温度与光照强度对浒苔孢子/配子放散和萌发的影响

通过比较不同温度和光照强度对浒苔(Ulva prolifera)孢子/配子放散和萌发的影响,来探究适合浒苔孢子/配子放散和萌发的温度和光照强度。实验结果表明,适宜浒苔孢子/配子放散的温度和光照强度范围分别为20~30℃和180~300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。在温度25℃、光照强度240μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,浒苔孢子/配子的放散量最大。浒苔孢子/配子萌发的适宜温度和光照强度分别为15~25℃和40~160μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),最适温度和光照强度分别为20℃和120μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。本实验揭示了黄海绿潮优势种浒苔繁殖与生长的环境响应过程,为进一步探索黄海绿潮暴发机制提供理论依据。     

条浒苔海区试栽培及外界因子对藻体生长的影响

以2004年1月采自江苏如东海区紫菜栽培架上的条浒苔(Enteromorpha clathrata)为研究材料,经分离纯化培养,用条浒苔藻体放散的孢子进行采苗及其海区栽培。结果表明,条浒苔在江苏和浙江海区均能够栽培,且藻体生长速度很快。在实验室条件下,将条浒苔藻体置于不同温度组(5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)、盐度组(0、4、8、12、16)和光照强度组(15μmol.m-2.s-1、30μmol.m-2.s-1、45μmol.m-2.s-1、60μmol.m-2.s-1),共120个温度-盐度-光强组合中培养,以研究这3个生态因子对条浒苔生长的影响。结果发现,温度、盐度和光强对条浒苔的生长影响显著(P<0.05)。条浒苔生长适宜温度为15~25℃;适宜盐度为8~12;适宜光照强度在60μmol.m-2.s-1左右。温度、盐度和光照强度三者对条浒苔生长存在显著的交互效应(P<0.05),这三者的最佳组合为温度25℃、盐度12和光强60μmol.m-2.s-1     

CO_2浓度对细基江蓠繁枝变型生长和光合特性的影响

比较了低CO_2浓度(充无CO_2空气,low CO_2,简称LC)、正常CO_2浓度(充正常空气,normal CO_2,简称NC)、高CO_2浓度(充正常空气+0.2%CO_2,high CO_2,简称HC)3种条件下细基江蓠繁枝变型(Gracilaria tenuistipitata var.liui Zhang et Xia)的特定生长率、光合色素含量、光合放氧速率和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:培养6 d后,与NC组相比,LC组细基江蓠繁枝变型特定生长率(SGR)、100μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)光强净光合放氧速率及PSII最大光量子产率(Fv/Fm)均显著降低(P0.05);类胡萝卜素含量显著增加(P0.05);而藻红素、叶绿素a含量、PSII实际光量子产率(Fv/Fo)、快速光响应曲线初始斜率(α)、最大电子传递效率(ETR_(max))及半饱和光强(I_k)均无显著差异(P0.05)。与NC组相比,HC组细基江蓠繁枝变型的SGR、Fv/Fm及α显著增加(P0.05),藻红素含量显著下降(P0.05),而叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量、600μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)光强净光合放氧速率、Fv/Fo、α、ETR_(max)及I_k均无显著差异(P0.05)。与LC组相比,HC组细基江蓠繁枝变型的100μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)光强净光合放氧速率、SGR、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、α均显著增加(P0.05),而藻红素、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量却显著下降(P0.05),600μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)光强净光合放氧速率、ETR_(max)、I_k无显著变化(P0.05)。对于细基江蓠繁枝变型,CO_2浓度升高降低了光合色素含量,同时提高了光系统光能转换效率,而对藻体饱和光强下净光合放氧速率的促进作用不显著。但是CO_2浓度升高却仍然可能通过降低无机碳利用的能量消耗及提高营养盐吸收利用而显著促进藻体的生长。比较不同CO_2浓度下细基江蓠繁枝变型生长和光合特性的差异,有助于初步揭示其对大气CO_2浓度变化的响应特征。     

盐度-光照强度-温度对角毛藻生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

为获知盐度—光照强度—温度对半咸水硅藻——角毛藻SHOU-B98生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响,实验采用L_9(3~4)正交设计探讨其在不同盐度(6、12和18)、光照强度[10、30和50μmol/(m~2·s)]及温度(10、20和30℃)组合条件下的生长及藻细胞ARA、EPA和DHA含量的变化。结果显示,盐度、光照强度、温度三因素对角毛藻SHOUB98的生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量均有显著影响,且存在因素间的交互作用。角毛藻SHOU-B98在盐度12、光照强度30μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃及盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃的组合条件下生长最快,第4天后这2组做藻的生物量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。角毛藻细胞积累不同高不饱和脂肪酸的最佳培养条件也不同,细胞积累ARA的最优培养组合条件为盐度6、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃;细胞积累EPA和DHA的最优培养组合条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃。研究表明,角毛藻SHOU-B98生长快且细胞脂肪酸营养价值高的培养条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃的组合。     

光照强度对海黍子生长及部分生化指标的影响

在20、40、80、120、200μmol/m2·s光照强度下,研究了光照梯度对海黍子Sargassum muticum的生长及藻体部分生化指标的影响。结果表明,在80～200μmol/m2·s光照范围内时,海黍子的特定生长率都比较高,且无显著差异,光照低于80μmol/m2·s后,生长率下降,显示了海黍子适宜较高光强的特性。叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖在光照20μmol/m2·s下含量最高。褐藻多酚含量在光照200μmol/m2时比其余光照条件下增加明显。此特性对于从海黍子中提取褐藻多酚天然产物具有一定的指导意义。     

硅浓度对纤细角毛藻和三角褐指藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在温度为23±1℃,盐度为31,光照强度为100μmol/m2.s的条件下,用含有不同硅浓度(0、12、24、48、96和384μmol/L)的培养基对中国海洋大学微藻种质库保存的纤细角毛藻(Chaetoc-eros gracilis)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylumtricornutum)进行培养,研究两种硅藻一次性培养过程中,不同硅浓度对其细胞密度、叶绿素含量以及PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,硅浓度对两种硅藻的生长及光合作用均有显著影响(P<0.05)。纤细角毛藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm比值均随着起始硅浓度的增加而增加,在96μmol/L处达到最大值,其后随着起始硅浓度的增加,上述指标反而下降。三角褐指藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm比值均随着起始硅浓度的增加而增加,在384μmol/L处达到最大值。多重比较结果表明,纤细角毛藻和三角褐指藻生长和进行光合作用的最适硅浓度分别为96和384μmol/L。     

饲料中添加浒苔对仿刺参幼参生长、消化酶活性和免疫力的影响

在水温17~18℃和盐度30条件下,将初始体质量为(4.09±0.26)g的仿刺参饲养在15个循环水玻璃缸(容积100L)中,投喂在基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%、9%和12%浒苔的饲料,于投喂后第7、14、28d和42d分别检测仿刺参的生长指标、消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和褐藻酸酶)和体腔液免疫酶(溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性。试验结果表明,投喂试验饲料后第14、28d和42d:(1)饲料中添加6%和9%浒苔组仿刺参的特定生长率显著增加(P0.05),在不同取样时间其他添加组仿刺参的的特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);(2)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%试验组仿刺参的4种消化酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中6%组仿刺参的消化酶比活力最高;(3)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%时,仿刺参溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%时,仿刺参碱性磷酸酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);添加浒苔可以显著提高酸性磷酸酶活力,至第42d,试验组酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组(P0.05),且浒苔添加量为6%时活力最高。在本试验条件下,饲料中添加浒苔可以提高仿刺参的特定生长率、消化酶活力及免疫力,浒苔的最适添加量为6%~9%。     

紫外辐射对浒苔游孢子附着、萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了探讨绿潮藻浒苔游孢子对紫外线(UVR)的敏感性,研究了相对于有效光辐射(PAR,P)增加UVA辐射(PAR+UVA,PA)和全波长辐射(PAR+UVA+UVB,PAB)对浒苔游孢子的光合效率、附着、萌发和幼苗生长的影响。实验结果表明,(1)强光[900μmol/(m2·s)]下PA和PAB辐射对浒苔游孢子的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)具有明显抑制作用,且辐射时间越长抑制作用越大。强光下PA和PAB辐射15、30、60min导致浒苔游孢子最大光化学效率分别下降为28.4%、42.4%、36.5%、52.1%、64.4%、54.5%;(2)游孢子在15min辐射期间的附着率分别为50.0%(P)、44.9%(PA)和23.9%(PAB),紫外辐射尤其是UVB显著抑制(延迟)了游孢子的附着(P<0.05),但对24h后游孢子的总附着率没有显著影响。不同辐射处理和处理时间之间存在显著交互作用(P<0.05);(3)阳光下PA和PAB对孢子萌发具有显著抑制作用,第3天PA和PAB处理的游孢子萌发率分别为P处理的57.0%和39.1%,游孢子的萌发存活决定于最初的3d,3d后的紫外辐射对幼苗的存活没有显著影响(P>0...     

江苏滨海县海域漂浮浒苔光合生理特性及其固碳潜力评估

测定了江苏滨海县海域漂浮浒苔(Ulva prolifera)的光合生理特性(叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、Rubisco活性、光合速率)和组织含碳量,并分析了浒苔暴发海区水体溶解性无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)浓度及pH值变化特征。结果表明:1)浒苔漂到滨海海域时藻体状态良好,藻体Fv/Fm达到0.67,Yield为0.57,总光合速率为66.99μmol(C)·g-1(FW)·h-1,叶绿素a和b的含量分别为0.91 mg·g-1和0.65mg·g-1,Rubisco活性达到11.39μmol(CO2)·g-1(FW)·min-1;2)覆盖区域不同位点海水无机碳体系各参数均出现不同程度的变化,从浒苔覆盖区边缘到中心,海水中DIC和HCO3-浓度逐步降低(P0.05),而海水pH值却逐渐升高(P0.05)。3)2008~2013连续6年暴发的绿潮藻生物量累计约达9 832.8×104t湿重,可固定CO2量达1 843.67×104t,说明浒苔对DIC的吸收能力较强,能促进海水无机碳体系循环,提高海水pH值,能一定程度上增加海洋碳汇强度。     

大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中浒苔适宜添加量的应用研究

为探讨浒苔在大菱鲆幼鱼养殖饲料中的应用,确定饲料中适宜的浒苔添加量,筛选浒苔在大菱鲆饲料的应用配方,以初始体质量(6.05±0.03)g的大菱鲆幼鱼为试验对象,分别在基础饲料中添加0%(E1,对照组)、5%(E2)、10%(E3)、15%(E4)和20%(E5)的浒苔粉,配制成5种等氮等能的饲料,在循环水系统中进行42d的摄食生长试验。饲喂试验结束后测定大菱鲆的生长、摄食及非特异性免疫力。试验结果显示,添加浒苔粉20%试验组的质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料效率显著低于对照组(P0.05),而其余各试验组的大菱鲆质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料效率与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);各试验组的摄食率差异不显著(P0.05);添加浒苔粉5%试验组大菱鲆头肾巨噬细胞的吞噬活力和巨噬细胞呼吸爆发活力均显著高于其余各试验组(P0.05)。由此可知,在本试验条件下,在大菱鲆饲料中适当添加浒苔5%时,对其生长和非特异性免疫力具有一定促进作用,但浒苔添加量增加到20%时,大菱鲆幼鱼的生长以及非特异性免疫力均受到抑制。     

Experimental evaluation of low head oxygenators

The overall mass transfer coefficient, G₂₀, for a single hole orifice plate was evaluated in a series of experiments as affected by four geometric variables: orifice plate hole diameter (5, 10, 14, 19, and 22 mm), hydraulic head on the flooded plate (2.5, 5, and 13 cm), water fall height from the orifice to the receiving pool of water (30, 61, 91, and 122 cm), and the collection pool depth (2.5, 8, 13, 25, and 41 cm). This is, in essence, the simplest form of a low head oxygenator (LHO). A regression equation was developed to predict G₂₀ as a function of these variables, their interactions, and squared terms. The hydraulic head above the flooded plate had no significant effect (P<0.10) on the overall mass transfer coefficient. It was determined that the contribution of the orifice hole solely to overall gas transfer was much less than previously assumed, suggesting that a much larger percentage of gas transfer is due to the splashing and subsequent entrainment as water droplets fall into the receiving pool of water. Practical implications of the results are discussed.     

羊栖菜离体生殖托低温超低温的保存

对羊栖菜离体生殖托低温超低温保存技术进行了探讨。首先对离体生殖托进行有关预处理(包括保护剂的选择、生殖托干出或浸没的状态以及温度降低的程序等),然后分别在超低温(-196 ℃)、冰冻(-18 ℃)和低温(5 ℃)的条件下进行保存。结果表明,生殖托在超低温和冰冻条件下保存均不理想,但是处于干出状态(避免失水)的生殖托在5 ℃下可以保存30 d,其代谢活性、细胞相对活力以及配子释放能力均较好,是一种简单而有效的生殖托保存方法。并讨论了羊栖菜生殖托低温保存技术在人工苗种生产上的可能应用。     

Invasion of stream fishes into low trophic positions

Abstract –  In the absence of other life-history constraints, fishes that can feed at low trophic levels (i.e., omnivores/detritivores) are predicted to be successful invaders because their food resources during the colonization and integration phases of the invasion are rarely limiting. Accordingly, we hypothesized that trophic position of non-native fishes in five mid-western and south-western U.S. river systems would be lower than native fishes. By standardizing δ ¹⁵N values with a common invertebrate (chironomids) across sites, we were able to evaluate differences in trophic position between natives and non-natives across sample locations and years. Our data tend to support this hypothesis, but there was notable spatial and temporal variation in this pattern. Moreover, three of four species generally fed at lower trophic positions in their introduced ranges than their native ranges. Although many factors influence the success of introduced species, our data suggest that the ability to forage on low-quality resources is a favourable trait for invasive fishes in lotic systems. Because these fishes feed at low trophic positions, it is important to consider how they will influence invaded systems, in contrast to invaders that feed at higher trophic positions. Future studies that evaluate the resistance of communities to invaders from different trophic positions would help understand the mechanisms that control the establishment and spread of species with different life-history traits.     

Metabolism of low density lipoproteins in rainbow trout

Plasma kinetics and tissue sites of degradation for native and chemically modified low density lipoproteins have been investigated in (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Native and modified LDL labelled with¹²⁵I-tyramine-cellobiose, (a residualizing adduct), were injected intravenously, and plasma and organ samples analyzed. Native LDL were cleared with a half life of about 30 hours, and mainly catabolized in the liver. Acetylation of LDL resulted in accelerated clearance (t_1/2=2 h) and catabolism in the kidneys. Methylation of LDL had only minor effects on catabolism. The cellular localization of lipoprotein uptake was visualized in kidney by fluorescence microscopy. Native LDL were endocytozed by spheroid, parenchymal cells, supposedly steroid-producing cells. Acetylated, fluorescent LDL were found in vacuoles of flattened, sinusoidal lining endothelial cells. Our data show that catabolism of native low density lipoproteins in salmonids takes place mainly via hepatic receptors. A scavenger receptor pathway, for modified lipoproteins (mainly localized in the kidney) is also operative in trout.     

日本对虾耐低温试验

2个水族箱进行相同条件下的平行试验,设1个恒温对照箱。夜间每3h、白天每6h分别记录一次水温和累计死亡情况。2℃是具备生产意义的最低温度,可以供养殖户进行日本对虾越冬时参考。     

低温对罗非鱼类影响的相关研究进展

罗非鱼类作为重要的水产养殖品种，耐受低温能力差成为限制其产量的重要原因。因此，很多学者对低温伤害罗非鱼的机理进行了多方面的研究，以期针对性地解决罗非鱼不耐寒的问题。文章综述了饵料、环境和鱼体自身等影响罗非鱼耐寒的因素，以及低温对鱼体的伤害范围，包括宏观的生理变化和微观的细胞分子水平的改变，介绍了低温对罗非鱼的影响及相关机理研究，重点讨论了这些研究成果的重要指导意义。     

Performance of packed column aerator at low hydraulic loading

A laboratory-scale packed column aerator filled with ceramic Raschig rings was tested for its performance with hydraulic loadings in the range of 16–86·3 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹. Two columns of 0·19 m and 0·24 m inside diameter and packing sizes of 15, 25 and 36 mm were used. The system equation developed by previous workers for trickling filters in waste-water treatment was not generally applicable across the lower hydraulic loadings. The system coefficient incorporating the oxygen absorption coefficient (k_La) was found to vary within the range of hydraulic loadings studied. The oxygen transfer rate equation developed for surface and submerged aerators was used for estimating standard oxygen transfer efficiency of the packed column aerator, which, in this case, ranged from 6·2 to 22·6 kg O₂ kWh⁻¹.     

不同冻藏温度下鲈鱼肌肉胶原蛋白生化特性的变化

研究了鲈鱼在-10℃,-20℃,-30℃和-40℃冻藏过程中胶原蛋白生化特性的变化。通过胶原蛋白的溶出量和SDS-PAGE法分析了鲈鱼在冻藏过程中的胶原蛋白变化情况。结果表明,胶原蛋白在冻藏过程中其溶出量呈波浪变化,但总体上是下降的。其原因可能是在冻藏过程中胶原分子发生凝聚以及胶原分子降解产生的小分子胶原在碱洗过程中溶出而失去。SDS-PAGE的结果证实了胶原蛋白在冻藏过程中确实发生了降解。冻藏温度之间的差异是显著的(P<0.05)。冻藏温度越低,胶原蛋白变化越缓慢。     

Vaccination of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) at a low temperature leads to a low antibody response against Aeromonas salmonicida

We present a study on the effect of water temperature on immunization of Atlantic lumpfish. In total, 360 fish were vaccinated with either 50 μl of an oil‐based injection vaccine (VAX), with Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio salmonicida antigens, or PBS. Fish were vaccinated at three different water temperatures, 5°C, 10°C and 15°C, and sorted into six groups (N = 60). Lumpfish were weighed every 3 weeks after vaccination, sampled at 3, 6, 9 and 18 weeks post‐immunization (wpi) and evaluated by modified Speilberg score, ELISA and immunoblotting. Vaccinated fish showed low antibody response against V. salmonicida. Fish vaccinated at 5°C showed significantly lower antibody response against A. salmonicida throughout the study. At higher temperatures, vaccinated fish showed significantly increased antibody responses, at 18 wpi for 10°C and at 6 and 18 wpi for 15°C. Immunoblotting demonstrated specific response against the LPS antigen of A. salmonicida in the 10°C and 15°C VAX groups. Mean body weight increased in all groups throughout the study. Vaccinated fish had low Speilberg scores with no melanization of abdominal tissue. Our results show that vaccinating lumpfish at a lower water temperature may lead to a low antibody response against A. salmonicida.     

小展弦比立式曲面网板的水动力性能

为研究不同倾角和迎流冲角下小展弦比立式曲面网板的水动力性能,通过水槽模型实验计算网板的升力系数(C_L)、阻力系数(C_D)、浮力系数(C_Z)和升阻比(K)。结果显示:(1)C_L和K随冲角(α)的增加呈先升后降趋势,C_D随冲角的增加呈上升趋势;(2)无倾角情况下,冲角为30°时,升力系数最大值C_Lmax=1.699,此时C_D=1.140,K=1.490。冲角为15°时,升阻比最大值K_max=2.421,此时C_L=1.120,C_D=0.463;(3)横倾角(β)在-10°～10°变化时,C_Lmax=1.816(α=25°,β=-10°),K_max=3.405(α=10°,β=-10°)。横倾角为-5°和-10°时,网板具有一定浮力。冲角为10°～30°时,CZ平均值分别为0.16和0.25;(4)纵倾角(γ)在-10°～10°变化时,C_Lmax=1.823(α=25°或α=30°,γ=-10°),K_max=2.729(α=5°,γ=-5°)。纵倾角为-5°、-10°和5°时,网板具有一定浮力。冲角为10°～30°时,C_Z平均值分别为0.16、0.18和0.16。结果表明,该网板的最佳工作冲角范围为15°～30°,该冲角范围内网板C_L>1.1且K>1.45。