罗非鱼耐寒新品种的养殖效果评价

<正>罗非鱼是温水性鱼类,水温低于12℃可致其死亡,在罗非鱼主产区的许多地方不能安全越冬。2008年元月,我国南方省份遭受了50年一遇的冰冻灾害,罗非鱼养殖业损失惨重,国家级广西南宁罗非鱼良种场根据财政部、科技部联合下达的国家科技部科技支撑项目《亚热带主要水产养殖品种抗寒关键技术研究》的课题《罗非鱼耐寒新品种的选育》,全面开展了罗非鱼的低温生物学研究、罗非鱼耐寒品种选育及罗非鱼耐寒品种商品鱼的养殖示范试验     

罗非鱼链球菌病疫苗的研究进展

通过提高鱼体自身免疫力的免疫预防是防控罗非鱼链球菌病的重要对策,其中新型高效疫苗的研制将是罗非鱼链球菌病预防的主要发展方向。目前在研的罗非鱼链球菌病疫苗有灭活疫苗、减毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、被动免疫疫苗等多种形式。而疫苗的接种途径、佐剂、鱼体状态和环境因素等对疫苗的效果有重要影响。文章对罗非鱼链球菌病疫苗的研究现状做一综述,以期为该疫苗的设计和应用提供科学对策。     

低温对罗非鱼基因组DNA甲基化的影响

以经过连续多代抗寒选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼耐寒品系为实验材料,采用DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP)分析方法从全基因组水平上探讨了低温适应对罗非鱼DNA序列中CCGG位点的甲基化水平的影响。结果显示,选用的18对选择性扩增引物共检测到849个位点。耐寒品系检测到的位点数为411个,对照组为438个,其中发生甲基化的位点数分别为72和104个,总甲基化率分别为17.52%和23.74%;全甲基化位点分别为37个和65个,全甲基化率分别为9.00%和14.84%;半甲基化位点分别为35个和39个,半甲基化率分别为8.52%和8.90%。结果分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼耐寒品系的总甲基化水平、全甲基化水平和半甲基化水平较对照组均有一定程度的下降。与对照组相比,尼罗罗非鱼耐寒品系基因组DNA甲基化总体水平下降了6.22%,其中以全甲基化位点变异为主,其下降幅度比例明显,为5.84%。由此可见,经过连续多代的低温胁迫可导致尼罗罗非鱼DNA甲基化水平发生改变,发生了去甲基化反应,表现为基因组甲基化程度降低的特征,说明了DNA甲基化与罗非鱼抗寒性反应密切相关。     

罗非鱼越冬期的疾病防治

罗非鱼对不良水质有较高的忍受性，能够生活在其它多数鱼类不能生活的水体。莫桑比克罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼短时间忍受的最低溶氧量为0.1毫克/升。因此罗非鱼在池塘养殖条件下是一种易养殖，病害少的鱼类。由于罗非鱼属热带性鱼类，水温在20℃以下活动和摄食减少，因此在对其越冬保种过程中，如水温相对不稳定(如利用工厂余热水进行越冬保种)或长期处于低温环境，易引起水质恶化，往往会导致鱼体生理代谢紊乱，代谢速率减慢，甚至产生代谢障碍，导致鱼体抵抗力下降；而水体中病原菌、有害物质如硫化氢、氨等却相应增多，致使疾病感染速度快，发…     

罗非鱼5个不同品系低温致死的研究

在室内人工降温条件下,进行了美国品系奥利亚罗非鱼及4个尼罗罗非鱼品系(美国品系、埃及品系、泰国品系和吉富品系)耐寒能力的试验,计算每个品系罗非鱼的半致死低温(LT50值)和低温累计存活小时数(CDH值),评估各品系耐寒力的大小.试验结果表明,美国品系奥利亚罗非鱼的死亡温度是8.6～9.6℃,其余4个尼罗罗非鱼品系的死亡温度在9.4～10.4℃.各罗非鱼品系的LT50值由高到低的顺序是:吉富尼罗>泰国尼罗>美国尼罗>埃及尼罗>美国奥利哑;CDH值由高到低的顺序是:美国奥利亚>埃及尼罗>美国尼罗>泰国尼罗>吉富尼罗.美国奥利亚罗非鱼的耐寒能力最强,极显著高于其他罗非鱼品系;吉富尼罗罗非鱼的耐寒能力极显著低于其余4个罗非鱼品系.     

罗非鱼耐寒品种选育研究进展

罗非鱼目前已成为我国主要淡水养殖品种之一，2010年我国罗非鱼产量达到133．2万吨，占世界罗非鱼产量的一半。罗非鱼为暖水性鱼类，最适生长水温为22-35℃，因此广东、广西、福建、海南等华南地区为罗非鱼主产区。由于罗非鱼不耐低温，越冬时节必须搭建温棚，此举提高了罗非鱼的养殖成本。近年来，极端天气时有发生，简易温棚内养殖的罗非鱼时有冻死，选育出耐寒能力强的罗非鱼品种显得较为迫切。     

广东省罗非鱼及其养殖环境中食源性致病菌菌相分析

对广东省3个不同产区罗非鱼及其养殖环境中食源性致病微生物的构成进行了分析。采用选择性培养基、生物梅里埃微生物鉴定系统与Biolog微生物自动化鉴定系统相结合的方法对罗非鱼和养殖环境中的主要食源性致病菌种类进行分离鉴定。结果表明：罗非鱼鱼体及其养殖环境中存在的主要食源性致病菌种类，随季节的不同而有变化，其中以夏季致病菌种类最多，鱼体及其养殖环境分别为11和12种致病菌；而春季鱼体中致病菌较少，为6种。罗非鱼鱼体及其养殖环境中以致病性嗜水气单胞菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌最为常见，四季均有，其中致病性嗜水气单胞菌以春夏季节检出率较高，环境中检出率达83％～89％，鱼体中达44％～67％；致泻大肠埃希氏菌环境中春夏秋季检出率达83％～100％，鱼体夏秋季中达48％～67％；沙门氏菌环境中春秋季检出率达33％～39％，鱼体中达44％～52％。其次在罗非鱼鱼体还分离到霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌、阴沟肠杆菌、阪崎肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和恶臭假单胞菌等致病菌。     

温度对马来西亚红罗非鱼越冬期体色的影响

为了解马来西亚红罗非鱼体色分化变异的遗传分子机制,以期解决其越冬期的体色变异问题,本研究比较了越冬期不同温度处理(16、20、25和30°C)对其表观体色、酪氨酸酶活性以及皮肤色素带和黑色素细胞的影响。实验50 d后发现,16°C组大部分鱼体较实验开始时变黑,整个鱼体呈现青灰色,20°C组多数鱼体腹部也变为青灰色。随着温度的升高,红罗非鱼背部皮肤、腹部皮肤和血清中酪氨酸酶的活性逐渐升高,25°C时达到最高值,而随着温度的继续升高,30°C组鱼的酪氨酸酶活性反而降低。血液中tyr m RNA的表达量随着温度的升高而升高,25和30°C组红罗非鱼肌肉中的tyr m RNA表达量也显著高于16和20°C组。切片显微结构发现,随着温度的升高,红罗非鱼背部皮肤的黑色素细胞数量减少。研究表明,马来西亚红罗非鱼越冬期的体色变异可能是其皮肤黑色素细胞数量和体内酪氨酸酶活性改变的结果,深入研究其调控机制有助于了解鱼类体色遗传机理并进行体色性状的改良。     

罗非鱼全雄种苗大量生产的可能途径

<正> 罗非鱼单性养殖不仅在理论上涉及鱼类的性决定及其分化等问题,在实用上也可解决罗非鱼在单位水域内因繁殖过剩带来的鱼体过小问题,而且罗非鱼雄鱼生长较快,因此对罗非鱼单性养殖的研究无论在理论上和实际上都有重要的意义。近十年来世界各国,尤其是美国、以色列、巴西、日本、菲律宾和我国台湾对罗非鱼单性养殖的研究有     

3种罗非鱼吸水量及滤水率的初步研究

通过对不同规格尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、台湾红罗非鱼的吸水量（Ｂ）和滤水率（Ｆ）的研究,得出吸水量和滤水率与鱼体体长（Ｌ）存在极显著的相关关系;并对不同体长的３种罗非鱼的吸水量和滤水率进行了比较。     

Physiological responses and HSP70 mRNA expression of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under cold stress

An investigation on the physiological responses and HSP70 expression under cold stress was conducted on Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Tilapia were acclimated at 28°C as control and then the water temperature was reduced from 28°C to 15°C at a rate of 1°C h^?1, and serum biochemical indices, antioxidant enzymes and expression of HSP70 mRNA were analysed on days 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 after exposure to 15°C. The concentration of serum K, Na, Cl and Ca concentration showed instability during cold stress. Glucose rapidly increased on day 0 followed by a declining trend. Triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol signifi‐cantly decreased and high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol showed instability during cold stress. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were prominently elevated under cold stress. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities showed a remarkable rise on day 0.5 under cold stress, and gradually decreased thereafter. HSP70 mRNA level significantly increased both in liver and muscle under cold stress, especially on days 0.5 and 1. These results suggest that cold influences several physiological responses of tilapia, and the cold resistance and cold tolerance of tilapia will benefit from the enhancement of antioxidant enzymes activities and upregulated HSP70 mRNA expression.     

Tilapia fisheries in Guangdong Province,China: Socio‐economic benefits,and threats on native ecosystems and economics

Tilapia is one of the groups of fish species most widely cultured globally. China has been the largest producer of tilapia in the world since 1990s. Guangdong Province produces almost 40% of all tilapia in China because of its suitable geography and weather conditions, and tilapia culture has brought considerable economic benefits. Unfortunately, many of the biological traits that make tilapia popular for culture also contribute to its success as an invader. Tilapia has invaded natural waters and has become the dominant fish in many rivers of Guangdong Province, causing economic loss in capture fisheries, and affecting native fish species, biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. Poor fishery management, water quality degradation and biodiversity loss have all facilitated the tilapia invasion. Tilapia have filled the niches left vacant by now locally extinct native species resulting from environmental changes in freshwater ecosystems of the province. The introduction of tilapia has both advantages and disadvantages, which should be managed to use effectively the various tilapia species in aquaculture while controlling their spread in natural waters.     

Gustatory sensitivity of the external taste buds of Oreochromis niloticus L. to amino acids

The gustatory sensitivity of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., to different amino acids was studied using an electrophysiological approach. The electrical responses were recorded from a branch of the facial nerve innervating the external taste buds of the upper lip. The relative stimulatory effectiveness (RSE) of nine amino acids and betaine were determined at a concentration of 1 mm and all of them elicited neural responses. This species responded well to the neutral, basic and acidic amino acids. The most stimulatory amino acids were L‐histidine, L‐arginine, L‐serine, L‐methionine and L‐glutamine; L‐proline and betaine were the least stimulatory. The results of this study suggest that the Nile tilapia has high external gustatory sensitivity to some amino acids as a physiological adaptation to search effectively for their sources. The effect of the pH, ranging from 4.0 to 9.0, on the RSE of three neutral amino acids and artificial pond water (APW) was also studied. The RSE increased below pH 6.0 and was relatively unaffected from 7.0 to 9.0, indicating that acidified stimulants are highly stimulatory in this species. Nile tilapia did not discriminate the pH of APW as effectively as some of the species studied earlier.     

低温驯化下4种不同品系罗非鱼血清皮质醇与免疫相关指标的变化

选取4种不同品系罗非鱼, 分别为吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、奥尼罗非鱼(O. niloticus×O. aureus)、红罗非鱼(O. nilotica♂× O. mossambica♀)和奥利亚罗非鱼(O. aureaus)。在26℃水温下饲养3周后, 选取规格基本一致的罗非鱼(体质量50.73 g±4.23 g)进行低温驯化实验。水温以3℃/d的速度从26℃降至8℃, 分别于水温为26℃、20℃、14℃和8℃时进行采样, 比较不同驯化阶段4种不同品系罗非鱼血清皮质醇和免疫相关指标的变化规律。结果表明, 与26℃时的免疫指标相比, 水温降至8℃时, 吉富与红罗非鱼血清皮质醇水平显著升高; 然而血清C3、C4、IgM以及头肾C型溶菌酶mRNA水平显著下降(P<0.05), 血清中高皮质醇水平对鱼体的免疫产生了抑制作用。水温为8℃时, 奥尼罗非鱼血清皮质醇、IgM和补体C3以及头肾抗菌肽mRNA水平显著升高; 奥利亚血清皮质醇、C4和IgM以及头肾C型溶菌酶mRNA水平与26℃时相比无显著差异, 然而血清溶菌酶与C3水平降低。驯化实验结束后, 比较了4种不同品系罗非鱼在8℃水温下48 h内的累积死亡率。吉富与红罗非鱼组累积死亡率较高, 分别达到43.3%和40.0%; 奥尼罗非鱼其次, 为23.3%; 奥利亚罗非鱼最低, 为20.0%。较高的血清IgM和头肾溶菌酶和抗菌肽mRNA水平可能有助于提高奥尼和奥利亚罗非鱼的抗低温应激能力, 增加低温时的成活率。本研究通过分析4种品系罗非鱼不同驯化阶段血清皮质醇和免疫相关指标, 探讨不同品系罗非鱼在低温驯化过程中的免疫保护机制, 旨在为下一步抗低温新品系罗非鱼的选育提供理论依据。

     

The unexploited potential of tilapia hybrids in aquaculture

Abstract. Hybridization between tilapia species, to produce all-male broods, was at one time considered a promising method to prevent uncontrolled reproduction (Hickling 1963). It has been tested with a number of tilapia species, but most attempts at large-scale hybrid production did not succeed. The major reason for this failure is the instability in production of all-male hybrids. Sooner or later the system broke down, and females began to appear in increasing proportions among progenies which, up to then, had been all male. It appears that this breakdown is largely due to the infiltration of parental broodstock by individuals of a different genotype, predominantly hybrids between the two species involved, which are difficult to distinguish from their parents. This problem may be solved by a careful examination of the broodstock, often including thousands of individuals, and culling doubtful cases. It requires trained and permanent personnel. Hybridization has been largely superseded by hormonal sex inversion as a method of producing all-male tilapias. In this paper, the two methods are considered as alternatives, if problems of broodstock purity are solved. Establishing a pilot scheme for hybrid tilapia production is recommended.     

Impacts of introducing Nile tilapia on the fisheries of a tropical reservoir in North‐eastern Brazil

Abstract Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), has been introduced in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world to improve inland fisheries and aquaculture. This species is generally viewed as beneficial where introduced, but the environmental impacts of its widespread introductions are uncertain and not well understood. In this study, a 30‐year time series of fisheries records from a tropical reservoir was divided into five equal periods of 6 years and compared. The introduction of Nile tilapia did not increase the total catch‐per‐unit‐of‐effort (CPUE), the number of fishers actively fishing or their per capita income. Conversely, a significant reduction in the CPUE of other commercially important species was observed after the introduction of Nile tilapia in the reservoir. Although other factors cannot be rule out as possible explanations of the observed changes in the reservoir fisheries, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that these changes may have been caused, at least partially, by the introduction of the Nile tilapia.     

尼罗罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立

为建立1种尼罗罗非鱼肌肉组织蛋白质的双向电泳体系,实验将尼罗罗非鱼肌肉组织蛋白质提取后,用双向电泳(2-DE)分离蛋白质,分别对蛋白质样品的制备方法、IPG胶条长度及p H范围、SDS-PAGE凝胶浓度及染色方法4个关键因素进行了探索和优化。结果显示,采用液氮研磨-丙酮沉淀法制备样品蛋白质,使用24 cm p H 4~7的IPG胶条进行第一向等电聚焦电泳,第二向SDS-PAGE电泳采用浓度为12.5%的凝胶进行,双向电泳后的凝胶采用硝酸银染色法进行染色处理,该条件下扫描所得尼罗罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质二维电泳图谱具有蛋白质分离程度好、斑点清晰、分辨率高及横纹少等优点。研究表明,技术体系适用于尼罗罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质的分离,可用于后续罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质组学研究。     

Dualistic feeding pattern of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus,L.) reared under different self‐feeding system conditions

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important cultured species worldwide. The research aims to clarify the feeding characteristics, such as daily feeding pattern of Nile tilapia using a self‐feeding technique. The feeding pattern was conducted under two rearing conditions, indoor treatments under a controlled light regime (LD 12:12) and constant water temperature (25°C), and outdoor treatments under natural conditions which consisted of duplicate trials with two periods each. The outdoor treatment was carried out from early summer through late autumn in Mie, Central Japan. Daily self‐feeding activity of Nile tilapia in indoor treatments was nearly daytime feeding pattern, synchronizing with the given photoperiod (24 hr). However, the self‐feeding activity in the outdoor experiments from early summer to early autumn was almost daytime feeding pattern, but it became less clear and shifted to a nighttime feeding profile in late autumn. The results revealed that Nile tilapia has a dualistic capacity for demand‐feeding both in light and dark phases. These results might have been caused by the seasonal change in light intensity and/or water temperature. Information obtained from the self‐feeding experiments enables us to identify the influence of environmental changes on the physiological condition of farmed fish through their expression of appetite.     

Comparative time-course study on pituitary and branchial response to salinity challenge in Mozambique tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis mossambicus</Emphasis>) and Nile tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="Italic">niloticus</Emphasis>)

The physiological response of Mozambique and Nile tilapia transferred from fresh to brackish (15 ppt) water was compared during a one-week time course. Response in the pituitary was measured by the gene expression pattern of prolactin (PRL I), growth hormone (GH), and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), while the response in the gills was measured by the gene expression pattern of the prolactin receptor (PRL-R), Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC) and Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter (NCC), and by activity and expression of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA). The time-course curves of plasma osmolality levels indicate a rapid elevation 24 h after transfer, which later decreased and maintained at stable level. PRL I expression decreased in both species, but with stronger response in the Nile tilapia, while no differences were found in the slightly elevated levels of GH mRNA. The branchial response demonstrated a faster up-regulation of NKA and NKCC in the Mozambique tilapia, but similar levels after a week, while Nile tilapia had stronger and constant down-regulation of NCC. The time-course response of the measured osmoregulatory parameters indicate that 24 h after transfer is a critical time point for brackish-water adaptation. The differences in responses to saltwater challenge between Mozambique and Nile tilapia shown in this study may be associated with the differences in saltwater tolerance between these two tilapiine species.