二氧化碳和阳光紫外辐射对坛紫菜丝状体光合生理特性的影响

为了探索大型海藻生活史丝状体阶段对于海洋酸化与紫外辐射的响应,实验选取经济海藻坛紫菜的自由丝状体作为实验材料。实验设置两个CO2浓度,正常CO2浓度(390 ppmv)和高CO2浓度(1 000 ppmv);3种辐射处理,PAR处理(仅接受可见光)、PA处理(滤除UV-B)、PAB处理(全波长辐射)。研究结果表明,高CO2显著提高了坛紫菜自由丝状体的生长速率,但高CO2处理下坛紫菜自由丝状体中藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素及紫外吸收物质UVACs分别降低了7.3%、9.3%、19.8%、16.5%和18.7%。高CO2处理的坛紫菜自由丝状体最大光化学效率Fv/Fm,光能利用效率(α)及最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmax)都显著高于正常CO2处理。太阳模拟器下处理的坛紫菜自由丝状体,PAR与PA处理下的抑制率,正常CO2与高CO2处理间无显著差异,然而在PAB处理下,高CO2处理的抑制率要高于正常CO2处理,这可能与其体内紫外吸收物质含量下降有关。PAR处理下的抑制率,无论是在正常CO2还是在高CO2处理下,都显著低于PA及PAB处理,而PA与PAB之间无显著差异。在未来海洋持续酸化的背景下,UV辐射的增加将会影响到坛紫菜自由丝状体的光合生理及生长。     

紫外辐射对条斑紫菜不同部位藻体光化学效率和光合色素含量的影响

实验室条件下研究了紫外辐射(UVR)对条斑紫菜藻体不同部位最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光合色素含量的影响,以探讨条斑紫菜不同部位对紫外辐射反应的差异性。在全光谱 PAB(PAR+UV-A+UV-B,280~700 nm)和滤除紫外辐射UVR(UV-A+UV-B)的有效光辐射(PAR,395~700 nm)两种处理下进行测定。实验结果表明,PAB处理后的各部位藻体最大光化学效率下降程度均高于PAR处理后,且弱光期恢复程度低、速度慢。藻体不同部位间最大光化学效率下降程度也存在差异,藻体梢部对PAB的耐受性高,恢复也较快;基部耐受性最差,恢复也较慢。藻红蛋白(phycoerythrin,PE)和藻蓝蛋白(phycocyanin,PC)对不同辐射处理较敏感,PAB辐射处理后,各藻体部位的PE、PC含量均显著上升(P<0.05),其中藻体梢部PAB处理后的PE、PC含量的均极显著升高(P<0.01)。然而不同部位藻体在PAB和PAR照射下,叶绿素a(Chl.a)和类胡萝卜素(Car)并无显著变化(P>0.05)。藻体的紫外吸收物质(MAAs)的含量从基部到梢部逐步升高,不同辐射处理前后,各藻体部位的紫外吸收物质也未显著增加(P>0.05)。总之,条斑紫菜不同部位藻体光合生理特性存在较大差异。推测条斑紫菜应对紫外辐射的策略有遮蔽作用,积累紫外吸收物质和动态光抑制作用。     

不同增殖方式来源的绿潮藻浒苔藻体生长及光合生理特性差异

为了探讨原位状态下不同增殖方式得到的绿潮藻浒苔生物体的差异,通过原位围隔实验,分别获取漂浮浒苔释放的孢子萌发形成的藻体(ST)和浒苔自身营养增殖得到的藻体(VT),通过比较这两种浒苔的生长、光合作用和荧光参数的不同,来估测其光合生理特性的差异。结果表明,ST的生长速率比VT显著高出61.27%,并且ST的最大光合作用速率(Pmax)、光合效率(α)和光合活性(P/R)比VT分别显著高出25.33%、14.93%和134.69%,而呼吸作用速率和光补偿点比VT显著低了45.7%和52.2%,这表明ST与VT相比具有更大的生长优势。另外,VT的相对电子传递速率(rETR)显著高于ST,在高光下尤为显著,并且VT在高光下具有更高的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)能力,这说明浒苔通过自身营养增殖产生的藻体对高光的适应能力比其由孢子萌发形成的藻体更强。     

海带苗种培育及无公害养殖技术（二）

(二)生态学1.光照游孢子对光照的反应是弱光下有趋光性,强光下表现出背光性。但在强光、弱光或黑暗条件下均能放散和附着。胚孢子在黑暗至4000勒克斯范围内均能正常萌发。说明光强对游孢子放散、附着及胚孢     

温度与光照强度对浒苔孢子/配子放散和萌发的影响

通过比较不同温度和光照强度对浒苔(Ulva prolifera)孢子/配子放散和萌发的影响,来探究适合浒苔孢子/配子放散和萌发的温度和光照强度。实验结果表明,适宜浒苔孢子/配子放散的温度和光照强度范围分别为20~30℃和180~300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。在温度25℃、光照强度240μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,浒苔孢子/配子的放散量最大。浒苔孢子/配子萌发的适宜温度和光照强度分别为15~25℃和40~160μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),最适温度和光照强度分别为20℃和120μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。本实验揭示了黄海绿潮优势种浒苔繁殖与生长的环境响应过程,为进一步探索黄海绿潮暴发机制提供理论依据。     

富营养化与生长密度对绿潮藻浒苔暴发性生长机制的影响

近海海域富营养化导致的氮(N)和磷(P)增加,是绿潮藻浒苔快速增长的物质基础,而浒苔在海洋中的生长密度也会对浒苔的快速生长产生影响。通过设置不同的起始生物量浓度,研究不同生长密度与N、P对浒苔生长特性的影响,同时研究其光合生理特性的响应,以探讨浒苔暴发性增长的可能机制。结果显示,起始生物量越大,浒苔的相对生长率就越低,而N、P对浒苔的生长速率有明显的促进效应,并且N、P之间有显著的交互作用。在低密度时,+N+P处理的浒苔,最大生长速率可以达到0.75,其加倍时间仅为0.92 d,这个生长速率足可以维持浒苔在早期的暴发性增长。+N或+P都显著提高浒苔光合色素水平,这也导致+N+P组的最大光合作用速率(Pmax)比+N组、+P组和对照组分别高17%、45%和57%。富营养化和低生物密度是维持浒苔高速增长的重要条件,这也是绿潮早期暴发性增长的基础。     

温度对浒苔生长及不同氮源吸收特性的影响

为了评估浒苔(Ulva prolifera)对养殖废水的净化效果，本文研究了4个温度水平(22.5℃、25.5℃、28.5℃和31.5℃)和3种氮源(NH4Cl、NaNO2和NaNO3)下，浒苔对工厂化养殖水环境的适应能力及其净化效果。结果显示，96 h内4个温度处理组浒苔对总氨氮(TAN，包括NH4+-N和NH3)的平均吸收速率分别为14.65、14.88、14.48和13.53 μmol/(g?h)，144 h内温度各处理组对亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)的平均吸收速率分别为11.28、10.48、9.11和8.38 μmol/(g?h)，144 h内各温度处理组对硝态氮(NO3–-N)的平均吸收速率分别为9.41、8.62、8.80和7.35 μmol/(g?h)；温度对浒苔的生长速率有极显著的影响(P<0.01)，而氮源对浒苔的生长速率有显著影响(P<0.05)；在相同氮源条件下，浒苔的生长速率随着温度的升高而逐渐降低；在相同温度条件下，氮源为氨氮(NH4+-N)时，浒苔的生长速率大于氮源为NO2–-N和NO3–-N的生长速率；温度和氮源对浒苔叶绿素a的含量影响不显著(P>0.05)，氮源为NH4+-N和NO2–-N时，随着温度的升高，浒苔中叶绿素a的含量均有升高的趋势，而氮源为NO3–-N时，浒苔中叶绿素a的含量呈先降低再升高的趋势；温度和氮源对浒苔中类胡萝卜素的含量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。随着温度的升高，各处理组浒苔中类胡萝卜素的含量均呈升高的趋势，其中，在28.5℃和31.5℃条件下，NO3–-N处理组浒苔类胡萝卜素的含量明显高于其他各处理组(P<0.05)。研究表明，温度在22.5℃~31.5℃范围内，浒苔可以有效吸收TAN、NO2–-N和NO3–-N等对虾工厂化养殖废水中的营养盐，浒苔对NH4+-N的吸收速率最大，但随着水温的升高，浒苔对NH4+-N、NO2–-N和NO3–-N的吸收速率均呈降低的趋势。     

苏北浅滩养殖条斑紫菜早期防控浒苔绿潮试验

<正>2007年以来，浒苔绿潮灾害一般在黄海海域暴发，给山东半岛南部沿海地区带来严重生态损害和经济损失。苏北浅滩条斑紫菜养殖筏架在绿潮早期形成过程中为浒苔孢子提供了重要的附着基质，被认为是绿潮暴发的源头。2019年11月以来，国家自然资源部与江苏省政府每年在苏北辐射沙洲紫菜养殖区，共同组织开展浒苔绿潮灾害早期防控试验工作，通过清退非法养殖、及时回收紫菜养殖筏架、开展除藻作业和防藻新材料、新工艺试点试验等，从源头上控制入海浒苔绿藻初始生物量。根据浒苔绿潮防控工作要求，     

阳光紫外辐射对铜藻的生长及荧光参数的影响

为了探讨近年来南麂列岛铜藻场衰退、消亡的原因以及更好的进行人工育苗恢复藻场,实验结合阳光紫外强度日益增加的环境问题,开展了紫外辐射对铜藻生长和光合生理影响机制的探究。实验设置3种不同阳光辐射处理:可见光(P A R)处理(400~700 nm),可见光加紫外辐射A(PA)处理(320~700 nm)和全波长辐射(PAB)处理(280~700 nm)。铜藻经过14 d阳光辐射适应培养后,其生长表现为UV-A部分(PA处理中)对铜藻的RGR促进了6.7%,且提高了藻体的叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和UVACs含量;UV-B部分(PAB处理中)对藻体的RGR产生了8.98%的抑制,同时抑制了铜藻色素的合成。比较3种辐射处理的快速响应曲线(RLC),PA处理下的藻体具有最高的最大电子传递速率(r ETRmax)和光能利用率(α)。当将藻体置于太阳模拟灯下照射1 h,经PA适应的藻体其D1蛋白修复速率与损伤速率的比(r/k)比P处理的高13.02%,而经PAB适应的r/k比P处理的低17.62%,证明UV-A对铜藻具有正面效应。     

饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方法对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

采用单因素实验设计,先配制6种浒苔含量(0、5％、10％、15％、20％和25％)饲料饲养初始体质量(1.44±0.01)g幼刺参49 d,然后根据浒苔含量实验结果配制20％含量、3种方法处理的浒苔[干燥粉碎(DC)、纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCC)和蛋白酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCP)]饲料饲养初始体质量(4.58 ±0.23)g幼刺参60 d,以研究饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方式对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响.实验每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂35头刺参.结果显示:(1)浒苔对提高刺参特定生长率(SGR)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和降低饲料系数(FCR)有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中20％浒苔含量最好,浒苔能显著降低饲料干物质表观消化率(ADCd)和粗蛋白质表观消化率(ADCp)(P＜0.05),对刺参摄食率(FI)、成活率(SR)、肠道胃蛋白酶(PP)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).(2)3种方法处理的浒苔中,DCC和DCP浒苔对提高刺参SGR、ADCd、ADCp、肠道AMS、PP、SOD和ACP活性和降低FCR有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中DCC浒苔最好,3种方法处理的浒苔对刺参FI和SR亦无显著性影响(P＞0.05).在本实验条件下,幼刺参饲料中浒苔适宜含量为20％;纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎浒苔是一个理想的浒苔处理方法.     

Dietary Photoprotective Compounds Ameliorate UV Tolerance in Shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) through Induction of Antioxidant Activity

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on bioaccumulation of UV‐absorbing compounds acquired through the diet, in larvae and postlarvae of Pleoticus muelleri, and to assess tissue antioxidant activity, survival, and development. Mysis stage I were exposed to two artificial radiation treatments: M‐PAR (photosynthetically active radiation, range = 400–700 nm) and M‐PAR + UVR (280–700 nm). The experimental larvae received a mixed dietary treatment of Artemia persimilis and the microalga Pavlova lutheri, reared under two radiation regimes: PAR (D‐PAR) and PAR + UVR (D‐PAR + UVR). Shrimp from all treatments reached 8 d postlarval stage (PL8), except those under M‐PAR + UVR treatment fed the D‐PAR‐cultured algae, which had 0% survival. Larvae in M‐PAR + UVR and M‐PAR treatments fed with D‐PAR + UVR diet presented the highest survival rates (70 and 75%, respectively), with 37 and 41% increase in PL size. UV‐absorbing compounds were detected in microalgae and PL subject to PAR + UVR treatments. Antioxidant activity, quantified by measuring the free‐radical 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl in homogenates of PL8, decayed drastically under radiation treatment M‐PAR + UVR fed with algae of the D‐PAR + UVR treatment. It is concluded that the bioaccumulation of UV‐absorbing compounds and the highest antioxidant activity in PL could improve the biochemical and photophysiological responses of shrimp under UVR stress.     

Muscle colour development in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), monitored by fibre-optics and electrical impedance

Farmed Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), (n = 2 70) with a wide range of carotenoid muscle pigmentation were produced by feeding astaxanthin at different levels (0-120 mg kg^?1 feed). Steaks were scored subjectively for pigment concentration (dark = high score). Internal reflectance spectra were measured with a relatively non-destructive 1-mm-diameter fibre-optic probe. Colour scores were only moderately correlated with reflectance (R = 0.66 and P< 0.01, using data at 500, 610 and 520 nm) because the small-diameter probe had a short light-path through the tissue and was highly responsive to scattering. However, in fish without astaxanthin in their diet, this sensitivity to microstructural causes of scattering revealed that fibre-optic reflectance increased (P < 0.01) with age from 400 nm (r = 0.68) to 440 nm (r = 0.40), and from 530 nm (r = 0.30) to 700 nm (r = 0.56). In agreement with these results, colour scores decreased with age (r = -0.52; P < 0.001; n = 85), as did electrical resistance 24 h post-mortem (r = -0.42 at 120 Hz, r = -0.39 at 1 kHz and r = -0.54 at 10 kHz; P < 0.001). Resistance was correlated with colour score (r = 0.40 and P < 0.001 for resistance at 10 kHz) and with fibre-optic reflectance (R = 0.42 and P < 0.01 for resistance at 120 Hz and 1 kHz versus reflectance from 420 to 680 nm). Thus, without astaxanthin in the diet, muscle colour and tissue integrity at 24 h deteriorated with the age of the fish.     

Effects of stocking density and water exchange regimes on growth and survival of juvenile spotted babylon, Babylona areolata (Link), cultured in experimental earthen ponds

The growth and survival of juvenile spotted babylon, Babylonia areolata , were determined at five stocking densities (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 snails m⁻²) and three water exchange regimes (7-, 15- and 21-day intervals) in experimental earthen ponds over a 6-month experimental period. The results showed that the growth of spotted babylons was not significantly different among any density treatments ( P <0.05). At the end of the experiment, the average growth rates in body weights were 0.59, 0.59, 0.58, 0.42 and 0.41 g month⁻¹ respectively. Growth was significantly different among the different water-exchange treatments ( P <0.05). The higher body-weight gains were observed in snails held at water exchanges of 7- and 15-day intervals, when compared with those held at water exchange of 30-day intervals. At the end of the experiment, average body-weight gains were 4.22, 3.67 and 2.68 g for snails held in water-exchange treatments of 7-, 15- and 30-day intervals respectively. This study recommended that stocking densities ≤300 snails m⁻² and water exchange of 7–15-day intervals are suitable for cultured B. areolata juveniles in earthen pond.     

The quantity of artificial substrates influences the nitrogen cycle in the biofloc culture system of Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the influence of different quantities of artificial substrate on water quality and the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an integrated biofilm-biofloc culture system. Thus, three treatments were performed: the control, the treatment without the addition of artificial substrate; T200, the treatment with a 200 % increase in the lateral area of the tanks using artificial substrates; and T400, the treatment with a 400 % increase in the lateral area of the tanks using artificial substrates. The study was conducted in nine 800 L tanks over 60 days. The animals were stocked at an initial density of 300 shrimp.m⁻² (equivalent to 500 shrimp m^-3), with an initial weight of 1.27 g (± 0.48). Ammonia concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments (p > 0.05). Increasing the amount of substrate from 200 % to 400 % did not cause significant differences in the nitrite concentrations between these treatments. However, in the control treatment, nitrite remained high (above 20 mg.L^-1) for a long period, negatively affecting shrimp performance. Nitrate was lower in T400, indicating a more dynamic process in the nitrogen cycle when the quantity of artificial substrate increased. Weekly growth rates, final weight, survival, and productivity were higher in the treatments integrating biofilm and biofloc substrates and did not show significant differences between T200 and T400. The results demonstrate the importance of artificial substrates in enhancing the water quality in biofloc culture systems over the long term, mostly in terms of maintaining nitrite concentrations below levels toxic to L. vannamei. The performance of the shrimp and the improved water quality at the end of the study reflected the advantages provided by incorporating artificial substrates in shrimp biofloc culture.     

Water Quality and Growth of Rohu,Labeo rohita,in a Biofloc System

We evaluated the technical feasibility of reducing water dependency of rohu, Labeo rohita, culture with biofloc under light-limited indoor culture. Biofloc and control treatments were conducted in 700-L indoor tanks at three different stocking densities (STD): 1.3, 2.6, and 3.9 Nos. fish m^?2 of surface area of tank for a period of 90 days. In biofloc treatment, fish were fed 20% crude protein feed and extra organic carbon in the form of wheat flour, whereas in case of control treatment they were fed 30% crude protein feed only. Fish survival was 100% in both the treatments. Lower stocking density produced larger fish, but growth was similar within stocking densities among control and biofloc treatments. The nutritional quality of biofloc was found to be quite suitable for rohu. Frequency of water exchange was significantly less in biofloc treatments as compared to the control ones.     

不同光质LED光源对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长和生理特性的影响

以野生型坛紫菜自由丝状体为培养材料,研究不同光质(绿光510~550 nm、蓝光455~475 nm、红光580~630 nm、白光400~760 nm)的发光二极管(LED)对无性增殖过程中自由丝状体生长及生理特性的影响。结果显示,蓝光能提高自由丝状体的生长速率,蓝光下藻体增重分别是白光、绿光、红光下藻体增重的1.10倍、1.82倍和2.17倍。蓝光处理有助于叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的积累,二者含量分别较白光、绿光和红光处理提高13.77%、47.69%、63.42%和8.87%、87.07%、97.73%。蓝光和白光均有利于藻红蛋白合成,而绿光和红光降低藻红蛋白合成,但4种光质的LED光源对藻蓝蛋白合成的影响无显著性差异。蓝光能显著提高碳酸酐酶(CA)活性,较白光下CA活性增加11.36%。蓝光和绿光显著提高1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)活性,分别较白光下Rubis CO活性增加28.17%和61.21%。红光和绿光下藻体在培养后期的色泽暗淡,星状色素体少,部分藻体细胞内容物溢出,呈中空状态;而蓝光和白光下藻体健康正常,色泽鲜红。研究表明,在今后的坛紫菜自由丝状体无性扩繁过程中可以适当增加LED光源的蓝光组分,减少红光和绿光组分。     

紫外发光二极管在水产养殖杀菌消毒中的应用与展望

紫外发光二极管(UV-LED,200~400 nm)半导体固态光源具有节能环保、快速开启、体积轻便等特点。随着UV-LED性能的不断提升,未来有望取代传统的紫外汞光源。介绍了紫外发光二极管UVC段(UVCLED,200~280 nm)技术的发展状况、存在的问题及技术提升的路线,比较了国内外UVC-LED水产领域研究成果,并基于水产养殖业微生物病害种类,给出了杀灭有害微生物所需要剂量的计算方法和UVC-LED在水产业微环境实际应用的设计建议;对未来UVC-LED达到大规模应用杀菌消毒的发展趋势做了展望,以期对水产养殖业绿色持续发展有所帮助。     

Effects of Lighting Spectrum and Disturbance Level on the Growth and Stress Responses of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens

Abstract.— We evaluated the effects of different lighting spectra and routine disturbances on the growth and stress responses of yellow perch Perca, flavescens. Fish were reared in tanks under one of three different lighting spectra: blue (405–530 nm), red (600–750 nm). or full spectrum (380–750 nm). For each lighting spectrum, fish were reared under one of two disturbance levels: one in which the fish were exposed to 2–4 daily routine disturbances which typify intensive tank culture conditions (e.g., casting shadows over the tank, sham tank siphoning, and dissolved oxygen measurement: ‘disturbed’). or a second treatment in which such disturbances were minimized (‘undisturbed’). The fish were reared for 87 d under temperature, photoperiod. and feeding conditions near optimal for the growth of yellow perch. The cortisol stress response of the different fish groups was evaluated by measuring baseline serum cortisol levels on days 0, 1,3, and 21, and by measuring cortisol levels 30 min after the application of an acute handling stressor on days 0, 1, and 3. Treatment effects on growth were measured from days 21–86 of the study. On day 87, various organs and parameters were evaluated to compare the health and condition of fish reared under the different treatments. Disturbed fish gained less weight and length, and had a significantly lower condition factor than undisturbed fish. Additionally, the disturbed fish showed no signs of acclimation to the frequent disturbances. The fish under red and full spectrum light gained more length than those under blue light. Frequent disturbance had a greater negative effect on length gain in fish reared under red light than in those reared under the other light treatments. On day 21, but not on other days, baseline cortisol levels were higher in disturbed than in undisturbed fish. Undisturbed fish had higher levels of mesentery fat than disturbed fish. Our results demonstrate that yellow perch growth can be significantly affected by disturbance level and lighting conditions. These factors should be taken into consideration when developing culture strategies to maximize the growth of yellow perch reared under intensive culture conditions.     

The Toxicity of Hydrogen Peroxide to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarki Fry and Fingerlings

Fungal and parasitic infections of fish can significantly impact the survival of cultured fish. Formalin is currently used to control such infections; however, concern has arisen over its safety to users and to the environment. Hydrogen peroxide has been designated as a low priority fungicidal drug by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), yet, little information is available on treatment concentrations or its toxicity to trout. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki fry and Angerlings were exposed to hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 0, 70, 170, 280, 420 and 540 ppm for 30, 60 or 120 rnin at 15 C to determine the chemical's toxicity. Rainbow trout fry and fingerlings experienced elevated mortalities (>20%) during treatments using 420 and 540 ppm for 30 min; 280, 420 and 540 ppm for 60 min; and >170 ppm for 120 min. Cutthroat trout fry experienced elevated mortalities (>23%) during treatments using 540 ppm for 30 min; 420 and 540 ppm for 60 min; and >170 ppm for 120 min. Cutthroat trout fingerlings experienced elevated mortalities (>60%) during treatments using 540 ppm for 60 min and >280 ppm for 120 min. No control mortalities were encountered for both life stages of either species. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of both age classes and species for each of the three durations ranged from 514–636 ppm for 30 min treatments, 322–506 ppm for 60 min treatments, and 189–280 for 120 min treatments. Mortalities for all four toxicity tests which occurred during a 96-h post-treatment period were centered around the following treatments: 30 min, 540 ppm; 60 min, 280–540 ppm; 120 min, 170 ppm. Tissue damage to gills was found only among fish that did not survive the initial chemical exposure. Test concentrations proved to be relatively stable during a 24-h period, retaining better than 85% of their original strength for all five dilutions. At a water temperature of 15 C concentrations should not exceed 280 ppm for a 30-min treatment.