饲料糖脂比对吉富罗非鱼生长、血液指标和肝脏糖代谢关键酶活性及基因表达的影响

为探讨糖脂比对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、血液生化指标和肝脏糖代谢关键酶的影响,本实验设计了5种不同糖脂比(1.5、2.3、3.9、7.0、16.5)的等氮等能饲料,以吉富罗非鱼幼鱼为实验对象,进行了为期8周的饲养实验。结果显示,随饲料中糖脂比升高,吉富罗非鱼特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)先升高后降低,糖脂比为3.9和7.0时,WGR、SGR和PER最高。饵料系数(FCR)的变化趋势与此相反,在糖脂比为3.9和7.0组显著低于其他组。随着饲料糖脂比的增加,吉富罗非鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量逐渐下降,在糖脂比为16.5时达到最低水平,但仅与1.5组存在显著差异。血浆甘油三酯在糖脂比最高组也出现显著降低,血浆胆固醇同样在糖脂比最高组显著低于3.9组。然而血糖的变化趋势相反,当糖脂比为16.5时显著高于其他组。随着糖脂比的升高,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏中丙酮酸激酶(PK)的活性及mRNA表达量逐渐升高,而磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)的活性及mRNA表达水平则逐渐下降。根据二次回归模型得出,在等氮等能的饲料条件下,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼最适宜的糖水平和脂肪水平分别为49.69%和9.53%,其对应的糖脂比为8.4。     

饲料糖脂比对吉富罗非鱼生长、生理生化指标、肠道菌群组成及抗病力的影响

为研究不同糖脂比饲料对罗非鱼幼鱼生长、生理生化指标、肠道菌群组成和抗病力的影响。实验选取平均体重为27g的罗非鱼幼鱼为研究对象，分别用等氮等能的五种不同糖脂比饲料: 44.2/4(D1)、39.6/6(D2)、35/8(D3)、30.4/10(D4)、25.6/12(D5)，饲喂10周，采用营养学、生化分析结合高通量测序技术开展了相关测定研究。结果显示，糖脂比饲喂前期对罗非鱼生长具有显著影响，高糖或高脂饲料均生长较差，但饲喂到10周后，所有组间生长无显著差异 (P > 0.05)。相比之下，10周糖脂比在脏体比、肠系膜脂肪指数、肝体比、全鱼粗蛋白、肝脏甘油三酯、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）和尿素、抗病力、菌群组成等方面存在显著效应。低糖脂比D4在脏体比上显著高于高糖脂比D1 (P < 0.05)，而在血清尿素和抗病力上显著低于D1 (P < 0.05)，在肠系膜指数上显著高于高糖脂比D1和D2 (P < 0.05)，但在全鱼粗蛋白上显著低于D1和D2 (P < 0.05)。另外，D1不仅在肝体比上高于低糖脂比D5 (P < 0.05)，而且在LDL和糖耐受能力上均高于其它各组 (P < 0.05)。与之相比，糖脂比虽在肠道微生物物种丰度和均一度上没有显著性差异 (P < 0.05)，但在物种组成和热图显示低糖脂比D4与其它组肠道菌群组成不同。D4在聚类关系上单独一支，其门水平上衣原体门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门高于其它各组，特别是D2和D1，但厚壁菌门低于其它各组，特别是D2; 属水平上，D4组幽门螺杆菌属明显多于其它组，而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌属明显少于除D3外的其它组。综上所述，罗非鱼对不同糖脂比饲料有很强的适应和利用能力，但高糖比饲料利用上强于低糖脂比。本实验条件下，高糖组中39.6/6(D2)饲料组虽然在生长上与其它各组无显著差异，但其鱼体粗蛋白含量在各组中最高，肠道菌群组成上也优于其它各组，是罗非鱼适宜的糖脂比水平。     

大鳞鲃幼鱼对脂肪的适宜需要量研究

为了解大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)幼鱼脂肪的需求量。试验分为5组,分别饲喂脂肪水平为3.92%(L1)、6.25%(L2)、8.36%(L 3)、10.75%(L4)、和12.91%(L5)的等氮等能饲料,养殖56 d后采样。结果显示:当饲料中脂肪水平从3.92%到8.36%逐渐增多时,鱼体增重率(WG)和特定生长(SGR)显著升高,饵料系数(FCR)明显降低;当饲料中脂肪含量继续增加时,鱼体WG和SGR呈下降趋势,FCR数则相反,且当饲料中脂肪水平为12.91%时,鱼体WG和FCR与饲料脂肪水平为8.36%时差异显著。大鳞鲃形体指标受饲料脂肪水平显著影响,其中,脏体比(VSI)随着饲料脂肪含量的升高而上升,而肝体比(HSI)却呈降低趋势,且当饲料中脂肪水平分别为10.75%和12.91%时,大鳞鲃幼鱼HSI显著低于对照组。饲料脂肪水平对全鱼、胴体和内脏的水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分显著影响较小,但仍能看出当饲料脂肪水平为6.25%时,全鱼的粗蛋白显著低于其他四组;全鱼、胴体和内脏的粗脂肪含量随饲料中脂肪水平的增加而上升,而肝脏中粗脂肪含量的变化趋势则相反,呈下降趋势。此外,以饲料中脂肪含量为自变量,分别以WG和FCR为因变量进行二次回归方程分析可得,大鳞鲃幼鱼WG最大时对脂肪的最适需求量为7.99%,而大鳞鲃幼鱼FCR最小时对脂肪的最适需求量为8.76%。综上可知,大鳞鲃幼鱼对饲料中脂肪的适宜需求量为7.99%~8.76%。     

不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟幼鱼生长、体成分和生化指标的影响

为探讨大杂交鲟(Huso dauricus♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)适宜投喂率和投喂频率,本实验分别设计了5个投喂率(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%)和5个投喂频率(1次/d、2次/d、3次/d、4次/d和5次/d),研究不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟生长、体成分和生化指标的影响。投喂率实验中鱼初重(335.87±0.82)g,投喂频率实验中鱼初重(334.77±1.06)g,养殖周期为10周。结果表明,随着投喂率升高,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比、肥满度,肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肝粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05),血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和胃蛋白酶活性均显著升高(P0.05);饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉水分含量均显著降低(P0.05);全鱼粗脂肪含量,血清总蛋白、白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,肠脂肪酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势(P0.05)。随着投喂频率增加,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率无显著差异(P0.05);1次/d投喂频率组脏体比、肥满度和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),2次/d投喂频率组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。不同投喂频率对实验鱼除血清葡萄糖含量以外的其他血清生化指标和胃肠消化酶活性或含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上结果认为,在300～600g大杂交鲟的养殖过程中日投喂率在1.2%～1.6%,投喂频率为2次/d比较适宜。     

饲料蛋白质和能量含量对云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及消化酶活力的影响

为探求云纹龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×E.moara♀)幼鱼饲料的最适蛋白质和能量含量,以鱼粉和大豆浓缩蛋白为蛋白源、添加鱼油构建能量梯度,配制粗蛋白含量为46%、50%和54%,能量含量为20.00、20.50和21.00 k J/g,蛋能比为22.04~26.87 mg/k J的9组饲料,编号为D1~D9组,投喂初始体重为(46.23±0.51)g的云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼56 d。结果显示,蛋白质和能量的交互作用对云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼增重率影响显著(P0.05),蛋白质和能量升高显著提高增重率和特定生长率(P0.05)。蛋白质和能量的交互作用对蛋白质沉积率和肝体比影响显著(P0.05),蛋白质升高显著提高能量保留率和肥满度(P0.05),蛋白质效率先升后降(P0.05);能量升高显著提高蛋白质效率和能量保留率(P0.05);D6组蛋白质沉积率和蛋白质效率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。蛋白质和能量的交互作用对全鱼及肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分均无显著影响(P0.05),全鱼及肌肉粗蛋白随饲料粗蛋白升高而升高(P0.05),水分随能量升高而降低(P0.05),全鱼粗脂肪随蛋能比降低而升高(P0.05)。蛋白质和能量的交互作用对胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力影响显著(P0.05),胃蛋白酶活力随蛋白质含量升高而升高(P0.05),能量对其无显著影响(P0.05);D6组胰蛋白酶活力最高,其随饲料蛋能比降低呈先升后降的趋势(P0.05),能量为21.00 k J/g时,脂肪酶活力显著高于其他组(P0.05)。综上,在设定的蛋白质和能量范围内云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼饲料以50%粗蛋白,21.00 k J/g能量为宜。     

饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本实验以我国重要的海水养殖鱼类大黄鱼[初始体质量(13.57±0.33)g]为研究对象,在浮式网箱中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验,探讨饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响。采用3×2双因子实验设计,其中饲料脂肪水平分别为9%、12%和15%,投喂频率分别为2次/天和1次/天。结果表明:投喂频率对大黄鱼特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)均有显著影响(P<0.05),而饲料脂肪水平仅对FER有显著影响(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼末体质量和SGR均显著高于1次/天投喂组,而饲料效率显著低(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪水平对SGR和FER没有显著影响(P>0.05)。而在1次/天投喂时,随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,SGR和FER均显著提高(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼全鱼水分含量显著低于1次/天投喂组,而粗脂肪含量显著高(P<0.05)。大黄鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。然而在1次/天投喂时,饲料脂肪水平未对全鱼体粗脂肪含量产生显著影响(P>0.05)。大黄鱼的肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、肝体比(HSI)以及脏体比(VSI)受到了饲料脂肪水平的显著影响(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI随饲料脂肪水平的升高而显著增加(P<0.05);而在1次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪组大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率仅对大黄鱼的生长、饲料效率的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05),而对大黄鱼体组成、形态学指标以及肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

卵形鲳鲹对饲料中硒的需求量

为确定卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)对饲料中硒的需求量,选取初始体重为(15.04±0.20)g的卵形鲳鲹450尾,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾。分别投喂以亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)为硒源,硒含量分别为0.41、0.60、0.73、0.80、0.90和1.12mg/kg的等氮等脂饲料50d。结果显示,随着饲料中硒含量的增加,卵形鲳鲹的增重率和特定生长率先升高后趋于稳定,饲料系数变化趋势与之相反。饲料中硒含量对全鱼体成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量随饲料中硒含量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性先升高后保持稳定。饲料中添加硒可以显著提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、过氧化氢酶活性(P<0.05),随着饲料中硒含量的增加,其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈先升高后稳定的趋势,而超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。饲料中不同硒水平显著影响了卵形鲳鲹全鱼中的硒含量(P<0.05),且随着饲料中硒含量的增加先上升后趋于稳定。折线回归分析表明,以增重率、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和全鱼中硒含量为评价指标,卵形鲳鲹对饲料中硒的需求量分别为0.66、0.82和0.76 mg/kg。     

小麦胚芽油替代鱼油对半滑舌鳎幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及脂肪代谢酶的影响

以初始体重为(3.70±0.01)g的半滑舌鳎(Cynolossus semilaevis Günter)幼鱼为实验对象,研究小麦胚芽油替代鱼油对其生长、体成分、血清生化指标及脂肪代谢酶的影响。以添加7.5%的鱼油组为对照组,用小麦胚芽油分别替代0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的鱼油配制成6组等氮等能饲料,在海水循环养殖系统中进行68 d的养殖实验。结果显示:饲料中小麦胚芽油替代鱼油对半滑舌鳎幼鱼存活率无显著影响;随着替代水平的升高,特定生长率和蛋白质效率降低,饲料系数升高。各组间脏体比、肝体比和肥满度均无显著性差异。肝脂肪含量随替代水平的升高而升高,而全鱼脂肪含量降低;80%和100%替代组全鱼水分含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。随着饲料中小麦胚芽油水平的升高,鱼体组织中亚油酸和亚麻酸含量显著升高(P0.05),EPA和DHA含量显著降低(P0.05)。各组间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性均无显著性差异(P0.05);80%和100%替代组甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);血清丙二醛含量呈降低趋势。随着替代水平的升高,肝脂蛋白酯酶、肝酯酶、总酯酶、脂肪酸合成酶以及肠道脂肪酶活性升高。研究表明,在本实验条件下,小麦胚芽油可替代60%的饲料鱼油而不影响半滑舌鳎幼鱼的生长;小麦胚芽油的添加,促进了鱼体脂肪代谢,抑制脂质过氧化作用,但显著改变了鱼体脂肪酸组成。     

胆汁酸对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨胆汁酸对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼生长、脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢及相关基因表达的影响;实验以360尾初始体质量为(12.74±0.14) g的健康齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为对象,随机分为4组,每组设3个重复组,每个重复组放养30尾,分别投喂胆汁酸含量为0、75、150和300mg/kg的4种饲料,养殖时间为70 d。结果显示,随着胆汁酸含量的升高,齐口裂腹鱼的增重率(WGR)呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且在胆汁酸含量为150 mg/kg时达到最大,为226.63%;其肠脂肪酶(LPS)、肝酯酶(HL)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和总脂酶(TL)活性均呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势;而脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性则呈相反的变化趋势;齐口裂腹鱼肝脏LPL mRNA表达量呈先上调后趋于稳定的变化趋势,FAS mRNA表达量呈先下调后趋于稳定的变化趋势;肝脏、肌肉及全鱼中粗脂肪含量均随胆汁酸含量的升高呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势,胆汁酸含量对实验鱼的成活率及脂肪沉积效率无显著性影响。研究表明,本实验条件下,添加适量的胆汁酸可有效上调齐口裂腹鱼LPL mRNA的表达量,下调FAS mRNA的表达量,增强脂肪代谢酶活性,促进对饲料...     

饲料牛磺酸含量对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、TauT mRNA表达量及牛磺酸合成关键酶活性的影响

为探讨饲料牛磺酸含量对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、TauT mRNA表达量及牛磺酸合成关键酶(CSD和CDO)活性的影响,实验在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的基础饲料(0DT)中分别添加0.5%(0.5DT)、1.0%(1.0DT)、1.5%(1.5DT)的牛磺酸,配制成4种不同牛磺酸含量的饲料。将平均体质量为(13.85±0.25) g的320尾斜带石斑鱼幼鱼随机分为4组,每组4个循环水族箱,每箱放养20尾鱼,每组分别投喂一种相同实验饲料,每天定时投喂实验饲料至表观饱食状态,实验为期84 d。结果显示,在0DT饲料中补充外源牛磺酸能显著提高饲料效率、摄食率、增重率和全鱼粗蛋白含量,而显著降低肝体比和全鱼粗脂肪含量。组织中肝脏、肌肉、肠道TauT mRNA表达量在1.0DT组时达到最大值,且显著高于其他各组,当饲料牛磺酸含量继续增加至1.5DT组时明显降低,但仍显著高于0DT和1.0DT组。斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血浆、肝脏、肠道和肌肉中牛磺酸含量与饲料牛磺酸含量之间呈正相关。饲料中补充外源牛磺酸能够显著降低肝脏、肌肉中CSD活性,同时降低血浆、肝脏、肠道和肌肉中CDO活性,但对血浆CSD活性无显著影响。研究表明,饲料中补充外源牛磺酸能够明显促进斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长,增加鱼体蛋白沉积,同时降低鱼体脂肪沉积,上调组织中TauT mRNA表达水平及提高牛磺酸蓄积,降低牛磺酸合成关键酶活性。研究表明,以增重率为目标,通过二次多项式回归分析,饲料中牛磺酸的适宜含量为0.92%。     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Six isonitrogenous (390 g kg^?1) and isoenergetic (16.2 kJ g^?1) diets with varying carbohydrate : lipid (CHO : L) ratios (202.5–1.74), were fed to triplicate groups of 25 fish in indoor recirculation system. Over 8‐week‐growth trial, best weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein production value (P < 0.05) were observed in fish‐fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 7.5. Fish fed either the lowest (1.7) or highest (202.5) CHO : L ratio tended to produce lower (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion efficiencies. The values of viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio increased as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. There were no significant differences in whole body and liver crude protein among dietary treatments. Whole body and liver lipid increased as CHO : L ratios decreased. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels increased linearly as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. Activities of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary carbohydrate; however, activities of lipase (LPS) and alkaline phosphatase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary lipid. Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG against dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, 275 g kg^?1 of carbohydrate and 59 g kg^?1 of lipid, corresponding to a CHO : L ratio of 4.7, in a diet holding 390 g kg^?1 of crude protein and 16.3 kJ g^?1 of gross energy, proved to be optimal for grass carp. These results indicated that utilization of dietary lipid and carbohydrate was moderate in grass carp, but the fish were a little more capable of utilizing lipid compared with carbohydrate.     

Growth Rate, Feed Conversion, and Body Composition of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala Fry Fed Diets of Various Carbohydrate-to-Lipid Ratios

Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid (CHO : L) ratios on the growth rate, conversion efficiencies, and body composition were studied in the Indian major carp fry Catla catla, Labeo rohita , and Cirrhinus mrigala. Six isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.46 kcal metabolizable energy/g) semi-purified diets, with CHO: L ratios of 0.02, 0.60, 1.54, 3.38, 8.93, and 43.00 were fed to triplicate groups of fish in 70-L flow-through (1.5–2.0 L/min) indoor circular troughs. Fish were fed to apparent satiation (about 10% body weight), 6 d/wk, twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h for 6 wk. Fish growth rates differed significantly (P < 0.05) with CHO: L ratio in the diets. Maximum weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR %) were observed in C. catla and L. rohita fed a diet with 36% carbohydrate and 4% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 8.93. In C. mrigala , highest weight gain (%) and SGR (%) were noted in fish fed 27% carbohydrate and 8% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 3.38. In all the species, fish fed either diet with the lowest (0.02) or the highest (43.00) CHO: L ratio tended to have significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth and conversion efficiencies. Percentage of dry matter and whole-body lipid of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO: L ratio decreased. However, whole-body crude protein content of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO : L ratio increased. The results of this study indicate that the Indian major carp fry efficiently utilize carbohydrate for energy, and excess dietary lipid resulted in increased lipid accumulation in the body.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratio for juvenile and grower rockfish. Triplicate groups of juvenile (initial mean weight 3.6 g) and duplicate groups of grower (initial mean weight 166 g) were fed the five isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets with the different CHO:L ratios (0.4–5.6 g:g) for 8 weeks respectively. The survival of juvenile and grower was above 93% and was not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratios. Weight gain of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 was significantly higher than that of the fish fed diets with CHO:L ratios of 2.8 and 5.6 (P<0.05). The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of juvenile fed the diet with CHO:L ratio of 5.6 were the lowest among all groups (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of juvenile fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 5.6 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05). The condition factors of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 were significantly higher than that of 5.6 (P<0.05). The crude lipid content of whole body, liver and viscera of juvenile decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, and the opposite was found for the moisture content. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of grower were not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratio. Hepatosomatic and viscerasomatic indexes of grower were significantly influenced by dietary CHO:L ratio (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the lipid content of whole body and viscera of grower. Dietary CHO:L ratios significantly affected the major fatty acid composition of whole body in both juvenile and grower. The contents of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 linearly decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, whereas the 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents increased. Based on growth, feed efficiency and body composition, the optimal dietary CHO:L ratio was 1.6 for juvenile rockfish fed isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets, and starch could partially replace lipids in the diets with CHO:L ratios ranging from 0.4 to 5.6 for grower.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐lipid Ratio on Growth Performance,Body Composition,Digestive Enzyme Activities,and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios (CHO : L) on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hepatic enzyme activities of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 kJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO : L ratios (0.07, 0.48, 1.20, 2.19, 4.81, and 10.48) were fed to triplicate groups of large yellow croaker in floating sea cages. Results showed that the highest specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 2.19. Fish fed the lower (0.07 and 0.48) CHO : L ratios tended to produce lower growth (P < 0.05). The whole‐body lipid content significantly decreased, while hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen content, and plasma glucose concentration significantly increased as dietary CHO : L ratios increased (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased with elevated dietary CHO : L ratios (P < 0.05). The increasing dietary CHO : L ratios significantly stimulated the activities of intestinal amylase and hepatic pyruvate kinase and depressed the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.05). Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, 2.38 was determined as the optimal dietary CHO : L ratio for juvenile large yellow croaker.     

饲料中糖/脂肪比对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、血液指标、肝代谢酶活性及PEPCK基因表达的影响

配制6种不同糖/脂肪比例（CHO∶L分别为4.29、2.79、1.86、1.19、0.73和0.41）的等氮等能饲料,饲养暗纹东方鲀幼鱼[初始体重为(11.2 ± 0.5) g] 60 d,探讨饲料中糖与脂肪比例对其生长、饲料利用、生理生化指标和PEPCK基因表达的影响。试验结果表明：随饲料中CHO∶L降低,暗纹东方鲀特定生长率（SGR）、蛋白质效率（PER）和饲料效率（FE）先升高后降低,且均在CHO∶L为1.86时达最大,显著高于CHO∶L为0.41、0.73和4.29时的值(P<0.05)。血浆甘油三酯和肝脏脂肪含量随CHO∶L降低而显著增加(P<0.05),而血糖和肝糖原含量随CHO∶L降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。随饲料中CHO∶L降低,肝脏脂肪酶和脂肪合成酶活性先增加后降低,分别在CHO∶L为1.19和1.86时活性最高。CHO∶L为1.86-4.29时PK活性显著高于其他饲料组(P<0.05)。CHO：L为0.41和0.73时,AMS活性显著低于其他饲料组(P<0.05),而PEPCK活性和mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他饲料组(P<0.05)。饲料中CHO∶L对暗纹东方鲀存活率和血浆总胆固醇含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。分别用二次多项回归模型拟合SGR、PER、FE和CHO∶L的关系,得到暗纹东方鲀幼鱼饲料中CHO∶L的适宜范围为2.01~2.16,且其对碳水化合物的利用能力要高于脂肪。     

Effect of Varying Carbohydrate Fractions on Growth,Body Composition,Metabolic, and Hormonal Indices in Juvenile Black Carp,Mylopharyngodon piceus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of varying carbohydrate (CHO) fractions on growth, body composition, metabolic, and hormonal indices in juvenile black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus. Juvenile black carp, M. piceus (average weight: 1.5 ± 0.05 g) were fed with graded levels of dietary available CHO (0.06, 10.65, 19.43, 28.84, 37.91, and 47.38%) for 9 wk, respectively. Results showed that the highest weight gain could be obtained at 24.98% dietary CHO using second‐order polynomial regression model; and optimal dietary available CHO content (28.84%) could significantly increase the final body weight and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) while reducing the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Dietary available CHO could gradually increase the hepatosomatic index, the crude lipid contents in the whole body and the glucose and triglyceride content in the plasma. The activities of glycolysis enzymes and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase could be increased with increasing dietary available CHO. The activities of glucose‐6‐phosphatase and fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase were firstly decreased at 10.65% dietary available CHO and increased to stable level at 19.43% dietary available CHO. In addition, both 19.43 and 28.84% dietary available CHO could increase the adiponectin contents in the plasma of black carp, M. piceus. Meanwhile, both 19.43 and 28.84% dietary available CHO could significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of growth hormone, insulin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin I, and somatostatin II in juvenile black carp, M. piceus, compared with the CHO‐deficient diet (0.06%). These results suggest that optimal inclusion of dietary CHO fractions (19.43–28.84%) could improve metabolic homeostasis and promote growth and feed efficiency in juvenile black carp, M. piceus.     

Optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio for juvenile yellowfin seabream (Sparus latus)

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO: L) ratio for juvenile yellowfin seabream cultured in 340‐L indoor recirculating tanks. Seven isonitrogenous (450 g kg⁻¹ dietary protein) and isoenergetic (14.1 MJ kg⁻¹) diets with increasing CHO: L ratios (0.03–5.09 g: g) were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish with an initial weight of 4.91 g for 56 days. Fish were fed to satiation twice a day and the water temperature ranged between 28 and 31.7 °C during the experimental period. Survival was high in all the groups and was not affected by dietary treatments. Best weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios of 0.29 and 0.72, which were not significantly different from that of 0.03, 1.26 and 1.92, but apparently higher than that of 3.22 and 5.09. Feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein production value (PPV) followed the same general pattern as WG and SGR. Highest level of energy production value (EPV) was found in fish fed diets with CHO: L ratio of 0.72. Proximate compositions of fish whole body and tissues were markedly affected by dietary CHO: L ratios. Whole body, muscle and liver lipid increased as CHO: L ratios decreased, whereas moisture contents were reduced. Dietary CHO: L ratios had no significant effect on protein content in whole body and muscle. Plasma total cholesterol levels of fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios less than 0.72 were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Triacylglyceride levels decreased linearly as dietary CHO: L ratios increased. Viscerosomatic index (VSI) significantly increased as dietary CHO: L ratios decreased. Intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) of fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios less than 1.92 were significantly higher than those fed CHO: L ratios of 3.22 and 5.09. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not vary between the test diets. Based on second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG against dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, 84.1 g kg⁻¹ of carbohydrate and 136.3 g kg⁻¹ of lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 0.62, in a diet holding 450 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein and 14 KJ g⁻¹ of metabolizable energy, proved to be optimal for juvenile yellowfin seabream.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition and glucose metabolism of fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO/L) ratio for fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (average initial weight: 6.61 ± 0.03 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain various CHO/L ratios ranging from 1.62 to 24.20. Each diet was tested in four replicates for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and nitrogen and energy retention all improved significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased from 24.20 to 5.64 but showed little difference (P > 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios ranged from 2.45 to 5.64. Hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios increased, whereas intraperitoneal fat ratio showed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). Opposite to moisture content, lipid content of whole body and carcass all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased. Liver lipid content showed little difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatments, while liver glycogen content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing CHO/L ratios. High dietary carbohydrate enhanced the activities of liver hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase but did not induce hyperglycaemia. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid contents for fingerling blunt snout bream were 291.7 and 81.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively, with a corresponding dietary CHO/L ratio of 3.58.     

Growth,body composition,intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary phosphorus

A 9‐week feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to study the effects of dietary phosphorus on growth, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora. Quadruple groups of juvenile Jian carp (7.17 ± 0.01 g) were fed practical diets containing available phosphorus 1.7 (unsupplemented control), 3.6, 5.5, 7.3, 9.2 and 11.0 g kg^?1 diet to satiation. Feed intake, specific growth ratio and feed efficiency were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Body moisture, protein, lipid content and ash were all significantly affected by dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05). Activities of trypsin, amylase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase were improved with increasing dietary phosphorus levels. Intestinal Aeromonas and Escherichia coli decreased with increasing dietary phosphorus up to 3.6 and 5.5 g kg^?1 diet respectively (P < 0.05), while Lactobacillus increased with the increasing dietary phosphorus up to 9.2 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). These results suggested that phosphorus could enhance intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp and the minimum dietary available phosphorus requirement for SGR of juvenile Jian carp (7.2–63.8 g) was 5.2 g kg^?1 diet.