不同放苗密度凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖的环境和产出效应

本研究尝试将生物絮团养殖技术(Bio-floc aquaculture technology, BFA)应用到凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖系统中,研究生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾不同放苗密度下的水质调控、对虾生长及存活等方面的作用效果。试验将200、400和600尾/m2的放苗密度分为传统养殖组(TF200、TF400和TF600)和絮团养殖组(BFA)(BF200、BF400和BF600)共6组,分别在18个室内水泥池中进行,其中BFA组通过添加益生菌和赤砂糖培养生物絮团,并在养殖过程中极少换水,而传统养殖组进行传统换水养殖管理。经过113d的养殖试验,随着放苗密度的增加,水质、对虾存活率和对虾特定增长率逐步下降,然而BFA在400尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾封闭式养殖中有良好效果。与400尾/m2的传统养殖组(TF400)相比,400尾/m2的BFA组(BF400)在养殖过程中生物絮团平均形成量提升3.25倍;水体中的亚硝酸氮和氨氮平均含量分别降低67.9%和72.7%,而用水量只有传统养殖组的33%左右;对虾的体重、存活率、特定生长率及单位产量分别提高了14.5%、156.3%、2.4%和194.1%;400 尾/m2的BFA组对虾单位产量达到4.01±0.94 kg/m2,具有最好的环境和产出效应。     

几种不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗效果的影响

为提高凡纳滨对虾种苗生产的生态化水平,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉为添加碳源,添加量为投饵量的50%,同时添加地衣芽孢杆菌,在1 000 L的水体中进行凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗实验。结果表明添加碳源组絮团含量明显高于对照组(不添加碳源和芽孢杆菌),且蔗糖组絮团的形成比淀粉组和葡萄糖组早;蔗糖组和葡萄糖组的氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量均显著低于对照组和淀粉组,其亚硝酸盐峰值浓度分别比对照组降低25.4%和31.4%,且未换水即自行下降;添加碳源各组絮团的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均显著高于对照组,粗蛋白含量最高的蔗糖组达到32.6%。仔虾幼体P14时,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的仔虾体长分别比对照组增长22.8%和19.2%(P0.01),差异极显著。表明在凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗中,蔗糖和葡萄糖作为添加碳源是合适的。     

人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中的初步应用

为了探讨人工悬浮生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾养殖中的应用效果,优化生物絮团技术的使用方法,分别以甘蔗渣和稻壳粉为载体,配合芽孢杆菌BZ5制成甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,然后将其应用于凡纳滨对虾养殖系统,通过定期检测养殖环境中的水质指标、絮团含量、细菌数量以及对虾生长指标,评估添加人工悬浮生物絮团对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响。试验结果,甘蔗渣组和稻壳粉组养殖水体中的总氨氮(TAN)和总溶解态氮(TDN)水平低于对照组(P 0. 05);试验组单位水体的弧菌数量均维持在0～1×10~3CFU/m L;稻壳粉组对虾的成活率(50. 8%)显著高于对照组和甘蔗渣组(P0. 05),比对照组高27. 0%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的饲料系数(分别为1. 62和1. 87)显著低于对照组(P0. 05),分别比对照组低16. 5%和27. 7%;稻壳粉组和甘蔗渣组的单位面积对虾产量分别为2. 53 kg/m~2和2. 2 kg/m~2,分别比对照组(1. 82 kg/m~2)高39. 0%和20. 9%,且稻壳粉组显著高于对照组(P 0. 05);甘蔗渣组对虾的体长、体质量显著高于稻壳粉组(P 0. 05),与对照组无显著差异。结果表明,在凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中添加甘蔗渣人工悬浮生物絮团和稻壳粉人工悬浮生物絮团,能够为细菌提供缓释碳源和附着表面,促进益生菌的生长和繁殖,维持良好的水质,还能在一定程度上促进对虾生长,提高对虾的成活率,降低饲料系数。     

低温季节凡纳滨对虾室内生物絮团养殖研究

在低温季节研究凡纳滨对虾在室内生物絮团养殖模式下的生长与体成分.试验设置清水养殖(饱食投喂)为对照组,生物絮团养殖(投喂量为清水组70％)为试验组,每组3个平行,每桶放凡纳滨对虾[(3.17±0.37)g]18尾,养殖42 d,记录摄食率,测定体质量和体成分,计算生长指标.试验结果显示:(1)清水组的平均水温为(21....     

生物絮团技术在凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖中的应用试验

为研究设定密度条件下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中养殖池水质指标变化趋势和养殖效果,采用生物絮团技术在室外循环水养殖设施进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖试验。投苗规格为0. 158 g/尾,养殖密度为600尾/m~3,使用14口面积为15 m~2的水泥池进行试验,养殖周期120 d。结果显示:在养殖试验期间,试验池养殖水体氨氮平均质量浓度为(0. 81±0. 99) mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮的平均质量浓度为(2. 00±3.96) mg/L,p H 7. 48±0. 36,弧菌的平均质量浓度为(120±77) cfu/m L;经过120 d的养殖,对虾的平均全长达到(14. 022±0. 269) cm,平均体质量达到(15. 748±1. 803) g。研究表明,在室外循环水养殖水泥池利用生物絮团技术进行凡纳滨对虾养殖,具有养殖存活率高、换水率低、养殖产量高等优点,应用前景广阔。     

一株功能益生菌的简易发酵及其在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖中的应用

对一株有脱氮作用的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)进行简易发酵,以对虾饲料及赤砂糖为培养基,通过正交实验及发酵条件优化,在对虾饲料3 g/L、赤砂糖6 g/L、接种量1×10~8 CFU/ml、发酵温度31℃、装液量40%条件下,发酵24 h可获得活菌数为1.16×10~(10) CFU/ml的发酵产物。使用发酵得到的巨大芽孢杆菌进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖实验。结果显示,添加芽孢杆菌和赤砂糖的增强絮团组的絮团形成速度较添加赤砂糖的絮团组及传统养殖的对照组明显提升(P0.05),整体上增强絮团组的亚硝酸氮水平与絮团组和对照组差异显著(P0.05)。养殖结束时,添加巨大芽孢杆菌组的对虾体长、体重水平均显著高于另2组。本研究建立了一种简单可行的功能益生菌发酵方式,并验证添加功能益生菌可提高生物絮团技术在对虾养殖中的效果。     

一株功能益生菌的简易发酵及其在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖中的应用

对一株有脱氮作用的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)进行简易发酵,以对虾饲料及赤砂糖为培养基,通过正交实验及发酵条件优化,在对虾饲料3 g/L、赤砂糖6g/L、接种量1×108 CFU/ml、发酵温度31℃、装液量40％条件下,发酵24 h可获得活菌数为1.16× 1010 CFU/ml的发酵产物.使用发酵得到的巨大芽孢杆菌进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖实验.结果显示,添加芽孢杆菌和赤砂糖的增强絮团组的絮团形成速度较添加赤砂糖的絮团组及传统养殖的对照组明显提升(P＜0.05),整体上增强絮团组的亚硝酸氮水平与絮团组和对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).养殖结束时,添加巨大芽孢杆菌组的对虾体长、体重水平均显著高于另2组.本研究建立了一种简单可行的功能益生菌发酵方式,并验证添加功能益生菌可提高生物絮团技术在对虾养殖中的效果.     

一种微生物絮团的生化分析及其对凡纳滨对虾免疫力的影响

利用红糖与尿素为碳氮源在自然海水中培养微生物絮团,获得絮团产物,其离心后进行初步的生化分析表明,絮团产物上清液中微生物胞外产物重均分子量为213 281 u.絮团沉淀物中多糖含量占29.6％,氨基酸含量占12.6％.将絮团产物按0、0.02％、0.1％、0.5％、2.5％的比例添加至低蛋白饵料中投喂凡纳滨对虾,14 d后分别测定实验对虾血清溶菌活力、抗菌活力和酚氧化酶活力,结果显示,在饵料中添加微生物絮团浓度为2.5％的对虾血清中抗菌与溶菌活力最高,添加微生物絮团浓度为0.5％与2.5％的对虾血清中酚氧化酶活力较低蛋白饵料对照组显著提高.用哈维氏弧菌感染实验对虾后,饵料中添加0.1％微生物絮团产物组对虾的死亡率最低.综合分析认为,凡纳滨对虾摄食微生物絮团后,能够显著提高对虾的非特异免疫力,抗微生物感染的能力得到增强.     

不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体生物絮团的结构、营养成分、细菌群落及其水质的影响

为研究凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗阶段生物絮团形成所需要的适合碳源,设计3种不同碳源添加组(葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组),每个处理组设置3个重复,实验期20 d,以分析不同碳源添加后对水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构及水质指标的影响。结果显示,在碳源添加量均为投喂量的80%时,形成的生物絮团可有效调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮水平。3个碳源添加组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著低于对照组,淀粉组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组;最终对虾存活率统计结果显示,葡萄糖组、淀粉组、蔗糖组和对照组分别为72.9%、54.2%、69.8%和44.3%;淀粉组的生物絮团沉降体积(BFV)显著低于葡萄糖组,蔗糖组BFV最高,在13～15 d后3组均趋于稳定;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的粗蛋白含量均显著高于淀粉组,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组则差异不显著;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组生物絮团中组氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸和天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸等非必需氨基酸含量都显著高于淀粉组;葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)值分别为0.93、0.89和0.92。3种类型生物絮团在门级水平的细菌群落共有18余种,其中变形菌门和拟杆菌门在各组占有比例均最高,淀粉组拟杆菌门含量显著高于其他2组,蔗糖组浮霉菌门和放线菌门含量显著高于葡萄糖组和淀粉组。研究表明,添加不同碳源可影响水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构和多样性,不同程度地改善水质。以必须氨基酸指数及存活率为评价指标,则葡萄糖和蔗糖都是凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体中适宜的碳源选择。     

一种微生物絮团的生化分析及其对对虾免疫力的影响

利用红糖与尿素为碳氮源在自然海水中培养微生物絮团,获得絮团产物,对该产物离心后进行初步的生化分析表明,絮团产物上清液中微生物胞外产物重均分子量为213281Da。絮团沉淀物中多糖含量占29.6%,氨基酸含量占12.6%。将絮团产物按0、0.02、0.1、0.5、2.5%的比例添加至低蛋白饲料中投喂凡纳滨对虾 (Litopenaeus vannamei),14d后分别测定实验对虾血清溶菌活力、抗菌活力和酚氧化酶活力,结果显示在饲料中添加微生物絮团浓度为2.5%的对虾血清中抗菌与溶菌活力最高(P<0.05),添加微生物絮团浓度为0.5%与2.5%的对虾血清中酚氧化酶活力较低蛋白饵料对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。用哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)感染实验对虾后,结果显示饵料中添加0.1%微生物絮团产物组对虾的死亡率最低。综合分析认为对虾摄食微生物絮团后,能够显著提高对虾的非特异免疫力,抗微生物感染的能力得到增强。     

凡纳滨对虾地膜光伏集约工程化养殖试验

为研究地膜光伏工程化养殖模式的实用性,在地膜光伏工程化养殖系统中开展凡纳滨对虾养殖试验。地膜光伏工程化养殖系统由对虾养殖系统和光伏发电系统组成。取3口池塘进行凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖试验,放养密度为500尾/m^2,养殖试验周期100 d。凡纳滨对虾平均体长达到(9.77±0.11)cm,平均体质量(10.80±0.82)g。1号池塘产量为4.25 kg/m^2,存活率为78.71%,饲料系数为1.22;2号池塘养殖产量为4.42 kg/m^2,存活率为81.85%,饲料系数为1.18;3号池塘产量为4.07 kg/m^2,存活率为75.37%,饲料系数为1.25。养殖期间8:00水温范围为22.5~31.0℃;15:00水温范围为22.5~32.0℃,日气温差最大为11.0℃,日水温差最大为2.5℃。养殖期间pH稳定在7.00~8.34。养殖期间亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)0~8.47 mg/L,总氨氮(TAN)0~7.83 mg/L。地膜光伏工程化养殖模式养殖凡纳滨对虾,实现了对虾养殖和光伏发电的双重收益,具有较大的实用价值,是一种值得推广的养殖模式。     

生物絮团在斑节对虾养殖系统中的形成条件及作用效果

为确定斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）养殖系统中生物絮团形成所需的最适碳源及添加量,试验选取葡萄糖、蔗糖、糖蜜3种碳源按碳（C）与氮（N）比（C/ N）为20：1添加,再按日投饲量的0％、25％、50％、75％和100％添加蔗糖,以期获得其最适添加量。结果显示,添加3种不同糖作为碳源均可以显著提高斑节对虾的特定生长率（P ﹤0.05）,而添加蔗糖可以显著提高斑节对虾的成活率（P ﹤0.05）;与其他组相比,添加75％的蔗糖组可以显著提高斑节对虾的特定生长率和成活率（P ﹤0.05）,促进异养细菌和浮游植物的繁殖,水体氨氮（NH4-N）、亚硝酸氮（NO2-N）等有害物质的浓度较低,过多的添加蔗糖却会起到反作用。结果表明添加75％的蔗糖最适合生物絮团在斑节对虾养殖系统中形成,并促进斑节对虾的生长。     

放养密度和投饲率对南美白对虾单产的影响

为了提高养殖南美白对虾的单产水平,采用梯度设计法和回归分析法研究了放养密度和日投饲率对养殖南美白对虾单产的影响。结果表明,新疆北疆地区南美白对虾单产(Y)与放养密度(SD)呈极显著二次曲线关系Y=-0.0461SD2+11.204SD-78.959(R2=0.9707)(F>F0.01),当地南美白对虾最佳放养密度为122 ind./m2;新疆北疆地区南美白对虾单产Y与日投饲率(DFR)呈显著二次曲线关系Y=-24882DFR2+3628.2DFR+133.71(R2=0.8128)(F>F0.05),当地南美白对虾最佳日投饲率为7.29%。     

Density-Dependent Growth and Survival of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei in a Semi-Closed Recirculating System

Abstract.— Two growth trials utilizing Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus setiferus were conducted at densities of 28.4, 56.8, 85.2, 113.6, 170.4, 227.3 and 284.1/ m² in an indoor recirculating system. There was an inverse linear relationship between stocking density and growth among both species. The relationship between final weight and stocking density is described by the following linear equation: P. setiferus , Y =−0.00619X ± 4.46, adj. r²= 0.8572;. P. vannamei, Y =−0.00717X ± 7.39, adj. r²= 0.6230. Although the responses in terms of growth depressions were similar, P. setiferus growth was lower than that of P. vannamei . There was an inverse relationship between stocking density and survival for P. setiferus . Survival of P. vannamei was highly variable but was negatively correlated with density. Based on the results of the present study, P. setiferus has a similar tolerance of high density as that of P. vannamei and hence may be suitable for intensive culture systems. However, depressed growth rates of P. setiferus , which do not appear to be due to effects of water quality or density, must be solved if growth rates similar to P. vannamei are to be realized.     

Semi-Intensive Commercial Grow-Out of Penaeus vannamei Fed Diets Containing Differing Levels of Crude Protein During Wet and Dry Seasons in Honduras

Shrimp were grown under ideal management conditions during two distinct seasons of the year at stocking densities used most often in Honduras with the objective of evaluating the usefulness of high protein diets. A randomized design in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to test a diet composed of either 20 or 40% crude protein in earthen ponds that were stocked with juvenile Penaeus vannamei at 5 to 11/m². The study was repeated during wet and dry seasons. Dietary protein level had no significant effect ( P > O .05) on survival, yield, or average weight of shrimp at either density during either season. Higher stocking rates yielded significantly greater shrimp production during both seasons. Mean shrimp weight in high density ponds was significantly lower than mean shrimp weight in low density ponds during the wet season, but there was no significant weight difference because of stocking density during the dry season. Mean survival was significantly lower at the higher stocking rate during the dry season. Net income was negative during the dry season, particularly at the high stocking density. Mean production was 240% greater in the wet season than in the dry season. Diets offered P. vannamei stocked at 5 to 11/m² should contain no more than 20% protein, regardless of season. Higher dietary protein levels increase costs and waste nitrogen without resulting in greater shrimp yields. The high stocking density might increase profitability in the wet season, but long term sustainable production may be more feasible at lower stocking rates because of reduced nutrient wastes.     

Cage culture of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) at different stocking densities in a shallow eutrophic lake

Postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were acclimated and stocked in lake-based cages at the following stocking densities: 10, 20, 30 and 40 shrimp m⁻². Another set of shrimp was stocked in concrete tanks as reference samples at 30 shrimp m⁻². Significant differences were observed among stocking densities throughout the 95-day culture. The final weight at harvest decreased with increasing stocking density: mean weights of 23.3, 15.8, 13.0, 10.9 and 14.6 g for the 10, 20, 30, 40 shrimp m⁻² and reference tanks were observed respectively. There were no significant differences in survival throughout the culture period, ranging between 69% and 77%. Daily growth rates (range: 0.11–0.24 g day⁻¹) and specific growth rates (range: 3.54–4.34%) also differed significantly among stocking densities, both increasing with decreasing stocking density. The feed conversion ratio in the cages did not differ among the stocking densities, ranging from 1.53 to 1.65. The relationship between stocking density and mean individual weight at harvest followed the equation y =81.06 x ^−0.54 ( R ²=0.938) and that of stocking density and production (in g m⁻²) is y =58.01 x ^−0.46 ( R ²=0.834).     

密度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响

将体长为（3.59±0.26）cm的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）按1 800尾.m-3、1 500尾.m-3和1 200尾.m-3的密度分别饲养在注水0.3 m3的圆形玻璃纤维桶（容量为0.5 m3）中30 d,检测了基本水质因子、对虾肝胰腺和肌肉组织中的酚氧化酶（PO）活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、抗菌活力（Ua）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活力、体质量增长和成活率,研究了不同放养密度对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响。统计分析发现,试验过程中水体理化因子均在适宜范围,各处理间水质因子的差异不显著;对虾的PO活力、Ua和AKP活力均随着密度的增加而降低,SOD活力则反之;对虾的体质量增长、体质量特定增长率和成活率随着密度的增加而降低,成活率差异显著（P〈0.05）。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾（体长〈4.8 cm或体质量〈1.2 g）在密度为1 200～1 800尾.m-3时,密度胁迫可明显影响其免疫指标和生长。     

Effects of stocking density and feeding levels on growth and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry

The effects of stocking density and feeding levels on larval survival, growth rates, feed utilization efficiency and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry were investigated in two consecutive experiments. In experiment 1, swimup fry (0.016 g average body weight) were stocked in 20‐L fibreglass tanks, in a closed, recirculating indoor system, at five stocking densities (3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 fry L^?1) and fed a larval test diet (40% crude protein) to apparent satiation, three times a day, for 40 days. Fish survival, percentage weight gain and specific growth rate (% SGR) were negatively correlated with stocking density. The best performance was achieved at 3 fry L^?1. However, no significant differences in growth parameters were found between 3 and 5 fry L^?1. Body composition was not significantly affected by stocking density. In experiment 2, fry (0.016 g average body weight) were stocked at 5 fry L^?1, and fed a larval test diet (40% crude protein) at six feeding levels (10%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% BW day^?1) and to satiation, three times a day for 40 days. Fish growth rates and survival were extremely poor at 10% feeding level, and improved significantly with increasing feeding levels up to 30%, and levelled off with further increase in feeding levels. On the contrary, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein production value (PPV) were negatively correlated with feeding level. The lowest feeding level (10%) produced significantly lower body lipid and higher protein and ash than other feeding levels. The present results suggest that the optimum stocking density and feeding level of Nile tilapia fry are 5 fry L^?1 and 30% per day respectively.