海星棘皮作为仿刺参饲料添加成分的可行性

对海星棘皮作为仿刺参饲料添加成分的可行性进行初步研究。将海星棘皮干粉按0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的替代比例添加于以鱼粉、马尾藻(Sargassum muticum)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)为原料的基础饲料中,投喂体质量为3.4~4.0 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas)幼参60 d,结果表明,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P0.05);在60 d时,20%、30%和40%饲料组的仿刺参平均增重率、特定生长率显著高于0%和10%饲料组(P0.05);20%饲料组仿刺参的特定生长率最高,与30%和40%饲料组差异不显著(P0.05)。从饲料系数和摄食率看,0%和10%饲料组的饲料系数、摄食率最高,显著高于20%、30%、40%饲料组(P0.05),20%和30%海星饲料组的饲料系数、摄食率最低,二者差异不显著(P0.05),与40%饲料组差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,添加20%~30%海星棘皮干粉饲料可促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用。     

大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中浒苔适宜添加量的应用研究

为探讨浒苔在大菱鲆幼鱼养殖饲料中的应用,确定饲料中适宜的浒苔添加量,筛选浒苔在大菱鲆饲料的应用配方,以初始体质量(6.05±0.03)g的大菱鲆幼鱼为试验对象,分别在基础饲料中添加0%(E1,对照组)、5%(E2)、10%(E3)、15%(E4)和20%(E5)的浒苔粉,配制成5种等氮等能的饲料,在循环水系统中进行42d的摄食生长试验。饲喂试验结束后测定大菱鲆的生长、摄食及非特异性免疫力。试验结果显示,添加浒苔粉20%试验组的质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料效率显著低于对照组(P0.05),而其余各试验组的大菱鲆质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料效率与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);各试验组的摄食率差异不显著(P0.05);添加浒苔粉5%试验组大菱鲆头肾巨噬细胞的吞噬活力和巨噬细胞呼吸爆发活力均显著高于其余各试验组(P0.05)。由此可知,在本试验条件下,在大菱鲆饲料中适当添加浒苔5%时,对其生长和非特异性免疫力具有一定促进作用,但浒苔添加量增加到20%时,大菱鲆幼鱼的生长以及非特异性免疫力均受到抑制。     

两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)摄食与生长的影响

在刺参配合饲料中添加6个比例(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯蔓茎粉,测定两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参摄食与生长的影响。结果显示,甘薯块根粉中粗蛋白含量为10.01%,甘薯蔓茎粉中粗蛋白含量为5.54%;每100 g甘薯块根与蔓茎粉中氨基酸总量分别为7.33 g和4.37 g。在30 d的实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,10%和20%组特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P0.05),30%组SGR与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。投喂添加10%甘薯蔓茎粉的实验组仿刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂添加10%、20%甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参食物转化率(FCE)显著高于对照组(P0.05),投喂添加10%甘薯蔓茎粉饲料的实验组FCE与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其余各实验组仿刺参FCE显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,当甘薯块根粉和甘薯蔓茎粉添加比例分别低于30%和10%时,可满足刺参的营养需求,提高饲料利用效率,保证并促进仿刺参的摄食与生长。     

饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方法对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

采用单因素实验设计,先配制6种浒苔含量(0、5％、10％、15％、20％和25％)饲料饲养初始体质量(1.44±0.01)g幼刺参49 d,然后根据浒苔含量实验结果配制20％含量、3种方法处理的浒苔[干燥粉碎(DC)、纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCC)和蛋白酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCP)]饲料饲养初始体质量(4.58 ±0.23)g幼刺参60 d,以研究饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方式对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响.实验每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂35头刺参.结果显示:(1)浒苔对提高刺参特定生长率(SGR)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和降低饲料系数(FCR)有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中20％浒苔含量最好,浒苔能显著降低饲料干物质表观消化率(ADCd)和粗蛋白质表观消化率(ADCp)(P＜0.05),对刺参摄食率(FI)、成活率(SR)、肠道胃蛋白酶(PP)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).(2)3种方法处理的浒苔中,DCC和DCP浒苔对提高刺参SGR、ADCd、ADCp、肠道AMS、PP、SOD和ACP活性和降低FCR有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中DCC浒苔最好,3种方法处理的浒苔对刺参FI和SR亦无显著性影响(P＞0.05).在本实验条件下,幼刺参饲料中浒苔适宜含量为20％;纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎浒苔是一个理想的浒苔处理方法.     

饲料中添加甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)块根与茎蔓对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)配合饲料中添加不同比例(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯茎蔓粉,测定了添加2种甘薯饲料成分对刺参生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果显示,在50 d实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,添加20%甘薯块根粉组终末体重显著高于对照组(P0.05),10%、30%组特定生长率(SGR)与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);投喂添加10%甘薯茎蔓粉的实验组刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂添加10%、20%甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组刺参体腔液中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)均显著高于对照组(P0.05);投喂添加10%甘薯茎蔓粉饲料的实验组ACP显著高于对照组(P0.05),刺参体腔液中的溶菌酶(LZM)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、CAT和AKP与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,当甘薯块根与茎蔓的添加比例分别在30%和20%以下时,可满足刺参的营养需求,促进或保证刺参的生长,提高刺参免疫能力。     

一株芽孢杆菌的分离、鉴定及其对仿刺参免疫的影响

从大连湾地区健康的刺参养殖池塘沉积物中分离出一株优势菌株B4,通过菌落特征、生理生化特性和16SrDNA同源性分析,确定菌株B4为芽孢杆菌属。该菌株在温度20~35℃,pH 6~9,盐度3~7.5下生长良好。采用108cfu/mL密度的B4菌液投喂仿刺参,投喂后第0、7、14、21d和第28d测定仿刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶的活性。试验结果表明,第7d时,试验组仿刺参腔液中碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和酚氧化酶的活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);第21d时,试验组仿刺参腔液中溶菌酶的活性显著高于对照组;第28d时,酸性磷酸酶的活性与对照组具有极显著差异(P0.01),说明B4可提高仿刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶5种免疫酶的活性,对仿刺参有一定的免疫刺激作用。     

蒙脱石对仿刺参幼参生长、主要消化酶和免疫酶活性的影响

水温15.8～21.0℃下，将初始体质量(1.37±0.07) g的幼参于100 L的塑钢水箱中饲养75 d,每个水箱45头，投喂添加0%、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%和0.80%的蒙脱石饲料，测定幼参肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性及体腔液的超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性，探究蒙脱石对仿刺参生长、消化酶和免疫酶活性的影响。试验结果表明：蒙脱石对仿刺参存活率无明显影响，但显著提高了仿刺参特定生长率和饲料干物质的表观消化率(P<0.05);蒙脱石添加量为0.40%时，仿刺参特定生长率最高，显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加0.20%～0.60%的蒙脱石显著提高了仿刺参肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),添加0.40%的蒙脱石组活性最高，分别为(73.27±3.73) U/mg和(70.63±1.96) U/mg;不同添加量的蒙脱石对仿刺参体腔液超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均有不同程度的影响，对体腔液中溶菌酶活性的影响最大，0.60%组仿刺参溶菌酶活性最高，较对照组提高50%。在本试验条件下，饲料中添加约0.40%的蒙脱石，仿刺参可以获得最佳的消化性...     

不同浒苔型饲料对幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

以浒苔、石莼、豆粕、扇贝边、葡萄糖、贝壳粉、维生素和矿物质预混料为原料配制刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料,利用酿酒酵母菌菌液和碱性蛋白酶制剂对刺参饲料进行4种不同的处理,得到5组实验用饲料,分别为对照组、发酵组、酶解组、复合组和鲜浒苔组.将上述饲料饲喂初始体重为(1.92-0.02)g的幼刺参42 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复30头幼刺参.结果显示,不同的浒苔型饲料对幼刺参的存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FC)有显著影响(P＜0.05),而对其脏壁比(R)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).复合组和鲜浒苔组SR要显著高于酶解组(P＜0.05),而与其他2组均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).鲜浒苔组WGR远高于其他各组(P＜0.05),而复合组和发酵组WGR显著高于酶解组(P＜0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).幼刺参的SGR规律与WGR一致.鲜浒苔组FC显著低于对照组、发酵组和酶解组(P＜0.05),与复合组差异不显著(P＞0.05).随着摄食饲料时间的推移,对照组、发酵组、复合组和鲜浒苔组淀粉酶(AMS)活力先升高再下降后趋于稳定,而酶解组一直呈现下降趋势.酶解组纤维素酶(Cellulase)活力呈现一直下降的趋势,而其他组呈现波动变化,且均高于初始活力值.随着摄食饲料时间的推移,除酶解组外,其余各组胰蛋白酶(TRY)活力前后时间点变化差异不大,且每个采样点幼刺参TRY活力大小顺序始终是对照组＞复合组＞鲜浒苔组＞发酵组＞酶解组.不同浒苔型饲料饲喂的幼刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).鲜浒苔组ACP活力最大,且与复合组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05).鲜浒苔组和复合组AKP活力显著高于酶解组和对照组(P＜0.05),与发酵组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).复合组SOD活力最大,且显著高于发酵组和酶解组(P＜0.05),而与对照组和鲜浒苔组均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).由此得出,幼刺参在摄食先酶解后发酵的饲料后能够得到良好的生长效果,并可改善自身肠道消化,维持正常免疫.这为解决刺参饲料原料短缺以及浒苔高值化利用提供了依据和方法.     

不同浒苔型饲料对幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

以浒苔、石莼、豆粕、扇贝边、葡萄糖、贝壳粉、维生素和矿物质预混料为原料配制刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料,利用酿酒酵母菌菌液和碱性蛋白酶制剂对刺参饲料进行4种不同的处理,得到5组实验用饲料,分别为对照组、发酵组、酶解组、复合组和鲜浒苔组。将上述饲料饲喂初始体重为(1.92±0.02)g的幼刺参42 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复30头幼刺参。结果显示,不同的浒苔型饲料对幼刺参的存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FC)有显著影响(P0.05),而对其脏壁比(R)无显著性影响(P0.05)。复合组和鲜浒苔组SR要显著高于酶解组(P0.05),而与其他2组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组WGR远高于其他各组(P0.05),而复合组和发酵组WGR显著高于酶解组(P0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。幼刺参的SGR规律与WGR一致。鲜浒苔组FC显著低于对照组、发酵组和酶解组(P0.05),与复合组差异不显著(P0.05)。随着摄食饲料时间的推移,对照组、发酵组、复合组和鲜浒苔组淀粉酶(AMS)活力先升高再下降后趋于稳定,而酶解组一直呈现下降趋势。酶解组纤维素酶(Cellulase)活力呈现一直下降的趋势,而其他组呈现波动变化,且均高于初始活力值。随着摄食饲料时间的推移,除酶解组外,其余各组胰蛋白酶(TRY)活力前后时间点变化差异不大,且每个采样点幼刺参TRY活力大小顺序始终是对照组复合组鲜浒苔组发酵组酶解组。不同浒苔型饲料饲喂的幼刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均有显著性差异(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组ACP活力最大,且与复合组无显著性差异(P0.05),而显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组和复合组AKP活力显著高于酶解组和对照组(P0.05),与发酵组无显著性差异(P0.05)。复合组SOD活力最大,且显著高于发酵组和酶解组(P0.05),而与对照组和鲜浒苔组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此得出,幼刺参在摄食先酶解后发酵的饲料后能够得到良好的生长效果,并可改善自身肠道消化,维持正常免疫。这为解决刺参饲料原料短缺以及浒苔高值化利用提供了依据和方法。     

两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)摄食与生长的影响

在刺参配合饲料中添加6个比例(10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯蔓茎粉,测定两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参摄食与生长的影响.结果显示,甘薯块根粉中粗蛋白含量为10.01％,甘薯蔓茎粉中粗蛋白含量为5.54％;每100 g甘薯块根与蔓茎粉中氨基酸总量分别为7.33 g和4.37 g.在30 d的实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,10％和20％组特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 30％组SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉的实验组仿刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P＜0.05).投喂添加10％、20％甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参食物转化率(FCE)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉饲料的实验组FCE与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各实验组仿刺参FCE显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果表明,当甘薯块根粉和甘薯蔓茎粉添加比例分别低于30％和10％时,可满足刺参的营养需求,提高饲料利用效率,保证并促进仿刺参的摄食与生长.     

Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth,Intestinal Digestive Enzymes,and Coelomic Fluid Nonspecific Immune Enzymes of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,Juveniles

A 56‐d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes, and nonspecific immune response of Apostichopus japonicus juveniles. Five semipurified diets were formulated to contain graded levels of lysine (from 0.28 to 2.32% of dry matter). Although no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in survival rate, final weight (FW), and body weight gain (BWG), the FW and BWG increased from 0.28 to 1.19% with increasing dietary lysine levels, then showed a declining tendency. Broken‐line regression analysis of BWG indicated sea cucumber requires lysine at 0.76% of dry diet. Proximate composition, lysine content of the body wall, and total amino acid profiles were not affected by dietary treatments. Intestinal protease level increased with increasing dietary lysine level from 0.28 to 1.19%, then decreased. Acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activities of the sea cucumbers were not affected by various dietary lysine levels; however, significantly (P < 0.05) higher alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed 2.32% lysine diet than those fed diets having 0.28 and 1.89% lysine. Overall, sea cucumber juveniles fed with diets containing between 0.76 and 1.19% lysine showed better growth performance, digestive enzymes, and nonspecific immune enzyme activities.     

Supplementation of dietary apple cider vinegar as an organic acidifier on the growth performance,digestive enzymes and mucosal immunity of green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus)

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary apple cider vinegar (ACV) on digestive enzyme activity and growth performance as well as immune responses and antibacterial activity of skin mucus in green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus). Fish were fed diets supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2% and 4% of ACV (40.830 ppm acetic acid concentration) for 63 days. The final weight and weight gain values were observed to be significantly higher in fish fed with 2% of ACV compared to the control group (p < .05). ACV inclusion in the diets had significant effects on SGR (%) and FCR values (p > .05). ACV treatment resulted in a significant increase in the intestinal protease, α‐amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase activities compared to control (p < .05). The activities of digestive enzymes in fish fed with 2% and 4% of ACV diets were significantly higher than the other groups (p < .05). The total protein content, alternative haemolytic complement, alkaline phosphatase, total immunoglobulins and lysozyme activities of skin mucus increased significantly in fish fed with ACV diets (p < .05). In conclusion, administration of ACV enhanced digestive enzyme activity, growth performance, immune responses and the immune properties of skin mucus, and it can be used as a natural growth promoter and immunostimulant in green terror culture.     

Effects of dietary heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137) on the growth performance,digestive enzymes and selected non‐specific immune responses in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137) on growth performance, digestive, non‐specific immune and phagocytosis of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers (initial body weight 1.35 ± 0.04 g) were fed diets supplemented with five levels of HK L‐137 (0, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets) for 60 days. Results indicated sea cucumbers fed with diets containing 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain and specific growth rate than other groups. Sea cucumbers fed with diets containing 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher protease activity than control group. Higher amylase, lysozyme and phagocytic activities were found in 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diet group. Higher superoxide dismutase enzyme and alkaline phosphatase activity was found in 0.05 g HK L‐137 kg^?1. While no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in acid phosphatase activity. These results suggested that dietary supplementation of 0.05 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets would have benefit on growth, digestive enzymes and several non‐specific immune parameters of sea cucumber.     

地衣芽孢杆菌对仿刺参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响

为探讨益生菌制剂对仿刺参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响,选用分离自仿刺参肠道的地衣芽孢杆菌作为潜在的益生菌株进行仿刺参投喂试验。选择初始体质量为(7.17±0.86)g的仿刺参为试验对象,设计空白对照组及益生菌处理组进行投喂。益生菌在饲料中的添加密度分别为10⁵、10⁷、10⁹、10¹¹cfu/g,每10d测定相关指标。40d投喂试验结束后,通过注射灿烂弧菌的方式对各组仿刺参进行攻毒试验。试验结果显示,105、1011cfu/g处理组与对照组相比,各指标差异不显著。而投喂含有10⁷ cfu/g和10⁹cfu/g地衣芽孢杆菌饲料时,仿刺参质量增加率、特定生长率、消化酶活性(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶)及免疫酶活性(酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶)均显著高于对照组。试验期间,淀粉酶及超氧化物歧化酶活性呈先升后降的趋势,其他指标呈上升趋势。攻毒试验表明,投喂107cfu/g和109cfu/g地衣芽孢杆菌的仿刺参累积死亡率较低,相对免疫保护率较高,仿刺参抵抗灿烂弧菌的能力得到提高。试验结果表明,当饲料中地衣芽孢杆菌密度为10⁷cfu/g和10⁹cfu/g时,仿刺参生长指标、消化酶活性和免疫酶活性均显著提高。     

Effects of dietary n‐3 PUFA supplements on composition of n‐3 PUFA and expression of fatty acid elongase 5 (AJELOVL5) in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

This is the first comprehensive study on the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels on the expression of fatty acid elongase 5 (AJELOVL5), PUFA composition, and growth in juvenile sea cucumbers. The specific growth rate (SGR_w) was improved in n‐3 PUFA‐rich diets compared to low n‐3 PUFA diets. AJELOVL5 expression was apparently upregulated in juveniles fed lower PUFA diets relative to higher PUFA diets, with higher expression in the body wall and respiratory tree of juveniles fed diets without ɑ‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) compared to juveniles fed higher ALA level diets; similar results were also detected in juveniles fed diets with lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), and none of ALA, EPA, or DHA respectively. The concentrations of ALA, EPA, and DHA in tissues were positively related to the content of dietary corresponding PUFA, with higher ALA content in juveniles fed diet ALA_12.71 than in the ALA_7.46 and ALA₀ groups. Similar results were also obtained in sea cucumber fed diets enriched with either EPA or DHA. Interestingly, considerable levels of EPA and DHA were found in the tissues of juveniles fed diets of CK₀ and DHA₀, with no specific input of EPA or DHA, showing that the sea cucumber was capable of biosynthesizing EPA and DHA from their corresponding precursors as ALA and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6).     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance,non‐specific immune enzymes and acute response to low salinity and high temperature of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

This study was performed to determine the optimum dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels of sea cucumber, based on the parameters of growth, digestive enzymes, digestibility, non‐specific immune enzymes and acute low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress and high‐temperature (30°C) stress tolerance. Diets with eight different CHO (dextrin) levels (32.9, 107.6, 192.5, 257.2, 316.8, 428.0, 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (0.49 ± 0.01 g) for 60 days. Significant higher amylase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed diet with CHO ranging between 32.9 and 192.5 g/kg than that of other treatments (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5 g/kg CHO showed significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the treatments of 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg CHO (p < .05), and significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than other treatments (p < .05, except 257.2 g/kg). The treatments of 428.0–572.8 g/kg were found significantly lower values than other treatments in apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5, 257.2 and 316.8 g/kg CHO showed better tolerance to high‐temperature (30°C) and low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress than other treatments. In brief, the optimal dietary CHO level for the growth of juvenile sea cucumber is 177.96 g/kg. However, excessive CHO will inhibit amylase enzyme activity and decrease digestibility, resulting in low growth of sea cucumber.     

裂壶藻对刺参生长、免疫及消化酶的影响

以初始平均体重为(12.5±2.0)g的刺参为研究对象,在室内玻璃钢桶内进行了56 d饲喂实验。以基础饲料为对照组(A),研究基础饲料中分别添加0.5%(B)、1.25%(C)、2.0%(D)的裂壶藻对刺参生长、免疫及消化酶的影响。结果表明,C组、D组可显著提高刺参的特定生长率(SGR)(P0.05)。C组和D组刺参体腔液碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、吞噬活性、肠道淀粉酶均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。C组的体腔液呼吸爆发活性和肠道蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。B组的AKP、LZM、肠道淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中添加裂壶藻各处理组刺参成活率均为100%。实验结果表明,1.25%-2.0%裂壶藻添加量可显著提高刺参的生长速度和免疫酶活性;饲料中添加1.25%裂壶藻能够显著增加刺参肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶的消化活性:裂壶藻有作为刺参营养添加剂的应用前景。     

Effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oil blend on digestive enzymes and tissue histomorphology of European sea bass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis>) juveniles

The impact of replacing circa 70 % fish oil (FO) by a vegetable oil (VO) blend (rapeseed, linseed, palm oils; 20:50:30) in diets for European sea bass juveniles (IBW 96 ± 0.8 g) was evaluated in terms of activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin and total alkaline proteases) in the anterior (AI) and posterior (PI) intestine and tissue morphology (pyloric caeca—PC, AI, PI, distal intestine—DI and liver). For that purpose, fish were fed the experimental diets for 36 days and then liver and intestine were sampled at 2, 6 and 24 h after the last meal. Alkaline protease characterization was also done in AI and PI at 6 h post-feeding. Dietary VO promoted higher alkaline phosphatase activity at 2 h post-feeding in the AI and at all sampling points in the PI. Total alkaline protease activity was higher at 6 h post-feeding in the PI of fish fed the FO diet. Identical number of bands was observed in zymograms of alkaline proteases of fish fed both diets. No alterations in the histomorphology of PC, AI, PI or DI were noticed in fish fed the VO diets, while in the liver a tendency towards increased hepatocyte vacuolization due to lipid accumulation was observed. Overall, and with the exception of a higher intestine alkaline phosphatase activity, 70 % FO replacement by a VO blend in diets for European sea bass resulted in no distinctive alterations on the postprandial pattern of digestive enzyme activities and intestine histomorphology.     

Effects of dietary highly unsaturated fatty acid levels on growth,fatty acid profiles,antioxidant activities,mucus immune responses and hepatic lipid metabolism related gene expressions in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) juveniles

A 9‐week rearing trail was conducted to examine the effects of different dietary highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) levels on the growth performance, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant activities, mucus immune responses and lipid metabolism‐related gene expressions of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) juveniles. Five test diets supplemented with 0%, 0.32%, 0.64%, 0.96% and 1.28% HUFA were used here. The loaches fed no HUFA diets had the lowest specific growth rate and survival rate. The loaches fed 0.32% HUFA diets had the lowest feed conversion rate and while no significant differences were found among the other four diet groups. Contents of hepatic eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly increased with incremental dietary HUFA levels. Activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in 0% HUFA group were lowest, while malondialdehyde was just the opposite. The lysozyme activity was significantly increased with incremental dietary HUFA levels. However, the activities of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase reached a peak in 0.32% HUFA group. Loaches fed diets with HUFA significantly up‐regulated expressions of SOD, GPx, CAT and two lipid metabolism related genes. In conclusion, the optimal dietary HUFA level for loach juveniles was 0.64%–0.96%.     

Dietary supplements of guanosine improve the growth,non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka,and its resistance against Vibrio splendidus

The growth response, non‐specific immune activities and disease resistance were measured in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka (initial average weight 6.80 ± 0.10 g), when fed diets supplemented with graded levels of guanosine from the guanosine‐5’‐monophosphate disodium (GMP) at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg for 8 weeks. The results showed that GMP supplemented at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg significantly enhanced the growth of sea cucumber. Sea cucumber fed a diet with 0.6 g/kg of GMP had significantly higher intracellular superoxide anion production, nitric oxide synthase activity, lysozyme activity and the total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity than those in control group (p < .05). Increased lysozyme activity and T‐SOD activity were also found in sea cucumber fed GMP at 1.2 g/kg. Moreover, there was significantly lower cumulative mortality after the disease challenge in sea cucumber fed the diets with 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP than that in control and 0.3 g/kg GMP groups (p < .05), and no significant difference was observed between 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP groups. These results suggested that feeding GMP at a dose of 0.6 g/kg could enhance growth, non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber as well as its resistance against Vibrio splendidus.