贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05对泥鳅生长、消化及免疫的影响

为探究饲料中添加贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05对泥鳅幼鱼生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响，选取360尾初始平均体质量为(3.24±0.14) g的泥鳅幼鱼，分为4组，每组3个平行，对照组及3个试验组分别饲喂添加0、1×10⁶、1×10⁷、1×10⁸ cfu/g贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05的日粮，养殖8周。试验结果显示：贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05显著提高了泥鳅幼鱼的质量增加率和特定生长率(P<0.05);随着添加量的增加，蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性先升后降，并在1×10⁷ cfu/g组达到最大值，脂肪酶活性则不断升高；1×10⁶ cfu/g组泥鳅前肠、中肠形态指标提升效果最显著，1×10⁷ cfu/g组后肠形态最佳；相较于对照组，试验组血清过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高，丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05);贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05还显著降低了嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后泥鳅幼鱼的死亡率(P<0.05)。综上，饲料中添加贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05能...     

饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗感染和5种免疫基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染能力和非特异性免疫基因表达水平的影响,以初体质量为(6.95±1.20)g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,在室内养殖箱进行3周的养殖实验和2周的副溶血弧菌人工感染实验;其中,对照组每日投喂普通商品饲料,实验组每日投喂在普通商品饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1)配制成的3组实验饲料,实验饲料中益生菌的终浓度为10⁷ cfu/g。并采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对保护率最高的地衣芽孢杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌实验组进行凡纳滨对虾相关免疫基因表达水平的分析。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加单一益生菌或复合益生菌均可显著提高对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力(P<0.05),且复合益生菌的保护效果更佳,其相对免疫保护率为31.11%。感染副溶血弧菌后,地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌实验组凡纳滨对虾血淋巴中的先天免疫缺陷基因(innate immune deficiency gene,IMD)、对虾素3a分子(penaiedin 3a)、酚氧化酶原(prophenoloxidase,proPO)、溶菌酶(Lysozyme,LZM)和甲壳素Crustin的mRNA的相对表达量均显著上调,且分别在18～24 h达到最大值。实验结果提示:饲料中添加芽孢杆菌可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力,这种能力的提高可能是通过增加抗病相关基因的表达量实现的。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对大泷六线鱼生长、肠道消化酶、血清非特异性免疫及抗病力的影响

本研究探讨饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)生长、肠道消化酶、血清非特异性免疫及抗病力的影响。选取平均体重为(22.0±2.0) g的大泷六线鱼270尾,随机分成3组(对照组和2个不同菌剂水平的实验组),每组3个平行,每个平行 30尾鱼。对照组投喂仅有蛋白液包裹的基础饲料,实验组投喂含活菌量达5×107 CFU/g(0.5%)和1×108 CFU/g(1.0%)地衣芽孢杆菌的实验饲料。投喂50 d后进行致病菌杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salraonicida)攻毒感染,测定14 d内累积死亡率。结果显示,实验组饲料中地衣芽孢杆菌可显著提高大泷六线鱼的特定生长率(SGR) (P<0.05)。与对照组比较,0.5%和1.0%地衣芽孢杆菌均可提高大泷六线鱼血清中SOD、CAT及T-AOC活性(P<0.05),降低MDA含量(P<0.05);GSH-Px活性在1.0%实验组较对照组下降,而0.5%实验组较对照组提高。地衣芽孢杆菌实验组鱼血清GS、MDH和HK活性均得到提高(P<0.05),0.5%和1.0%不同剂量组的提高程度不同。地衣芽孢杆菌实验组鱼血清中AST和ALT活性较对照组均降低(P<0.05),CHE和ADA活性较对照组有提高(P<0.05)。实验组鱼肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均有不同程度的提高,且1.0%实验组活性最强(P<0.05)。攻毒实验结果显示,1.0%地衣芽孢杆菌组大泷六线鱼14 d内累积死亡率仅有35.55% (P<0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可促进大泷六线鱼生长,提高其肠道消化酶活性及非特异性免疫酶活性,增强其对杀鲑气单胞菌的抵抗能力。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B2的生长及其对仿刺参的益生特性

从大连湾地区健康的仿刺参养殖池塘沉积物中分离得到一株芽孢杆菌菌株B2,经16SrDNA鉴定以及形态学分析确定其为枯草芽孢杆菌。该菌株生长适宜温度为15~35℃,适宜pH为6~8,适宜盐度为30~50。电镜观察发现,枯草芽孢杆菌B2周围有明显可见的芽孢。枯草芽孢杆菌B2可产淀粉酶和蛋白酶,但不具有产脂肪酶的能力。将枯草芽孢杆菌B2按照仿刺参体质量的0.1%、0.2%和0.3%配成不同密度的菌液,添加至饲料中,投喂7d后发现,该菌株可有效提高仿刺参肠道内的消化酶以及体腔液中多种非特异性免疫酶的活性。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B2可作为益生菌剂的基础菌株添加至仿刺参饲料中。     

两株芽孢杆菌的生长特性及其对仿刺参的益生作用

本实验室前期从大连湾地区健康的仿刺参养殖池塘沉积物中分离出两株芽孢杆菌即B6和B7。首先,通过分析二者的生长特性发现,B6和B7的最适生长温度为15~35℃;最适pH范围为6~8;最适盐度为3%~5%。菌株产酶特性检测结果表明,B6和B7均可产生淀粉酶和蛋白酶,B7产脂肪酶。将两种菌悬液投喂仿刺参后发现,B6和B7可有效提高仿刺参肠道内的消化酶活性以及体腔液中多种非特异性免疫酶活性。本研究结果表明:B6和B7可作为益生菌剂的基础菌株添加至仿刺参生长环境中,并且对仿刺参的消化及免疫功能具有正向刺激作用。     

饲料添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群、Toll受体及溶菌酶基因表达及抗感染的影响

以初体重为(7.20±1.38)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在室内养殖箱进行3周的养殖实验和2周的哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)人工感染实验,其中对照组每日投喂普通商品饲料,实验组每日投喂在普通商品饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)1.0×10~8 CFU/m L配制成的实验饲料。目的是研究饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群、Toll受体及溶菌酶基因表达量和抗哈维氏弧菌能力的影响。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可显著提高对虾抗哈维氏弧菌感染的能力,其相对免疫保护率为22.22%。与对照组相比,实验组可显著降低对虾肠道内弧菌数量(P0.05)。感染哈维氏弧菌后,实验组溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)m RNA的相对表达量在12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组感染哈维氏弧菌后在6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h、7 d的Toll受体(Toll receptor)m RNA的相对表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验结果提示:饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可有效提高对虾抗哈维氏弧菌感染的能力,这种能力的提高可能是通过降低对虾肠道内的弧菌量,并提高抗病相关基因的表达量实现的。     

饲料中益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、肠道菌群及部分免疫指标的影响

以初体质量为(0.11±0.00)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在室外水泥池进行10周饲喂实验,研究饲料中添加单一益生菌和复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶、肠道和粪便菌群及部分免疫指标的影响.以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、虾乐333(复合益生菌)、地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1)、虾乐333+地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1:1)各1 g/kg,配制5种实验饲料.实验结果显示,复合益生菌饲喂组对虾的特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而单一益生菌饲喂组与对照组差异不显著(P<0.05).饲料中添加益生菌能使凡纳滨对虾肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力升高,其中复合益生菌饲喂组淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05).与对照组比,饲料中添加益生菌显著降低了肠道及粪便弧菌数(P<0.05),不同程度提高了凡纳滨对虾血清蛋白浓度、酚氧化酶活力、溶菌酶活力和总抗氧化力,其中添加复合益生菌能使血清蛋白浓度及溶菌酶活力较对照组显著提高(P<0.05).上述结果表明,与饲喂单一益生菌相比,复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾的生长、免疫力具有更好的促进作用.     

饵料中添加弧菌BC232对幼参免疫反应及抗病力的影响

将弧菌BC232以105、107 cfu／g和109 cfu／g添加到基础饵料中,投喂仿刺参幼参,每一剂量组均设3个平行,对照组投喂基础饵料,试验在12个盛有100 L过滤海水的塑料桶中进行,每桶放50头幼参,饲养试验进行30 d和45 d。试验结束后分析弧菌BC232对幼参免疫反应和抗病力的影响。试验结果表明,投喂弧菌BC232（107 cfu／g和109 cfu／g）45 d幼参比对照组有较高的体腔细胞吞噬活力（P ＜0．01）。投喂弧菌BC232菌株105、107cfu／g和109cfu／g 30 d及109cfu／g 45 d幼参体腔液的溶菌酶活力分别显著高于对照组（P ＜0．05）。与对照组比较,投喂弧菌BC232菌株105 cfu／g 30 d和105、107、109 cfu／g 45 d幼参体腔液中的酚氧化酶极显著提高（P ＜0．01）。幼参投喂弧菌BC232菌株45 d后用病原菌灿烂弧菌NB13菌株攻毒,各试验组幼参的发病率和死亡率明显低于对照组。本研究表明饵料中添加弧菌BC232可刺激幼参免疫反应,并提高其抗病力。     

两种乳酸菌对尼罗罗非鱼生长及免疫性能的影响

为研究饲料中添加植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP-37与戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus) PP-23对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长及免疫性能的影响,试验共分为7组:对照组C0,投喂基础饲料;L1-L3组,在基础饲料中添加不同浓度(1.0×10⁶ CFU/g、1.0×10⁷ CFU/g、1.0×10⁸ CFU/g)植物乳杆菌LP-37;P1-P3组,在基础饲料中添加不同浓度(1.0×10⁶ CFU/g、1.0×10⁷ CFU/g、1.0×10⁸ CFU/g)戊糖片球菌PP-23。结果表明:除L1组外,其余试验组末均重(123.22～158.60) g较C0组(118.16±4.88) g均显著增高(P<0.05);除L1组与P1组外,其余试验组增重率(128.69%～156.20%)较C0组(108.16±0.45)%均显著提高(P<0.05),L3与P2...     

几株肠道益生菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异免疫力和抗病力的影响

以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(Bacillus firmus)、坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(1.0×108 CFU/g)+美人鱼发光杆菌(Photobacterium damsela)灭活菌(1％)、坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(1.0×108 CFU/g)+溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)灭活菌(1％)配制3种免疫饲料.每组3个重复,对个体质量为(3.2±0.26)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)进行了为期30d的养殖实验.每5d取样,以血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了肠道益生菌及其灭活菌体作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第16天,按0.9 g/10尾剂量,直接投喂感染白斑综合征病毒(wssV)对虾病料,计算各实验组每天的累计死亡率,分析肠道益生菌及其灭活菌体作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾病毒感染能力的影响.结果显示:添加益生菌的实验组对虾血清中SOD、ACP、AKP和NOS活性明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),特别是显著提高了对虾抗WSSV感染的能力.其中坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(1.0× 108 CFU/g)和美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌(1％)实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,感染WSSV 14 d后累计死亡率为10.71％;而对照组为64.28％.结论认为,饲料中添加肠道益生菌及其灭活菌体能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平和抵抗疾病的能力,有望作为新型对虾免疫增强剂应用于对虾养殖业.     

益倍康对刺参生长、消化和免疫相关指标的影响

以刺参为试验对象,在其基础饲料中分别添加1、5、10、20g/kg的微生态制剂益倍康,进行60d的饲养试验,研究益倍康对刺参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响。结果表明,益倍康具有一定的促长作用,20g/kg组的特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。益倍康对提高刺参消化酶活性、免疫功能具有积极作用,其中20g/kg组的淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);5g/kg组的淀粉酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);统计分析表明,5g/kg为益倍康最适添加量。     

Effects of a probiotic mixture (Bacillus subtilis YB‐1 and Bacillus cereus YB‐2) on disease resistance and non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

The effect of a commercially available compound probiotics product containing Bacillus subtilis YB‐1 (50%) and Bacillus cereus YB‐2 (50%) fed to sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) on challenge infections and non‐specific immune responses was assessed. Sea cucumbers (were randomly allocated into nine aquariums at a density of 30 sea cucumbers per tank and triplicate groups) were fed diets containing 0 (control), 10⁷ and 10¹⁰ cfu (g diet)^?1 of the probiotics mixture for 32 days. The growth factors and immunological parameters were measured. In addition, the effects on resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus infection were also evaluated. The results indicate that all the immunological parameters (phagocytic activity, superoxide anion production, lysozyme activity, catalase activity and phenoloxidase activity) measured and the growth rate of sea cucumbers fed 10¹⁰ cfu of the probiotics mixture were significantly (P < 0.05) improved than control groups at 16 and 32 days. After challenging, the cumulative mortality for the control was 100%, whereas the cumulative mortality for sea cucumbers fed 10¹⁰ cfu of the probiotics mixture was 47% (P < 0.05). Although the total autochthonous intestinal heterotrophic bacterial counts were not affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05), Bacillus sp. levels were significantly elevated in sea cucumbers fed the probiotics mixture (P < 0.05). These results confirmed that administration of the probiotics mixture in the diet stimulated non‐specific immune responses and enhanced the growth performance of sea cucumbers, and was effective in controlling infections caused by V. alginolyticus.     

饲料中间隔添加壳寡糖对仿刺参生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响

壳寡糖是良好的免疫增强剂,但在水生动物的应用还十分有限。本研究通过间隔投喂方式研究壳寡糖对仿刺参生长性能、非特异性免疫能力、消化能力、组织学和抗病力的影响。实验挑选体质量(18.51 ± 0.28)g仿刺参,对照组饲喂基础饲料,实验组以3天1次的饲喂频率饲喂含0.5%的壳寡糖饲料,其余时间饲喂基础饲料,进行8周的养殖试验后,测定该饲喂方式下仿刺参的生长性能、非特异性免疫能力、肠道消化酶、肠道和呼吸树组织学以及对灿烂弧菌的抗病力。结果显示,3天1次的饲喂频率下,仿刺参特定生长率和存活率几乎未受影响,但显著提高了脏壁比和肠壁比(P < 0.05);在免疫指标方面,显著提高了仿刺参体腔细胞的吞噬活性和呼吸爆发能力(P < 0.05),以及体腔细胞和肠道的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)和总一氧化氮合酶(T-NOS)的活性(P < 0.05),其中肠道AKP和LZM活性分别提高了70.06%和156%,且acp、akp、lzm基因表达量显著提高(P < 0.05),其中肠道akp和lzm基因表达量分别提高了13.47%和22.36%;抗氧化指标结果显示,显著提高了仿刺参体腔细胞过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(P < 0.05),而体腔细胞和肠道的丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异(P > 0.05);组织学结果显示,该饲喂频率显著提高了前肠肌肉层厚度和浆膜层厚度,中肠和后肠的皱襞高度和宽度;灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)攻毒结果显示,实验组仿刺参的相对保护率达到66.67%。综上,3天1次的饲喂频率能够一定程度上提高仿刺参的生长性能,非特异性免疫酶活性,明显改善肠道结构,研究结果可为壳寡糖对仿刺参作用机制的研究及投喂频率的确定提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方法对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

采用单因素实验设计,先配制6种浒苔含量(0、5％、10％、15％、20％和25％)饲料饲养初始体质量(1.44±0.01)g幼刺参49 d,然后根据浒苔含量实验结果配制20％含量、3种方法处理的浒苔[干燥粉碎(DC)、纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCC)和蛋白酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCP)]饲料饲养初始体质量(4.58 ±0.23)g幼刺参60 d,以研究饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方式对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响.实验每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂35头刺参.结果显示:(1)浒苔对提高刺参特定生长率(SGR)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和降低饲料系数(FCR)有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中20％浒苔含量最好,浒苔能显著降低饲料干物质表观消化率(ADCd)和粗蛋白质表观消化率(ADCp)(P＜0.05),对刺参摄食率(FI)、成活率(SR)、肠道胃蛋白酶(PP)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).(2)3种方法处理的浒苔中,DCC和DCP浒苔对提高刺参SGR、ADCd、ADCp、肠道AMS、PP、SOD和ACP活性和降低FCR有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中DCC浒苔最好,3种方法处理的浒苔对刺参FI和SR亦无显著性影响(P＞0.05).在本实验条件下,幼刺参饲料中浒苔适宜含量为20％;纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎浒苔是一个理想的浒苔处理方法.     

Effects of dietary heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137) on the growth performance,digestive enzymes and selected non‐specific immune responses in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137) on growth performance, digestive, non‐specific immune and phagocytosis of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers (initial body weight 1.35 ± 0.04 g) were fed diets supplemented with five levels of HK L‐137 (0, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets) for 60 days. Results indicated sea cucumbers fed with diets containing 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain and specific growth rate than other groups. Sea cucumbers fed with diets containing 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher protease activity than control group. Higher amylase, lysozyme and phagocytic activities were found in 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diet group. Higher superoxide dismutase enzyme and alkaline phosphatase activity was found in 0.05 g HK L‐137 kg^?1. While no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in acid phosphatase activity. These results suggested that dietary supplementation of 0.05 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets would have benefit on growth, digestive enzymes and several non‐specific immune parameters of sea cucumber.     

Effects of kelp residues fermented with probiotics on the culture of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The kelp aquaculture production in China is the largest in the world, and a large amount of kelp residue is produced by kelp processing. Kelp residues contain substantial quantities of crude fibre, protein, and residual alginic acid, and may be used as feedstuff for aquaculture animals. In this study, we used probiotics to ferment kelp residues to improve kelp nutrient content and then fed the fermented kelp to the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. To study the effect of fermented feed on sea cucumber, its growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, diversity of intestinal microbiota and water quality of the sea cucumber culture water were determined. Growth performance of sea cucumber fed with fermented feed significantly (p < .01) increased when compared with sea cucumber fed with formulated feed. Amylase, cellulose and alginase activities were significantly (p < .01) higher in the fermented feed group when compared with the formulated feed group. The total number and diversity of intestinal microbiota showed a significant increase in sea cucumbers fed with the fermented feed. The water quality of the fermented feed group showed much lower ammonia and nitrite (<0.050 mg/L) levels when compared with the formulated feed group. These results suggest that kelp residues fermented with probiotics enhance the growth, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota of sea cucumbers and improve the culture water quality. Fermented kelp residues are a new supplementary nutrient source for sea cucumbers and may be applicable to other animal aquacultures.     

Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth,Intestinal Digestive Enzymes,and Coelomic Fluid Nonspecific Immune Enzymes of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,Juveniles

A 56‐d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes, and nonspecific immune response of Apostichopus japonicus juveniles. Five semipurified diets were formulated to contain graded levels of lysine (from 0.28 to 2.32% of dry matter). Although no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in survival rate, final weight (FW), and body weight gain (BWG), the FW and BWG increased from 0.28 to 1.19% with increasing dietary lysine levels, then showed a declining tendency. Broken‐line regression analysis of BWG indicated sea cucumber requires lysine at 0.76% of dry diet. Proximate composition, lysine content of the body wall, and total amino acid profiles were not affected by dietary treatments. Intestinal protease level increased with increasing dietary lysine level from 0.28 to 1.19%, then decreased. Acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activities of the sea cucumbers were not affected by various dietary lysine levels; however, significantly (P < 0.05) higher alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed 2.32% lysine diet than those fed diets having 0.28 and 1.89% lysine. Overall, sea cucumber juveniles fed with diets containing between 0.76 and 1.19% lysine showed better growth performance, digestive enzymes, and nonspecific immune enzyme activities.     

Effects of Jerusalem artichoke powder on the growth performance,nonspecific immunity,and gastrointestinal microbiota of sea cucumber

This study investigated how Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP) affected the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Animals were fed diets containing antibiotic (1 ppm) or five levels of JAP (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg). After the feeding trial, three sea cucumbers were sampled per tank to assay for immunity and gut microbiota composition. Dietary supplementation of 2.5 g/kg JAP significantly improved the growth rate and phenoloxidase activity of sea cucumbers. The diet containing 5 g/kg of JAP increased the survival rate and phagocytic activity, and the diet containing 15 g/kg of JAP increased the growth rate and total coelomocyte count of sea cucumbers. Moreover, exposure to antibiotics significantly changed the microbiota of sea cucumbers, while the JAP supplementation stimulated the development of microbiota communities, which could be more homogeneous. Supplementing the diets with 15 g/kg of JAP increased the growth of Rhodobacterales, and this may underlie the higher growth rate of sea cucumbers in this treatment. Considered together, our results suggest that supplementing the diet of sea cucumber with JAP may be beneficial for nonantibiotic farming of sea cucumber.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance,non‐specific immune enzymes and acute response to low salinity and high temperature of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

This study was performed to determine the optimum dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels of sea cucumber, based on the parameters of growth, digestive enzymes, digestibility, non‐specific immune enzymes and acute low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress and high‐temperature (30°C) stress tolerance. Diets with eight different CHO (dextrin) levels (32.9, 107.6, 192.5, 257.2, 316.8, 428.0, 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (0.49 ± 0.01 g) for 60 days. Significant higher amylase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed diet with CHO ranging between 32.9 and 192.5 g/kg than that of other treatments (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5 g/kg CHO showed significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the treatments of 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg CHO (p < .05), and significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than other treatments (p < .05, except 257.2 g/kg). The treatments of 428.0–572.8 g/kg were found significantly lower values than other treatments in apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5, 257.2 and 316.8 g/kg CHO showed better tolerance to high‐temperature (30°C) and low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress than other treatments. In brief, the optimal dietary CHO level for the growth of juvenile sea cucumber is 177.96 g/kg. However, excessive CHO will inhibit amylase enzyme activity and decrease digestibility, resulting in low growth of sea cucumber.     

四种不同添加物对仿刺参非特异性免疫力和肠道免疫基因Aj-p105、Aj-p50、Aj-rel和Aj-lysmRNA表达的影响

本实验研究了饲料中添加酵母多糖(6.3 g/kg)、马氏副球菌(109 cfu/kg)、大黄(25.0 g/kg)和氟苯尼考(15.0 mg/kg)4种添加物对仿刺参[初始体质量(4.68±0.36)g]非特异性免疫力以及肠道组织免疫相关基因Aj-p105、Aj-p50、Aj-rel和Aj-lys mRNA表达的影响.每个处理分别设置5个重复,以投喂未添加上述任何成份的基础饲料组作为空白对照,养殖实验周期为60 d.结果发现,饲料中添加马氏副球菌能显著提高仿刺参体腔细胞的吞噬活性和呼吸爆发活力,而添加酵母多糖可以显著提高仿刺参体腔细胞的吞噬能力,但是添加氟苯尼考显著降低了仿刺参体腔细胞的呼吸爆发活力;而在仿刺参中肠肠道组织中,酵母多糖和马氏副球菌处理组免疫基因Aj-p105和j-p50 mRNA的表达均大幅上调,显著高于对照组.其中,酵母多糖添加组增幅分别为43.2％和63.1％,马氏副球菌添加组的增幅分别为49.8％和48.0％.马氏副球菌添加组中免疫基因Aj-lys的表达显著高于对照组,增幅为46.4％;大黄添加组中Aj-p105 mRNA的表达量显著高于对照组,而氟苯尼考添加组中Aj-p50、Aj-rel和Aj-lys的mRNA表达量相对于对照组均显著下降.研究表明,饲料中适当添加酵母多糖和马氏副球菌可有效提高仿刺参非特异性免疫力,而饲料中抗生素氟苯尼考的添加会降低仿刺参非特异性免疫力.