生物絮团对中华锯齿米虾生长及水质的影响

实验以枯草芽孢杆菌和光合细菌为研究对象,研究了生物絮团对中华锯齿米虾养殖水体酸碱度、氨氮、亚硝酸氮、COD等水质指标的调节及其在促进米虾生长方面的作用。结果显示,添加了生物絮团的实验组,比对照组养殖水体的亚硝酸氮含量降低54%,COD水平降低39%,氨氮含量降低35%,pH值稳定保持在适宜的水平,中华锯齿米虾的存活率和增重率也有显著提高。结果表明,生物絮团的使用,能够有效调节水质,促进中华锯齿米虾的生长。     

一株功能益生菌的简易发酵及其在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖中的应用

对一株有脱氮作用的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)进行简易发酵,以对虾饲料及赤砂糖为培养基,通过正交实验及发酵条件优化,在对虾饲料3 g/L、赤砂糖6g/L、接种量1×108 CFU/ml、发酵温度31℃、装液量40％条件下,发酵24 h可获得活菌数为1.16× 1010 CFU/ml的发酵产物.使用发酵得到的巨大芽孢杆菌进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖实验.结果显示,添加芽孢杆菌和赤砂糖的增强絮团组的絮团形成速度较添加赤砂糖的絮团组及传统养殖的对照组明显提升(P＜0.05),整体上增强絮团组的亚硝酸氮水平与絮团组和对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).养殖结束时,添加巨大芽孢杆菌组的对虾体长、体重水平均显著高于另2组.本研究建立了一种简单可行的功能益生菌发酵方式,并验证添加功能益生菌可提高生物絮团技术在对虾养殖中的效果.     

添力口甘蔗潼和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响

分别向凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）养殖水体中添加芽孢杆菌（处理A）、芽孢杆菌＋粉碎甘蔗渣（处理B）、芽孢杆菌＋粉碎-蒸煮甘蔗渣（处理c）,检测养殖环境中的氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮含量、水体中总菌数、水体中絮团含量和对虾生长指标,评估添加甘蔗渣和芽孢杆菌对对虾生长及养殖环境的影响。60天的养殖结果表明,养殖前期处理组B、处理组c的氨氮（TAN）浓度显著低于处理组A（P〈0．05）;甘蔗渣和芽孢杆菌的添加能够提高水体中生物絮团含量,养殖10天以后,处理组B和处理组C的生物絮团含量分别维持在6-3～20 ml／L、8．3～30 ml／L,各时期都显著高于处理组A（维持在2．7～8.3 ml／L）（P〈0．05）;处理组B、处理组c收获时对虾平均体重分别为8．56±0．21 g、8．84±0．26 g,显著大于处理组A（7．66±0．40 g）（P〈0．05）。     

一株功能益生菌的简易发酵及其在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖中的应用

对一株有脱氮作用的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)进行简易发酵,以对虾饲料及赤砂糖为培养基,通过正交实验及发酵条件优化,在对虾饲料3 g/L、赤砂糖6 g/L、接种量1×10~8 CFU/ml、发酵温度31℃、装液量40%条件下,发酵24 h可获得活菌数为1.16×10~(10) CFU/ml的发酵产物。使用发酵得到的巨大芽孢杆菌进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖实验。结果显示,添加芽孢杆菌和赤砂糖的增强絮团组的絮团形成速度较添加赤砂糖的絮团组及传统养殖的对照组明显提升(P0.05),整体上增强絮团组的亚硝酸氮水平与絮团组和对照组差异显著(P0.05)。养殖结束时,添加巨大芽孢杆菌组的对虾体长、体重水平均显著高于另2组。本研究建立了一种简单可行的功能益生菌发酵方式,并验证添加功能益生菌可提高生物絮团技术在对虾养殖中的效果。     

两种斑节对虾养殖模式水质净化效果与细菌群落结构的比较分析

为了提高对虾养殖系统水质净化能力,改善对虾养殖水环境,利用红糖+枯草芽孢杆菌和聚氨酯填料+硝化细菌分别构建生物絮团和内循环斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)养殖系统,比较两个系统在对虾标苗和养殖阶段的水质净化效果和细菌群落结构,从微生物学层面探究其水质净化机理。将体长(0.5±0.1)cm的5日龄仔虾养殖在1 m³水体的帆布池中,标苗期密度为5 000 ind.·m^-3,养殖期降为400 ind.·m^-3。标苗结束时,各帆布池底铺约3 cm厚的砂子。生物絮团系统中加活化后的枯草芽孢杆菌,每天一次性加50%日投饲量的红糖,每隔7 d加0.5 L活化后的芽孢杆菌,每隔14 d换水20%。内循环系统中悬挂已挂膜的聚氨酯填料包,其上表面浸没在水中,内部放一个气石。每个系统设2组平行,各阶段养殖周期分别为20 d和40 d。实验结束时,采集生物絮团系统水样、底砂和内循环系统生物膜、水样及底砂的细菌样品,提取DNA,利用Illumina Mi Seq平台对DNA样品进行高通量测序。结果显示,生物絮团系统氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度波...     

不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体生物絮团的结构、营养成分、细菌群落及其水质的影响

为研究凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗阶段生物絮团形成所需要的适合碳源,设计3种不同碳源添加组(葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组),每个处理组设置3个重复,实验期20 d,以分析不同碳源添加后对水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构及水质指标的影响。结果显示,在碳源添加量均为投喂量的80%时,形成的生物絮团可有效调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮水平。3个碳源添加组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著低于对照组,淀粉组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组;最终对虾存活率统计结果显示,葡萄糖组、淀粉组、蔗糖组和对照组分别为72.9%、54.2%、69.8%和44.3%;淀粉组的生物絮团沉降体积(BFV)显著低于葡萄糖组,蔗糖组BFV最高,在13～15 d后3组均趋于稳定;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的粗蛋白含量均显著高于淀粉组,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组则差异不显著;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组生物絮团中组氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸和天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸等非必需氨基酸含量都显著高于淀粉组;葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)值分别为0.93、0.89和0.92。3种类型生物絮团在门级水平的细菌群落共有18余种,其中变形菌门和拟杆菌门在各组占有比例均最高,淀粉组拟杆菌门含量显著高于其他2组,蔗糖组浮霉菌门和放线菌门含量显著高于葡萄糖组和淀粉组。研究表明,添加不同碳源可影响水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构和多样性,不同程度地改善水质。以必须氨基酸指数及存活率为评价指标,则葡萄糖和蔗糖都是凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体中适宜的碳源选择。     

投加微生物制剂对对虾养殖池总氨氮与亚硝酸氮的影响

监测并分析了单独或组合加入光合细菌、益生菌(酵母与乳杆菌)和芽孢杆菌后,对虾养殖池凌晨水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的变化。试验分为6组,即3个单独添加组(益生菌组、芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌组)和3个组合添加组(光合细菌与芽孢杆菌组、益生菌与芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌与益生菌组)。结果表明,添加微生物制剂后,益生菌组、芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌与芽孢杆菌组、益生菌与芽孢杆菌组池塘水体中总氨氮水平提高了41%~99.8%;而光合细菌组、光合细菌与益生菌组无显著性变化,但亚硝酸氮水平有所升高(107%~210%)。单独添加组水体中总氨氮水平的变化强弱顺序为芽孢杆菌>益生菌>光合细菌,组合添加组为芽孢杆菌与益生菌组>芽孢杆菌与光合细菌组>益生菌与光合细菌组。试验期间各组养殖池中总氨氮浓度为0.51~1.94 mg/L、亚硝酸氮水平为0.016~0.096 mg/L,均在安全浓度以下,说明添加微生物制剂未引起池塘氨氮和亚硝酸氮的毒性问题。     

人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中的初步应用

为了探讨人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖中的应用效果,优化生物絮团技术的使用方法,分别以甘蔗渣和稻壳粉为载体,配合芽孢杆菌BZ5制成甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,然后将其应用于凡纳滨对虾养殖系统,通过定期检测养殖环境中的水质指标、絮团含量、细菌数量以及对虾生长指标,评估添加人工悬浮生物絮团对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响。试验结果,甘蔗渣组和稻壳粉组养殖水体中的总氨氮(TAN)和总溶解态氮(TDN)水平低于对照组(P 0. 05);试验组单位水体的弧菌数量均维持在0～1×10~3CFU/m L;稻壳粉组对虾的成活率(50. 8%)显著高于对照组和甘蔗渣组(P0. 05),比对照组高27. 0%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的饲料系数(分别为1. 62和1. 87)显著低于对照组(P0. 05),分别比对照组低16. 5%和27. 7%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的单位面积对虾产量分别为2. 53 kg/m~2和2. 2 kg/m~2,分别比对照组(1. 82 kg/m~2)高39. 0%和20. 9%,且稻壳粉组显著高于对照组(P 0. 05);甘蔗渣组对虾的体长、体质量显著高于稻壳粉组(P 0. 05),与对照组无显著差异。结果表明,在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中添加甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,能够为细菌提供缓释碳源和附着表面,促进益生菌的生长和繁殖,维持良好的水质,还能在一定程度上促进对虾生长,提高对虾的成活率,降低饲料系数。     

生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾封闭养殖试验中的形成条件及作用效果

本研究尝试将生物絮团技术应用到凡纳滨对虾试验性封闭养殖系统中,筛选生物絮团养殖所需的适宜碳源及其添加量,在此基础上研究生物絮团养殖系统中凡纳滨对虾的适宜养殖密度。结果表明,在养殖密度为150和300尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中,每天按照饲料(蛋白含量42%)投喂量的77%添加蔗糖,生物絮团4d即可形成,在84d的养殖期内,养殖水体的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度均维持在较低水平,对虾成活率在80%以上,取得较好的养殖收获。     

一株高效氨氮及亚硝态氮去除功能菌株的分离鉴定及在生物絮团对虾养殖中的应用

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体中分离出具有高效氨氮及亚硝态氮去除功能的菌株Y2,生理生化和16SrRNA基因序列比对分析结果显示该菌株为麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)。进一步通过生长实验进行温度、酸碱度、盐度的培养条件优化,利用抗生素药敏实验筛选菌株特定抗性;通过卤虫浸泡感染的方法检测麦氏交替单胞菌Y2的安全性,并测定海水培养液OD_(600)及含氮无机污染物的浓度,探究菌株Y2生长与水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮之间的动态变化关系;通过28d对虾养殖试验,监测水质、生物絮团形成量、致病菌数量及对虾成活率生长速率,进一步阐明菌株在实际养殖中的功效。结果表明,该菌株Y2对苯唑西林、克林霉素有抗性;对卤虫的48 h半致死浓度高于1.9×10~8 cfu/mL,显著高于哈氏弧菌(10~2 cfu/mL)。此外,该菌具有持续去除水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮的功能。在养殖实验中能抑制潜在病原菌弧菌生长、提高对虾存活率及生长率,并且能在水体中稳定存活较长时间。综上所述,菌株Y2是养殖用益生菌制剂的优良备选菌株,可作为生物絮团养殖系统中调节水质的关键菌株。     

不同放苗密度凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖的环境和产出效应

本研究尝试将生物絮团养殖技术(Bio-floc aquaculture technology, BFA)应用到凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖系统中,研究生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾不同放苗密度下的水质调控、对虾生长及存活等方面的作用效果。试验将200、400和600尾/m2的放苗密度分为传统养殖组(TF200、TF400和TF600)和絮团养殖组(BFA)(BF200、BF400和BF600)共6组,分别在18个室内水泥池中进行,其中BFA组通过添加益生菌和赤砂糖培养生物絮团,并在养殖过程中极少换水,而传统养殖组进行传统换水养殖管理。经过113d的养殖试验,随着放苗密度的增加,水质、对虾存活率和对虾特定增长率逐步下降,然而BFA在400尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾封闭式养殖中有良好效果。与400尾/m2的传统养殖组(TF400)相比,400尾/m2的BFA组(BF400)在养殖过程中生物絮团平均形成量提升3.25倍;水体中的亚硝酸氮和氨氮平均含量分别降低67.9%和72.7%,而用水量只有传统养殖组的33%左右;对虾的体重、存活率、特定生长率及单位产量分别提高了14.5%、156.3%、2.4%和194.1%;400 尾/m2的BFA组对虾单位产量达到4.01±0.94 kg/m2,具有最好的环境和产出效应。     

Effects of bioflocs on water quality,and survival,growth and digestive enzyme activities of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in zero‐water exchange culture tanks

A 30‐day experiment was performed to investigate the effects of bioflocs on water quality, and survival, growth and digestive enzyme activities of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Altogether 28 shrimp (7.4 ± 0.1 g) were stocked in each 150 L tank. Two bioflocs treatments and one control were managed: ‘bioflocs 1’ and ‘bioflocs 2’ based on two different densities of the bioflocs, and clean water control without the bioflocs. Brown sugar was added to the bioflocs 1 and bioflocs 2 treatment tanks accounting for 28% and 80% of the shrimp feed respectively (corresponding to proximate C/N ratios of 10 and 14 in daily additions of organic matter respectively), so as to promote bioflocs production and approximately 14 mL L^?1 in treatment bioflocs 1 and 20 mL L^?1 in treatment bioflocs 2 were maintained from day 15. Monitoring of selected water quality parameters throughout the whole experiment period showed that all parameters remained within recommended levels for shrimp culture in the bioflocs treatments at zero‐water exchange, especially low total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen levels. By the end of the experiment, shrimp survival rates were above 86%, with no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the three groups. Both weight gain rate and special growth rate tended to increase in the bioflocs treatments compared to those in the control. Meanwhile, the overall specific activities of protease, amylase, cellulase and lipase of the shrimp in the bioflocs treatments were all higher than those in the control; and for the specific activity of the same digestive enzyme, the differences between the bioflocs treatments and the control performed inconsistently among different organs: hepatopancreas, stomach and intestine. Present results suggest that the bioflocs can not only maintain favourable water quality conditions for shrimp culture and help shrimp grow well in zero‐water exchange culture systems, but may also have a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities of the shrimp.     

生物絮团对水质的调控作用及仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长的影响

采用模拟实验与现场实验相结合的方法,通过添加3种微生态制剂及碳水化合物作为碳源,研究了其在生物絮团形成与水质调节中的作用,并分析了其对水中无机氮含量、悬浮物、细菌总数及幼参生长的影响,为阐明生物絮团在刺参工厂化苗种培育中的生态环境调控作用提供依据。结果表明,亚硝态氮易于在培育池水体中累积,可高达0.25 mg/L;添加芽孢杆菌后,水中总悬浮物含量和细菌总数均为最高值,且未检测到弧菌和大肠菌群;第20天,仅添加蔗糖组幼参增重与特定生长率均明显高于其他复合碳源组和对照组(P0.05),分别为44.34 g和2.19%/d;而添加蔗糖和芽孢杆菌组增重与特定生长率均明显高于其他处理组和对照组(P0.05),分别为66.60 g和3.01%/d;复合碳源组幼参增重与特定生长率随着玉米淀粉含量增加而逐渐降低,但与对照差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果显示,以蔗糖为碳源,添加芽孢杆菌形成的生物絮团不仅可以改善水体水质和微生态结构,还可以明显促进幼参的生长。     

微生态净水剂对凡纳滨对虾生理生化指标的影响

为了证实微生态净水剂(含菌量10×109/g)可以提高虾体免疫力和对污染物(如农药)的抵抗力,在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannmei)养殖过程中,设置了施用微生态净水剂的实验组和未用微生态净水剂的对照组,采用肌肉注射的方式,对2组凡纳滨对虾进行乙酰甲胺磷毒性实验。注射乙酰甲胺磷后,采样测定血细胞吞噬化学发光情况,组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酯酶活性以及酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶表型变化。结果表明:施用微生态净水剂组明显好于对照组。施用微生态净水剂的虾注射乙酰甲胺磷后死亡率降低,血细胞的吞噬功能也有所增加,虾体组织内SOD、POD、LSZ、酯酶活性变化较未用组的虾变化幅度较小,其中,SOD、POD活性等高于未用组,EST、MDH同工酶酶带数目也有增加。说明微生态净水剂从本质上增强虾体内代谢、提高虾体的免疫力、增强其对外界环境变化适应能力,并具有提高虾体防御功能,增强抵抗疾病能力的作用。     

一株高效脱氮菌株的分离鉴定及应用潜力分析

为了获得对虾养殖池塘中高效去除亚硝态氮和氨氮的菌株,采用富集培养分离的方法,从养殖水体中筛选得到1株去除亚硝态氮和氨氮的菌株,培养24 h后的去除率分别为96.17%和88.27%,编号为O-11。基于形态学、分子生物学及生理生化鉴定结果,明确了该菌株基本生物学特征以及可能的分类地位。分离菌株在20~30℃时有利于亚硝态氮的去除,而温度为20~35℃时对氨氮的去除效果较好;分离菌株在盐度小于30的环境中对亚硝态氮的去除能力受盐度变化的影响不大;在碱性环境中分离菌株对氨氮的去除能力较高。安全性检验可知,在菌浓度为10~5~10~8 cfu/mL的菌株O-11对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是安全的,且在菌浓度为10~5 cfu/mL时能显著提高对虾的存活率,促进对虾生长。这说明,分离菌株O-11在水产养殖水体中有害氮脱除方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Effect of bioflocs on growth and immune activity of Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

The bioflocs technology (BFT) for shrimp production has been proposed as a sustainable practice capable of reducing environmental impacts and preventing pathogen introduction. The microbial community associated with BFT not only detoxifies nutrients, but also can improve feed utilization and animal growth. Biofloc system contains abundant number of bacteria of which cell wall consists of various components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and β‐1, 3‐glucans, and is known as stimulating nonspecific immune activity of shrimp. Bioflocs, therefore, are assumed to enhance shrimp immunity because they consume the bioflocs as additional food source. Although there are benefits for having an in situ microbial community in BFT systems, better understanding on these microorganisms, in particular molecular level, is needed. A fourteen‐day culture trial was conducted with postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei in the presence and absence of bioflocs. To determine mRNA expression levels of shrimp, we selected six genes (prophenoloxidase1, prophenoloxidase2, prophenoloxidase activation enzyme, serine proteinase1, masquerade‐like proteinase, and ras‐related nuclear protein) which are involved in a series of responses known as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade, one of the major innate immune responses in crustaceans. Significant differences in shrimp survival and final body weights were found between the clear water and in the biofloc treatments. mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the biofloc treatment than the clear water control. These results suggest that the presence of bioflocs in the culture medium gives positive effect on growth and immune‐related genes expression in L.vannamei postlarvae.     

Comparison of microbial community structures in intensive and extensive shrimp culture ponds and a mangrove area in Thailand

ABSTRACT:   A pelagic bacterial community structure was examined in experimental intensive shrimp culture ponds that have a shrimp–mangrove complex aquaculture system, an extensive shrimp culture pond and a mangrove area in Thailand by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified partial 16S rRNA genes. Bacterial community structure in the intensive shrimp culture ponds was distinguishable from that of the mangrove area. In the extensive shrimp culture pond, the bacterial community structure resembled that in the mangrove area, but bacterial abundance was as great as that in the intensive shrimp culture ponds. Among the intensive shrimp culture ponds, the bacterial community structure was different between a closed culture system and a shrimp–mangrove complex culture system. Moreover, the bacterial community structure in mangrove planted ponds was close to those in the intensive shrimp culture ponds when shrimp culture was conducted, but it was close to those in the mangrove areas without shrimp culture. These results suggest that intensive shrimp culture with shrimp feed input affects the bacterial community structures in pond water.     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究

传统的水产养殖模式所带来的环境污染、资源浪费和病害频发等问题已成为制约我国水产养殖业可持续发展的主要因素。生物絮团技术(BFT)具有净化水质、提高饵料利用率及病害防控等优点,被认为是有望解决上述问题的新型健康生态养殖技术,已在国内外得到一定规模的应用,并获得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文重点介绍了生物絮团的形成与培养、生物絮团的主要影响因素及其在水产养殖中的应用效果。研究认为,BFT能够改良水质、节约养殖用水、降低饲料成本、提高养殖对象存活率、增加养殖产量和效益;将BFT与生物膜技术相结合,能够更有效地维持养殖水体中适宜的生物絮团含量,避免生物絮团的过量沉积,并能提高水质改良及增产增收的应用效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Nitrogen removal characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas stutzeri</Emphasis> F11 and its application in grass carp culture

This study was designed to investigate the denitrification characteristics of Pseudomonas stutzeri F11 under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the effect of these characteristics on nitrogen removal and the water microbiome in an experimental grass carp aquaculture system. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions of strain F11 were (1) ammonia-nitrogen (N), nitrite-N, or nitrate-N as sole N source; (2) initial ammonia-N concentration of 10–30 mg N/l; (3), initial nitrite-N concentration of 200 mg N/l; (4) sodium citrate as carbon source; (5) rotation (r) speed of 200 r/min; a C:N ratio of between 2 and 10; (6) culture at 32–37 °C. The addition of P. stutzeri F11 to the experimental grass carp aquaculture system reduced the levels of ammonia-N, nitrite-N, and total N in the water over an extended range, but had no effect on nitrate-N level. Results of the 454 pyrosequencing analysis indicated that the structure of the microbial community in the aquaculture water changed significantly after the addition of P. stutzeri F11 preparations. The addition of P. stutzeri F11 to the aquaculture system also altered the microbiome metabolism in the water, especially the bacteria involved in nitrogen metabolism. These results suggest that the addition of P. stutzeri F11 to an experimental grass carp aquaculture system decrease nitrogen levels and alter the microbial community structure of the water; as such, this bacterial strain could be a potential candidate for the regulation of water quality in aquaculture systems.