生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾封闭养殖试验中的形成条件及作用效果

本研究尝试将生物絮团技术应用到凡纳滨对虾试验性封闭养殖系统中,筛选生物絮团养殖所需的适宜碳源及其添加量,在此基础上研究生物絮团养殖系统中凡纳滨对虾的适宜养殖密度。结果表明,在养殖密度为150和300尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中,每天按照饲料(蛋白含量42%)投喂量的77%添加蔗糖,生物絮团4d即可形成,在84d的养殖期内,养殖水体的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度均维持在较低水平,对虾成活率在80%以上,取得较好的养殖收获。     

生物絮团技术在凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖中的应用试验

为研究设定密度条件下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中养殖池水质指标变化趋势和养殖效果,采用生物絮团技术在室外循环水养殖设施进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖试验。投苗规格为0. 158 g/尾,养殖密度为600尾/m~3,使用14口面积为15 m~2的水泥池进行试验,养殖周期120 d。结果显示:在养殖试验期间,试验池养殖水体氨氮平均质量浓度为(0. 81±0. 99) mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮的平均质量浓度为(2. 00±3.96) mg/L,p H 7. 48±0. 36,弧菌的平均质量浓度为(120±77) cfu/m L;经过120 d的养殖,对虾的平均全长达到(14. 022±0. 269) cm,平均体质量达到(15. 748±1. 803) g。研究表明,在室外循环水养殖水泥池利用生物絮团技术进行凡纳滨对虾养殖,具有养殖存活率高、换水率低、养殖产量高等优点,应用前景广阔。     

人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中的初步应用

为了探讨人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖中的应用效果,优化生物絮团技术的使用方法,分别以甘蔗渣和稻壳粉为载体,配合芽孢杆菌BZ5制成甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,然后将其应用于凡纳滨对虾养殖系统,通过定期检测养殖环境中的水质指标、絮团含量、细菌数量以及对虾生长指标,评估添加人工悬浮生物絮团对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响。试验结果,甘蔗渣组和稻壳粉组养殖水体中的总氨氮(TAN)和总溶解态氮(TDN)水平低于对照组(P 0. 05);试验组单位水体的弧菌数量均维持在0～1×10~3CFU/m L;稻壳粉组对虾的成活率(50. 8%)显著高于对照组和甘蔗渣组(P0. 05),比对照组高27. 0%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的饲料系数(分别为1. 62和1. 87)显著低于对照组(P0. 05),分别比对照组低16. 5%和27. 7%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的单位面积对虾产量分别为2. 53 kg/m~2和2. 2 kg/m~2,分别比对照组(1. 82 kg/m~2)高39. 0%和20. 9%,且稻壳粉组显著高于对照组(P 0. 05);甘蔗渣组对虾的体长、体质量显著高于稻壳粉组(P 0. 05),与对照组无显著差异。结果表明,在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中添加甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,能够为细菌提供缓释碳源和附着表面,促进益生菌的生长和繁殖,维持良好的水质,还能在一定程度上促进对虾生长,提高对虾的成活率,降低饲料系数。     

不同养殖密度下凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖排放水研究

为研究不同养殖密度下微生物调控凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖排放水的水质状况,设置了3种放养密度(200、400、600尾/m~2),共9口养殖池,跟踪监测了对虾从苗期到养成期不同生长阶段排放水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、硫化物、总磷、COD、重金属等水质指标。结果表明,在3种放苗密度下,当对虾体长8 cm时,排放水的水质基本能达到海水养殖水排放要求的二级标准;当对虾体长≥9 cm时,排放水中无机氮的含量均不符合一级、二级标准。在采用微生物调控的凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖条件下,放苗密度不超过600尾/m~2时,对虾生长前期养殖水质基本能达到排放要求,生长后期则需要采取一定的养殖废水处理措施,才能达到排放要求。     

养殖密度和换水量及频率对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响

在26℃下,将体长(2.089±0.021)cm的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)饲养在15 L聚乙烯圆形水桶中,设置400尾/m~3和800尾/m~32个密度和5个换水条件(不换水、日换水量20%、日换水量50%、3 d全量换水、5 d全量换水)双因素处理,研究不同养殖密度和日换水条件对水质和凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长的影响,并根据养殖密度、日换水量及养殖天数对自污染因子的影响,建立了各污染指标与养殖密度、日换水量及养殖天数的回归关系模型。结果显示:养殖密度和日换水量对水体p H无显著性影响(P0.05);水中NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N及COD浓度均随换水量增大而降低,其中日换水量50%组累积量最低,显著低于其他组(P0.05);3 d全量换水和5 d全量换水试验组中,NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N及COD浓度在换水前达峰值,在换水次日骤降至最低值,然后逐渐升高,如此循环,但仍低于对照组;相同换水条件下,密度400尾/m~3时自污染因子浓度均低于800尾/m~3组;NO_2~--N(Y_1)、NH_4~+-N(Y_2)和COD(Y_3)浓度指标与养殖密度(X_1)、日换水量(X_2)及养殖天数(X_3)的回归关系模型分别为:Y_1=0.048-0.002X_2-0.001X_3;Y_2=0.163+0.04X_1-0.018X_2+0.01X_3;Y_3=4.85+0.429X_1-0.199X_2。研究表明:在养殖密度400尾/m~3、换水率50%的养殖条件下,可以保证水体自污染程度最低,凡纳滨对虾生长良好。     

凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖可行性研究

为探寻高产高效的养虾模式,应对环境恶化及疾病蔓延对凡纳滨对虾养殖的制约,以凡纳滨对虾新品种"科海1号"SPF优质虾苗为对象,采用循环水养殖系统及其高效水处理技术,进行了为期90d的循环水养虾试验,以探析循环水养虾的可行性及适宜的养虾条件与管控措施。结果显示:在循环水系统,凡纳滨对虾活动正常,生长快速;在放虾苗750~1200尾/m2的高密度情况下,养成产量平均高达8.6016kg/m2(5.734 4kg/m3),平均存活率64.88%,饵料系数1.22。由此表明,循环水系统适合凡纳滨对虾集约化养殖,并能高产高效。     

低温季节凡纳滨对虾室内生物絮团养殖研究

在低温季节研究凡纳滨对虾在室内生物絮团养殖模式下的生长与体成分.试验设置清水养殖(饱食投喂)为对照组,生物絮团养殖(投喂量为清水组70％)为试验组,每组3个平行,每桶放凡纳滨对虾[(3.17±0.37)g]18尾,养殖42 d,记录摄食率,测定体质量和体成分,计算生长指标.试验结果显示:(1)清水组的平均水温为(21....     

方格星虫与凡纳滨对虾池塘混养试验

为研究如何充分利用凡纳滨对虾养殖池的水体、底质空间和饵料资源,降低养殖成本,提高养殖经济效益,进行了凡纳滨对虾与方格星虫的混养试验。试验池塘1口,面积2800 m2,放养体长0.8～1.0 cm的凡纳滨对虾苗22万尾,放养体长2～3 cm、平均体质量0.402 g的方格星虫苗种6万条。经过117～123d养殖,收获凡纳滨对虾2 453 kg,规格66尾/kg,成活率73.6%,产值58 872元;收获方格星虫268 kg,规格159条/kg,成活率71.0%,产值17688元。试验总产值76560元,利润36218元。     

技术交流 对虾白斑综合症生物防控技术

<正>对虾白斑综合症(WSS)生物防控技术通过试验和应用,已成为成熟的技术。在此,与广大养虾朋友交流、分享。1.草鱼生物防控技术(1)草鱼的使用方法1适合盐度8‰以下养殖区。2适合对虾苗种密度3万尾/亩~15万尾/亩,根据养殖条件和管理措施而定。封闭式养殖模式:传统凡纳滨对虾(土苗和二代苗)放苗密度3万尾/亩~4万尾/亩,生长快的品种2.0万尾/亩~2.5万尾/亩。高位池养殖模式:小于2亩的池塘,传统虾苗小于15万尾/亩,生长快品种小     

冬季工厂化生物絮团高密度对虾养殖模式通过现场验收

<正>日前,由山东省潍坊市渔业技术推广站、中国水产科学研究院下营增殖试验站等单位专家组成的专家组,对中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所与山东潍坊龙威实业有限公司合作开展的冬季工厂化生物絮团高密度对虾养殖模式进行了现场验收。验收结果表明:应用该项技术冬季低温期养殖凡纳滨对虾104天,平均体长达到(9.6±0.4)cm,平均体重11.3g/尾,推算凡纳滨对虾成活率达到68.7%,亩产3100kg。至收获完毕,实际产量达到3515kg/亩,单茬产值达26.7万元/亩。     

密度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响

将体长为（3.59±0.26）cm的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）按1 800尾.m-3、1 500尾.m-3和1 200尾.m-3的密度分别饲养在注水0.3 m3的圆形玻璃纤维桶（容量为0.5 m3）中30 d,检测了基本水质因子、对虾肝胰腺和肌肉组织中的酚氧化酶（PO）活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、抗菌活力（Ua）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活力、体质量增长和成活率,研究了不同放养密度对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响。统计分析发现,试验过程中水体理化因子均在适宜范围,各处理间水质因子的差异不显著;对虾的PO活力、Ua和AKP活力均随着密度的增加而降低,SOD活力则反之;对虾的体质量增长、体质量特定增长率和成活率随着密度的增加而降低,成活率差异显著（P〈0.05）。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾（体长〈4.8 cm或体质量〈1.2 g）在密度为1 200～1 800尾.m-3时,密度胁迫可明显影响其免疫指标和生长。     

贝类对对虾养殖池塘沉积物中小型底栖动物的影响

通过分析凡纳滨对虾单养及其与泥蚶混养实验的沉积物的理化特性、小型底栖动物种类组成及其生物量的变化,研究贝类对对虾池中小型底栖动物的影响。实验中对虾放养密度均为17×10~4个/hm~2,泥蚶密度分别为0粒/m~2(S)、60粒/m~2(SC1)、120粒个/m~2(SC2)和180粒/m~2(SC3)。结果显示,随养殖时间增加:(1)沉积物中有机物含量呈上升趋势,pH与氧化还原电位逐渐下降;随贝类放养密度增加,底质环境恶化程度趋缓;(2)小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量呈下降趋势,随着贝类放养密度增加,小型底栖动物的群落结构变化逐渐减少;(3)回归分析表明,介形类与线虫比值与对虾产量呈较好的相关性,一定密度贝类混养有利于底泥中介形类与线虫比值的提高,初步结果为养殖过程中该比值平均要达到6,单次值不低于3.5。研究表明,对虾与泥蚶混养有利于底质的改善和小型底栖动物的生长,较高密度的泥蚶(80~140个/m~2)有明显净化底质的作用。     

The quantity of artificial substrates influences the nitrogen cycle in the biofloc culture system of Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the influence of different quantities of artificial substrate on water quality and the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an integrated biofilm-biofloc culture system. Thus, three treatments were performed: the control, the treatment without the addition of artificial substrate; T200, the treatment with a 200 % increase in the lateral area of the tanks using artificial substrates; and T400, the treatment with a 400 % increase in the lateral area of the tanks using artificial substrates. The study was conducted in nine 800 L tanks over 60 days. The animals were stocked at an initial density of 300 shrimp.m⁻² (equivalent to 500 shrimp m^-3), with an initial weight of 1.27 g (± 0.48). Ammonia concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments (p > 0.05). Increasing the amount of substrate from 200 % to 400 % did not cause significant differences in the nitrite concentrations between these treatments. However, in the control treatment, nitrite remained high (above 20 mg.L^-1) for a long period, negatively affecting shrimp performance. Nitrate was lower in T400, indicating a more dynamic process in the nitrogen cycle when the quantity of artificial substrate increased. Weekly growth rates, final weight, survival, and productivity were higher in the treatments integrating biofilm and biofloc substrates and did not show significant differences between T200 and T400. The results demonstrate the importance of artificial substrates in enhancing the water quality in biofloc culture systems over the long term, mostly in terms of maintaining nitrite concentrations below levels toxic to L. vannamei. The performance of the shrimp and the improved water quality at the end of the study reflected the advantages provided by incorporating artificial substrates in shrimp biofloc culture.     

The effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) performance and water quality dynamics in high tunnel-based biofloc systems

The use of artificial substrates in shrimp aquaculture may allow for production of shrimp at increased densities while providing a growth medium for microbes that assist with water quality processes and provide supplemental nutrition for shrimp. Greenhouse-based shrimp production systems can extend the shrimp production season in temperate climates while conserving water and energy. For this study, we evaluated the effects of providing extra substrate and shrimp density on water quality and shrimp production in greenhouse-based biofloc systems. Four 11-m³, wood framed, and rubber-lined tanks were constructed in each of four high tunnel greenhouses (for a total of 16 tanks). Four treatments were evaluated: high-density stocking with substrate (HDS), high-density stocking with no substrate (HDNS), low-density stocking with substrate (LDS), and low-density stocking with no substrate (LDNS). Each treatment was randomly assigned to one tank in each tunnel to block for location. No artificial heat was used, and shrimp were grown for 120 days. High-density systems were stocked at 200 shrimp/m³ while low-density tanks had 100 shrimp/m³. Adding substrate increased total in-tank surface area by 13.4%. The addition of substrate had no significant effect on any shrimp production or standard water quality parameters. Shrimp had significantly greater final weight, faster growth rate, and lower feed conversion rate in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.02 for all). Total shrimp biomass production was significantly higher in high-density treatments (HD: 4.0 kg/m³; LD: 2.3 kg/m³; P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in survival between densities (HD: 91.3%; LD: 94.5%; P = 0.43). Peak and overall mean nitrite levels were significantly higher in high-density treatments compared to low-density treatments. Dissolved oxygen levels and pH over the course of the study were significantly lower in high-density treatments, likely due to increased respiration rates in the water column. This project shows the feasibility of shrimp production in temperate climates with no artificial heat using high tunnel greenhouses, few impacts of added substrate on shrimp production, and increased shrimp density can result in much larger harvests with few negative impacts on production metrics.     

Intensive Culture Potential of Penaeus vannamei

Tank and pond rearing studies were conducted to assess the potential for intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Postlarvae were stocked in intensive nursery tanks at 500/ m². Growth and survival were compared for shrimp reared in control fiberglass tanks and in tanks with artificial substrates (fiberglass screen). Addition of substrate improved survival (82% versus 58%), but not growth. Juvenile shrimp (mean weight, 1.3 g) from the nursery trial were stocked into 6 m diameter tanks at densities of 10, 20 and 40/m². Growth rate was inversely related to stocking density, with mean sizes of 33.9, 32.5, and 26.7 g attained at the low, medium, and high densities respectively after 168 days. At harvest, standing crop biomass averaged 225.6, 442.0, and 685.4 g/m² for the three densities. To further test the intensive culture potential, two 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with hatchery-reared postlarvae at densities of approximately 40 and 45/m². The ponds were managed intensively using paddlewheel aerators and water exchange averaging 16–17%/day. The ponds were harvested after 138 and 169 days and yielded 6,010 kg/ha of 16.7 g (mean weight) shrimp and 7,503 kg/ha of 17.9 g shrimp, respectively. Average production was 6,757 kg/ha with a food conversion of 2.51. These data suggest good potential for intensive pond culture of P. vannamei in South Carolina and other areas of the continental United States.     

Effects of Artificial Substrate and Stocking Density on the Nursery Production of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Nursery production may be enhanced by the addition of artificial substrate to increase the surface area upon which shrimp graze and to serve as refuge. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the artificial substrate, AquaMats^TM, on the performance of postlarval Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei stocked at three densities. Eighteen 230-L tanks were stocked with 10-d postlarvae (mean weight < 0.01 g). Six treatments were evaluated and consisted of shrimp stocked at three densities (778 shrimp/m², 1,167 shrimp/ m², and 1,556 shrimp/m²) with and without access to artificial substrate. Shrimp in all treatments received a commercial diet ad libitum . After 6 wk, shrimp were harvested from each nursery tank, counted, and batch weighed. Mean final weight, survival, production, feed conversion ratio, and water quality parameters were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. There were highly significant ( P < 0.001) density and substrate effects on final weight, but there was no significant interaction effect. Final weight was 26.0, 17.4, and 34.5% greater in treatments with substrate than without substrate when stocked at 778, 1,167, and 1,556 shrimp/m², respectively. There was no significant density, substrate, or interaction effect on survival or water quality. Mean survival was ± 89.1% for all treatments. Increased shrimp growth in the presence of added substrate was likely due to the availability of attached particulate organic matter on the AquaMats^TM that served as an additional food source. Results from this study indicate that artificial substrate can be used to mitigate the potential negative effects of high stocking density on growth of L. vannamei in nursery systems.     

Semi-Intensive Commercial Grow-Out of Penaeus vannamei Fed Diets Containing Differing Levels of Crude Protein During Wet and Dry Seasons in Honduras

Shrimp were grown under ideal management conditions during two distinct seasons of the year at stocking densities used most often in Honduras with the objective of evaluating the usefulness of high protein diets. A randomized design in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to test a diet composed of either 20 or 40% crude protein in earthen ponds that were stocked with juvenile Penaeus vannamei at 5 to 11/m². The study was repeated during wet and dry seasons. Dietary protein level had no significant effect ( P > O .05) on survival, yield, or average weight of shrimp at either density during either season. Higher stocking rates yielded significantly greater shrimp production during both seasons. Mean shrimp weight in high density ponds was significantly lower than mean shrimp weight in low density ponds during the wet season, but there was no significant weight difference because of stocking density during the dry season. Mean survival was significantly lower at the higher stocking rate during the dry season. Net income was negative during the dry season, particularly at the high stocking density. Mean production was 240% greater in the wet season than in the dry season. Diets offered P. vannamei stocked at 5 to 11/m² should contain no more than 20% protein, regardless of season. Higher dietary protein levels increase costs and waste nitrogen without resulting in greater shrimp yields. The high stocking density might increase profitability in the wet season, but long term sustainable production may be more feasible at lower stocking rates because of reduced nutrient wastes.     

凡纳滨对虾无特定病原育苗试验

报道了凡纳滨对虾无特定病原 (SPF)育苗技术及养成试验效果。试验结果表明 ,平均单位水体出苗12 .88× 10 4ind/m3 ,育苗成活率 86 .15 % ;2 0 0 2年养成试验的对虾平均体重 34.318g/ind ,平均体长 14 .75 5cm/ind ,而对照池对虾平均体重 2 5 .793g/ind ,平均体长 13.0 33cm/ind。养成试验显示 ,放养优质无特定病原虾苗的池塘 ,平均可增产 4 6 .4 5 % ,成活率提高 7.4 6个百分点。     

Cage culture of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) at different stocking densities in a shallow eutrophic lake

Postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were acclimated and stocked in lake-based cages at the following stocking densities: 10, 20, 30 and 40 shrimp m⁻². Another set of shrimp was stocked in concrete tanks as reference samples at 30 shrimp m⁻². Significant differences were observed among stocking densities throughout the 95-day culture. The final weight at harvest decreased with increasing stocking density: mean weights of 23.3, 15.8, 13.0, 10.9 and 14.6 g for the 10, 20, 30, 40 shrimp m⁻² and reference tanks were observed respectively. There were no significant differences in survival throughout the culture period, ranging between 69% and 77%. Daily growth rates (range: 0.11–0.24 g day⁻¹) and specific growth rates (range: 3.54–4.34%) also differed significantly among stocking densities, both increasing with decreasing stocking density. The feed conversion ratio in the cages did not differ among the stocking densities, ranging from 1.53 to 1.65. The relationship between stocking density and mean individual weight at harvest followed the equation y =81.06 x ^−0.54 ( R ²=0.938) and that of stocking density and production (in g m⁻²) is y =58.01 x ^−0.46 ( R ²=0.834).