饲料中糖/脂肪比对暗纹东方幼鱼生长、血液指标、肝代谢酶活性及PEPCK基因表达的影响

配制6种不同糖/脂肪比例(CHO∶L分别为4.29、2.79、1.86、1.19、0.73和0.42)的等氮等能饲料,饲养暗纹东方幼鱼[初始体质量为(11.2±0.5)g]60 d,探讨饲料中糖与脂肪比例对其生长、饲料利用、生理生化指标和PEPCK基因表达的影响。实验结果表明:随饲料中CHO∶L降低,暗纹东方特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料效率(FE)先升高后降低,且均在CHO∶L为1.86时达最大,显著高于CHO∶L为0.42、0.73和4.29时的值(P0.05)。血浆甘油三酯和肝脏脂肪含量随CHO∶L降低而显著增加(P0.05),而血糖和肝糖原含量随CHO∶L降低而显著降低(P0.05)。随饲料中CHO∶L降低,肝脏脂肪酶和脂肪合成酶活性先增加后降低,分别在CHO∶L为1.19和1.86时活性最高。CHO∶L为1.86~4.29时丙酮酸激酶活性显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05)。CHO∶L为0.42和0.73时,淀粉酶活性显著低于其他饲料组(P0.05),而PEPCK活性和mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05)。饲料中CHO∶L对暗纹东方存活率和血浆总胆固醇含量无显著影响(P0.05)。分别用二次多项回归模型拟合SGR、PER、FE和CHO∶L的关系,得到暗纹东方幼鱼饲料中CHO∶L的适宜范围为2.01~2.16,且其对碳水化合物的利用能力要高于脂肪。     

饲料中非蛋白能源物质对红螯光壳螯虾幼虾生长、生理、生化指标的影响

在等蛋白质、等能量基础上,研究碳水化合物与脂类比例(CHO∶L)为10.75∶1、4.81∶1、2.66∶1、1.52∶1和0.87∶1的5组试验饲料对红螯光壳螯虾[初始体质量(1.72±0.01)g]相关生长、生理、生化指标的影响。8周试验结果表明,CHO∶L比例为2.66∶1时,红螯光壳螯虾的增重率、特定生长率和饲料利用率达到最高。高比例的CHO∶L(10.75∶1)和低比例的CHO∶L(0.87∶1)都会显著地抑制(P<0.05)红螯光壳螯虾的生长和饲料的利用。饲料脂肪水平为40～145 g/kg时,虾的脂肪酶和碱性磷酸酶活力显著升高(P<0.05),己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活力则呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05)。CHO∶L对虾胃蛋白酶活力影响显著(P<0.01),CHO∶L为2.66∶1和1.52∶1表现出比较高的活力,显著高于(P<0.05)其它试验组。碳水化合物为156.3～360.4 g/kg范围内,虾淀粉酶活力随饲料中碳水化合物的升高而显著升高(P<0.01)。红螯光壳螯虾增重率分别与饲料中碳水化合物和脂肪水平进行二次回归分析得出,红螯光壳螯虾对配合饲料中碳水化合物和脂肪的最适需求量分别为268.28和120.22 g/kg,相对应的CHO∶L为2.20∶1,且红螯光壳螯虾对碳水化合物的利用能力要高于对脂肪的利用。     

大豆浓缩蛋白对中华鲟幼鱼生长、血脂和体成分的影响研究

分别用大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代饲料中0(R0,对照组),15%(R15),30%(R30)和45%(R45)的鱼粉蛋白,配制成4组等氮等能饲料,喂养(58.00±2.69)g中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼10周,每组设3个重复,研究SPC对中华鲟幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用率,以及血脂和体成分的影响。结果显示,随替代比例的增加,中华鲟幼鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)逐渐降低,肥满度和肝体指数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。FE在R30组出现显著差异(P<0.05),WG、SGR和PER在R45组出现显著性差异(P<0.05)。随替代比例的增加,血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著变化(P>0.05),胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三脂(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量逐渐降低。CHOL、TG和LDL-C含量在R30组出现显著差异(P<0.05)。随替代比例的增加,肌肉和肝脏水分逐渐升高,脂肪逐渐降低,蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。R30和R45组的肌肉和肝脏水分含量显著高于R0组(P<0.05),脂肪含量显著低于R0组(P<0.05)。结果表明:在本试验条件下,综合考虑生长性能、饲料利用、血脂和体成分等指标,中华鲟幼鱼饲料中SPC替代鱼粉蛋白的比例可达30%。     

饲料蛋白能量比对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的生长性能、饲料利用和体组成的影响

为探求红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼饲料的最适蛋白质能量比,以鱼粉和豆粕作为主要蛋白源,鱼油和豆油作为主要脂肪源,配制粗蛋白含量分别为36%、42%和48%,粗脂肪含量分别为8%、12%和16%,蛋能比为17.06~24.20 mg/kJ的9组饲料。投喂初始体重为14.95 g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼56 d。结果显示,由双因素分析方法得出,饲料的蛋白水平、脂肪水平和蛋能比水平均可显著影响红鳍东方鲀的终末体重、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE),且饲料蛋白为36%时,显著低于42%和48%组,但与饲料蛋白为42%和48%组之间相比无显著差异。在饲料脂肪为8%时,显著低于12%组,与饲料脂肪为12%与16%组之间相比无显著差异。此外,饲料的蛋白和脂肪水平对红鳍东方鲀生长和饲料利用的相关指标均无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。由单因素方差分析得出,终末体重、FE、SGR均是Diet8(48/12)蛋白水平为48%、脂肪水平为12%处理组最高,显著高于Diet1(36/8)蛋白水平为36%和脂肪水平为8%处理组、Diet2(36/12)蛋白水平为36%和脂肪水平为12%处理组、Diet3(36/16)蛋白水平为36%和脂肪水平为16%处理组(P<0.05)与Diet4(42/8)蛋白水平为48%和脂肪水平为8%处理组、Diet5(42/12)蛋白水平为42%和脂肪水平为12%处理组、Diet6(42/16)蛋白水平为42%和脂肪水平为16%处理组、Diet7(48/8)蛋白水平为48%、脂肪水平为8%处理组之间相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,根据研究结果综合考虑生长性能及蛋白质节约效应,红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的最适蛋白水平为42%,脂肪水平为12%,蛋能比为20.75 mg/kJ。     

饲料糊精水平对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、消化酶活性和血液生化指标的影响

配制等蛋白质(42%),等脂肪(9%),糊精水平分别为10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的5组饲料,饲养暗纹东方鲀幼鱼[初始体质量为(10.25±0.51)g]60 d,考察饲料中不同糊精水平对其生长、消化酶活性和血液生化指标的影响。结果发现,随着饲料糊精水平的升高,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的特定生长率和饲料效率先增加后降低,25%组最高,并显著高于10%和15%组。30%组鱼的脏体比和肝体比显著高于10%组,同时其肝脂肪含量也显著高于其他组。10%组的肝糖原和血浆总氨基酸含量显著低于其他组。10%和15%组鱼的肝胰脏和肠道中淀粉酶活性显著低于其他实验组,而其肝胰脏中胰蛋白酶活性显著高于30%组。25%和30%组的血浆总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著高于10%和15%组。10%和15%组的血浆尿素氮含量显著高于其他实验组。15%和20%组的血细胞数量显著高于其他实验组。30%组的细胞凋亡率及细胞内活性氧(ROS)和钙离子(Ca2+)含量显著高于其他实验组。饲料糊精水平对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的血糖含量、血浆谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性及肝胰脏和肠道中脂肪酶活性无显著影响。在本实验条件下,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼饲料中糊精的适宜水平为20%～25%。     

急性铜胁迫对暗纹东方鲀组织铜积累、氧化应激、消化酶、组织病变及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响

通过96 h急性毒性实验研究水体铜暴露对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu fasciatus)生理生化及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响。实验设置对照组、0.1 mg/L和0.2 mg/L (96-h LC_(50)) 3个铜处理组。结果表明,铜在暗纹东方鲀肝、肌肉和全鱼中的积累量随着处理浓度的提高而提高。同等浓度处理下,铜的积累量为肝脏全鱼肌肉。随着铜处理浓度的提高,肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗氧化酶活性[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX),总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]显著上升。急性铜暴露诱发肝脏血细胞沉积以及血窦扩张的症状。在鳃中,诱发上皮细胞增生,顶部棒状以及产生动脉瘤等症状。急性铜胁迫后,暗纹东方鲀肠道中的淀粉酶活性显著上升,但脂肪酶活性显著下降。在肝脏中,随着处理浓度的提高,淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著降低。在0.1 mg/L处理组,脂肪合成相关基因(G6PD、6PGD、LPL、Fas和Acc)的表达量最高。但在0.2mg/L处理组中,脂肪分解相关基因(HSL和CPT1)的表达最高。急性铜胁迫后对转运因子PPARα的影响不显著,但转运因子PPARγ的表达量显著上升。本实验表明铜对暗纹东方鲀生理生化指标及脂代谢相关基因的表达均产生显著影响,本研究为暗纹东方鲀养殖过程中铜的合理使用提供有益的指导价值,也为生产中更好地监控重金属污染提供一定的技术指标参考。     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶活性及c型溶菌酶mRNA表达的影响

以初重为(41.26±1.09)g的暗纹东方鲀为实验鱼,配制5种玉米蛋白粉使用量为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的实验饲料,玉米蛋白粉对饲料中鱼粉的替代水平分别为0%、7.4%、14.8%、22.2%和29.6%。用实验饲料饲养暗纹东方鲀60d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏组织的溶菌酶活性及其c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量的影响。结果表明,(1)暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏的溶菌酶比活力分别为9.14、42.12和40.49U/mgprot,头肾和脾脏组织中c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量分别是肝胰脏的3.76和3.24倍。(2)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉显著影响暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶比活力。5%和10%组的肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而15%和20%组肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);5%和10%组的脾脏组织溶菌酶活力与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),而15%和20%组显著低于对照组和5%组(P<0.05)。(3)玉米蛋白粉对暗纹东方鲀c型溶菌酶基因mRNA相对表达量有显著影响(P<0.05)。肝胰脏组织中5%和10%组表达量显著高...     

不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长的影响

比较投饵率水平分别为3%、4%、5%、6%时,对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、饲料效率的影响,以确定暗纹东方鲀幼鱼阶段的适宜投饵率。在23℃下,对规格为3.45～3.56g的暗纹东方鲀幼鱼进行30d的生长实验,结果表明:不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的特定生长率、质量相对增加率、饲料效率、存活率均有显著影响(p<0.05);暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的适宜投饵率为4%,在投饵率为4℅时,质量相对增加率为116.04±0.04%,饲料效率达83.70±0.02%,特定生长率为111.49±0.03%/d,存活率为84.44±0.02%。     

水解单宁对暗纹东方鲀摄食偏好、消化代谢和抗氧化能力的效应

为了解菜粕替代鱼粉后单宁的作用,配制4组等氮等能饲料饲喂初重(39.84±3.09) g的暗纹东方鲀8周。以含43%鱼粉的实用基础饲料T0为对照;另设置3个不同的鱼粉用量组,用酪蛋白平衡蛋白质含量,并添加0.25%(T1)、0.75%(T2)和1.25%(T3)的水解单宁,使酪蛋白:水解单宁≈菜粕中蛋白含量:菜粕中单宁含量=16.8∶1。结果显示,随饲料中水解单宁添加量的增加,增重率呈上升趋势,饲料系数显著下降;肌肉粗脂肪含量T2组显著高于T0及T1组,对照组氨基酸水平显著高于其他组。肝脏抗氧化指标中,T0组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著低于其他组,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)则显著高于其他组,T3组丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于其他组。血清抗氧化指标中,3个单宁组MDA含量均显著高于对照组,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著下降。随饲料中水解单宁添加量的增加,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性先升后降,与肝脏中趋势一致;T1组白蛋白(ALB)含量高于T0及T3组,显著高于T2组,T1组总蛋白(TP)含量高于T0组,显著高于T2及T3组。T1及T2组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于T0组,胃和肠道中的蛋白酶活性随水解单宁添加量的增加显著上升,胃脂肪酶活性显著下降。T3组苦味受体T2R1表达量在舌尖和肠道均显著高于对照组;肝脏热休克蛋白HSP70表达量T0组显著高于T3;摄食偏好实验中,驯化前暗纹东方鲀摄食偏好随水解单宁添加量的增加显著下降,驯化8周后,4组实验鱼对T2饲料的偏好程度均显著高于T0,T0饲料高于T1和T3组。研究表明,添加1.25%及以下水解单宁对暗纹东方鲀生长无负面影响,一定程度上对饲料有节约作用;添加水解单宁会改变鱼体对蛋白质、脂肪和糖类的消化及蛋白质合成代谢,添加量在1.25%时会损伤抗氧化能力和抗应激能力;用含有水解单宁的饲料驯化暗纹东方鲀可显著提高其对水解单宁添加量为0.75%的饲料的偏好程度,并提高对苦味的接受能力。     

暗纹东方鲀心型脂肪酸结合蛋白H-FABP基因克隆与表达分析

为深入了解心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart-type fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP)的结构与功能,采用RACE技术克隆得到暗纹东方鲀H-FABP的全长cDNA序列,共772 bp,开放阅读框为402 bp,编码133个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,暗纹东方鲀H-FABP基因具有一个脂质转运蛋白家族保守结构域和多个蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。NJ法系统进化分析显示,暗纹东方鲀与红鳍东方鲀亲缘关系最近,其次是鲈形目。经荧光定量PCR检测,H-FABP基因在暗纹东方鲀所有被检测的组织中都有表达,其中肝脏中的表达量最高,其次为肌肉和心脏,预示H-FABP主要参与脂肪酸氧化分解过程。为探究豆油作为脂肪源的可行性,采用不同比例(0、25%、50%和75%)豆油替代鱼油的饲料投喂初始体质量为(8.31±0.20)g的暗纹东方鲀8周。结果显示,全鱼油组肝脏中H-FABP基因的表达量显著高于50%豆油组和75%豆油组,但与25%豆油组无显著性差异,且随着饲料中豆油比例的增加,暗纹东方鲀肝脏中H-FABP基因的表达量呈下降趋势。研究表明,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的鱼油可以促进脂肪酸氧化分解,能预防脂肪肝。因此,为不影响暗纹东方鲀肝脏脂肪代谢,饲料中豆油替代鱼油的比例应控制在50%以下。     

Effects of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,feed utilization,digestive enzymes,and postprandial metabolic responses in juvenile obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus

The effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin (AM/AP) ratio on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, plasma parameters, and postprandial blood glucose responses was evaluated in juvenile obscure puffer, Takifugu obscurus. Five isonitrogenous (430 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isolipidic (90 g kg^?1 crude lipid) diets containing an equal starch level (250 g kg^?1 starch) with different AM/AP ratio diets of 0/25, 3/22, 6/19, 9/16 and 12/13 were formulated. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups (25 fish per tank), twice daily during a period of 60 days. After the growth trial, a postprandial blood response test was carried out. Fish fed diet 6/19 showed best growth, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Hepatosomatic index, plasma total cholesterol concentration, liver glycogen and lipid content, and gluconokinase, pyruvate kinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities were lower in fish fed highest AM/AP diet (12/13) than in fish fed the low-amylose diets. Activities of liver and intestinal trypsin in fish fed diet 3/22 and diet 6/19 were higher than in fish fed diet 9/16 and diet 12/13. Activities of liver and intestinal amylase and intestinal lipase, and starch digestibility were negatively correlated with dietary AM/AP ratio. Fish fed diet 3/22 and diet 6/19 showed higher plasma total amino acid concentration than fish fed the other diets, while plasma urea nitrogen concentration and activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase showed the opposite trend. Equal values were found for viscerosomatic index and condition factor, whole body and muscle composition, plasma high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, and activities of lipase and hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in liver. Postprandial plasma glucose and triglyceride peak value of fish fed diet 12/13 were lower than in fish fed the low-amylose diets, and the peak time of plasma glucose was later than in fish fed the other diets. Plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations showed a significant difference at 2 and 4 h after a meal and varied between dietary treatments. According to regression analysis of weight gain against dietary AM/AP ratio, the optimum dietary AM/AP ratio for maximum growth of obscure puffer was 0.25. The present result indicates that dietary AM/AP ratio could affect growth performance and feed utilization, some plasma parameters, digestive enzyme as well as hepatic glucose metabolic enzyme activities in juvenile obscure puffer.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐lipid Ratio on Growth Performance,Body Composition,Digestive Enzyme Activities,and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios (CHO : L) on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hepatic enzyme activities of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 kJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO : L ratios (0.07, 0.48, 1.20, 2.19, 4.81, and 10.48) were fed to triplicate groups of large yellow croaker in floating sea cages. Results showed that the highest specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 2.19. Fish fed the lower (0.07 and 0.48) CHO : L ratios tended to produce lower growth (P < 0.05). The whole‐body lipid content significantly decreased, while hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen content, and plasma glucose concentration significantly increased as dietary CHO : L ratios increased (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased with elevated dietary CHO : L ratios (P < 0.05). The increasing dietary CHO : L ratios significantly stimulated the activities of intestinal amylase and hepatic pyruvate kinase and depressed the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.05). Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, 2.38 was determined as the optimal dietary CHO : L ratio for juvenile large yellow croaker.     

Growth Rate, Feed Conversion, and Body Composition of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala Fry Fed Diets of Various Carbohydrate-to-Lipid Ratios

Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid (CHO : L) ratios on the growth rate, conversion efficiencies, and body composition were studied in the Indian major carp fry Catla catla, Labeo rohita , and Cirrhinus mrigala. Six isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.46 kcal metabolizable energy/g) semi-purified diets, with CHO: L ratios of 0.02, 0.60, 1.54, 3.38, 8.93, and 43.00 were fed to triplicate groups of fish in 70-L flow-through (1.5–2.0 L/min) indoor circular troughs. Fish were fed to apparent satiation (about 10% body weight), 6 d/wk, twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h for 6 wk. Fish growth rates differed significantly (P < 0.05) with CHO: L ratio in the diets. Maximum weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR %) were observed in C. catla and L. rohita fed a diet with 36% carbohydrate and 4% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 8.93. In C. mrigala , highest weight gain (%) and SGR (%) were noted in fish fed 27% carbohydrate and 8% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 3.38. In all the species, fish fed either diet with the lowest (0.02) or the highest (43.00) CHO: L ratio tended to have significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth and conversion efficiencies. Percentage of dry matter and whole-body lipid of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO: L ratio decreased. However, whole-body crude protein content of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO : L ratio increased. The results of this study indicate that the Indian major carp fry efficiently utilize carbohydrate for energy, and excess dietary lipid resulted in increased lipid accumulation in the body.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratio for juvenile and grower rockfish. Triplicate groups of juvenile (initial mean weight 3.6 g) and duplicate groups of grower (initial mean weight 166 g) were fed the five isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets with the different CHO:L ratios (0.4–5.6 g:g) for 8 weeks respectively. The survival of juvenile and grower was above 93% and was not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratios. Weight gain of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 was significantly higher than that of the fish fed diets with CHO:L ratios of 2.8 and 5.6 (P<0.05). The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of juvenile fed the diet with CHO:L ratio of 5.6 were the lowest among all groups (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of juvenile fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 5.6 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05). The condition factors of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 were significantly higher than that of 5.6 (P<0.05). The crude lipid content of whole body, liver and viscera of juvenile decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, and the opposite was found for the moisture content. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of grower were not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratio. Hepatosomatic and viscerasomatic indexes of grower were significantly influenced by dietary CHO:L ratio (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the lipid content of whole body and viscera of grower. Dietary CHO:L ratios significantly affected the major fatty acid composition of whole body in both juvenile and grower. The contents of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 linearly decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, whereas the 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents increased. Based on growth, feed efficiency and body composition, the optimal dietary CHO:L ratio was 1.6 for juvenile rockfish fed isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets, and starch could partially replace lipids in the diets with CHO:L ratios ranging from 0.4 to 5.6 for grower.     

不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解能力的影响

本试验研究了饲料中不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解的影响。试验共配制6组等氮等能的半纯合饲料,对应糖脂比分别为2.3,3.0,4.0,5.6,7.7和12.1。将鱼饱食投喂8周,每日投喂3次。试验结果表明,当饲料糖脂比从2.3升高至7.7时,增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白保留率均显著升高(P < 0.05);而当糖脂比进一步升高时,其均呈下降趋势,但差异不显著(P > 0.05);饲料系数的变化趋势与其相反。建鲤幼鱼的脏体比以及全鱼、胴体和肝脏脂肪含量随着饲料糖脂比的降低均显著升高(P < 0.05),而全鱼、胴体和肝脏的蛋白质含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。肠道淀粉酶活性随着糖脂比的升高显著升高(P < 0.05),而脂肪酶的变化趋势则相反(P < 0.05)。此外,血糖和胰岛素水平、肝糖原含量及肝脏葡萄糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性随饲料糖脂比的升高均显著升高(P < 0.05),血液中总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量则随着糖脂比的降低显著升高(P < 0.05)。根据二次回归模型得出,在等氮等能的饲料条件下,建鲤幼鱼最适宜的糖水平和脂肪水平分别为38.21%和4.69%,对应的糖脂比为8.14。     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料中维生素B1的需要量

采用维生素B1(VB1)含量为0.08(对照组)、0.57、1.13、2.09、4.11和8.09 mg/kg的6种纯化饲料,分别饲养初始体质量为(64.4±1.5)g的吉富罗非鱼12周,研究VB1对其生长性能、部分血清生化指标、肝脏VB1蓄积量及转酮醇酶基因表达量的影响,以确定其对饲料VB1的需要量.结果显示,随着饲料中VB1含量增加,吉富罗非鱼增重率先呈线性增加后趋于稳定,当饲料中VB1含量为1.13、2.09、4.11、8.09 mg/kg时增重率达最大.吉富罗非鱼肝脏VB1含量随着饲料VB1含量增加不断增大,当增加到2.09 mg/kg后趋于稳定.饲料中缺乏VB1显著提高血清丙酮酸含量(P＜0.05),但对全鱼水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、灰分无显著性影响(P＞0.05).饲料中添加VB1显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和肝脏转酮醇酶基因表达量(P＜0.05).饲料中VB1含量大于1.13 mg/kg各组的肝脏转酮醇酶活性显著高于VB1含量小于0.57 mg/kg组(P＜0.05).折线回归分析表明,吉富罗非鱼(64 ～325 g)获得最佳生长时对饲料VB1需要量为1.16 mg/kg;肝脏VB1蓄积量达到最大时,对VB1的需要量为2.06mg/kg.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Six isonitrogenous (390 g kg^?1) and isoenergetic (16.2 kJ g^?1) diets with varying carbohydrate : lipid (CHO : L) ratios (202.5–1.74), were fed to triplicate groups of 25 fish in indoor recirculation system. Over 8‐week‐growth trial, best weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein production value (P < 0.05) were observed in fish‐fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 7.5. Fish fed either the lowest (1.7) or highest (202.5) CHO : L ratio tended to produce lower (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion efficiencies. The values of viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio increased as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. There were no significant differences in whole body and liver crude protein among dietary treatments. Whole body and liver lipid increased as CHO : L ratios decreased. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels increased linearly as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. Activities of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary carbohydrate; however, activities of lipase (LPS) and alkaline phosphatase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary lipid. Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG against dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, 275 g kg^?1 of carbohydrate and 59 g kg^?1 of lipid, corresponding to a CHO : L ratio of 4.7, in a diet holding 390 g kg^?1 of crude protein and 16.3 kJ g^?1 of gross energy, proved to be optimal for grass carp. These results indicated that utilization of dietary lipid and carbohydrate was moderate in grass carp, but the fish were a little more capable of utilizing lipid compared with carbohydrate.     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理生化指标的影响。5种饲料分别含有0、12.0%、25.0%、37.0%和49.5%的SPC以替代相应的鱼粉,并分别添加0、0.83%、1.65%、2.48%和3.30%的必需氨基酸混合物(L-lysine∶DL-methionine∶L-leucine∶Lvaline∶L-threonine=18∶6∶3∶2.5∶2)以平衡各组饲料的氨基酸组成。每种饲料投喂3个水族箱(300 L),每个水族箱放养实验鱼16尾,实验鱼初始体质量为(31.1±0.1)g。经过9周生长实验,结果显示随着饲料中SPC替代水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率、特定生长率均显著下降(P0.001)。然而,当使用0~37.0%的SPC替代鱼粉时,各处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率未出现显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率之间也未出现显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下SPC不能作为大菱鲆饲料中替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,造成SPC替代效果较差的主要原因是其对大菱鲆饲料适口性的显著影响。     

Effects of Graded Levels of Carbohydrate on Growth and Survival of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

Excessive carbohydrates (CHO) in diets for largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides, are suspected of accumulating glycogen in hepatocytes, which may result in liver dysfunction. This study evaluated the effect of graded levels of dietary CHO on growth, survival, and liver histology of LMB. One hundred feed‐trained advanced fingerling LMB (128.5 ± 21.5 g) were stocked into each of nine 3400 ‐ L polyethylene tanks. Tanks were randomly assigned one of three experimental diets containing different CHO levels (13, 19, or 25% of diet). The extruded diets were approximately isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isocaloric (3 kcal/g energy). There were three replicate tanks per dietary treatment. Bass were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 148 d. Survival was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) for fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (89 and 90%, respectively) compared to those fed the 25% CHO diets (82%). Average harvest weight of fish fed the 13% CHO diet (380 g) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than for fish fed other diets. Average harvest weight of fish fed the 19% CHO diet (347 g) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than for fish fed the 25% CHO diet (310 g). Specific growth rates (%/d) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets than in fish fed 25% CHO diet. Feed conversion ratios for fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (2.3 and 2.4, respectively) were both significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in fish fed the 25% CHO diet (3.6). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in condition factor, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, or liver glycogen concentration among fish fed the different experimental diets. Overall, mean blood glucose levels in fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (61.0 and 71.2 mg/dL, respectively) were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in fish fed the 25% CHO diet (87 mg/dL). Histopathological examination of livers from fish fed the three diets was used to score the degree of vacuolization of hepatic tissues (0 = normal, 1 = slight, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe). Regression of vacuolization scores on dietary CHO levels was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) and indicated a direct positive relationship between liver vacuolization and dietary CHO level (R² = 0.57). These data indicate that LMB grow faster and use feeds more efficiently when CHO are maintained at <20% of diet. CHO levels >20% negatively impacted liver histology, but a liver tissue analyses did not document glycogen accumulation.