ℃,0.1 MPa)这3种常见热加工方法,分别处理刀额新对虾不同的时间,通过检测总可溶性蛋白、主要过敏原含量和免疫活性的变化,分析3种热加工方式对虾类过敏原免疫活性的影响,并通过质地剖面分析,研究虾肉经过处理后组织结构的变化。经过3种热处理后,分子量为36 ku的主要过敏原蛋白仍然存在,免疫印迹的结果显示其免疫活性有不同程度的下降,高压对免疫活性的降低程度最大,30 min时免疫活性降低了97%;在25~35 ku区域出现一条新的IgE结合蛋白。质构分析结果显示,经过高压热处理后,虾肉的硬度和咀嚼度都有很大程度的降低,口感变差。结果表明:热高压处理在降低虾过敏活性的同时,对其口感也有一定的影响,有必要通过优化高温高压处理工艺,在保持虾口感及营养的基础上,降低其过敏活性。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘硝化细菌的分离鉴定及脱氮效果研究

利用平板稀释涂布法和平板划线分离纯化法,自凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中分离得到5株细菌,经过形态观察、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行鉴定,同时对其硝化功能和氨氮去除特性进行研究。试验结果显示,分离得到的5株细菌分别为门多萨假单胞菌、嗜胺甲基杆菌、放射根瘤菌、施氏假单胞菌和氧化微杆菌。对其净化效果进行验证可知,门多萨假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌对氨氮的去除率超过85%,分别为88.83%和91.73%;对亚硝态氮的去除率超过90%,分别为95.08%和97.39%;对硝态氮的去除率超过90%,分别为90.49%和91.22%。以上两种菌株有较高的氨氮和亚硝态氮去除效果,具有潜在的应用价值。     

Assessment of standard aeration efficiency of different aerators and its relation to the overall economics in shrimp culture

Aerators are essential for maintaining the dissolved oxygen level in shrimp culture operations. Many types of aerators are promoted as suitable for shrimp culture, but their comparative efficiencies and water circulation patterns are least understood. The aerators viz, modified paddlewheel, Scorpion jet, Venture jet, Wavesurge were evaluated to compare the standard aeration efficiency at different saline conditions with the commonly used paddle wheel. The modified paddlewheel had the highest mean aeration efficiency of 2.018 kg O₂/ kWh at 35‰, followed by the paddlewheel with 1.434 kg O₂/ kWh at 20‰ water salinity. Compared to this, the Scorpion jet and the Wavesurge have shown the highest aeration efficiency of 0.667 and 0.412 kg O₂/ kWh at 20 and 35‰ water salinities, respectively, whereas the Venture jet has given only. The aerator's performance was better at medium water salinities (20 and 35‰) than low (5‰) or high saline (50‰) conditions. In addition to aeration, the paddlewheel aerator has given the maximum water circulation speed 3 ft/sec and coverage distance of 24 m. The cost economics were derived by keeping all other expenses constant except aeration associated costs. The internal rate of returns in shrimp culture with a modified paddle wheel was 127 % compared to the commonly used paddle wheel (120 %). However, the scorpion and wavesurge aerators have shown returns of 47 % and 27 % respectively across the salinities. The selection and sizing of aerators based on the biomass and efficiency of the aeration systems can make considerable headway in decreasing the cost of production and energy use.