保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉特征性风味成分的影响

为明晰保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉冷藏期间的特征性风味物质的影响。本实验利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻和电子舌技术,对经微酸性氧化电解水和ε-聚赖氨酸两步法保鲜处理的冷鲜鲟鱼肉在冷藏期间的挥发性成分和滋味成分进行分析。电子鼻能够对挥发性成分从整体上进行分析,贮藏后期保鲜处理组和对照组的鲟鱼肉挥发性气味的数据集无重叠区域,差异明显。利用SPME-GC-MS定性鉴定出46种挥发性物质,主要包括醛类、酮类、烃类和醇类等物质,其中己醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛和2,5-辛二酮、苯乙酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮为保鲜处理组的主要挥发性物质,保鲜处理延缓了冷鲜鲟鱼肉腥味的产生以及鱼肉香味的下降。电子舌检测冷藏过程中鲟鱼肉的滋味物质时发现,保鲜处理组苦味、涩味、咸味均低于对照组,两组样品贮藏6 d后,在苦味、涩味、咸味、鲜味方面均呈显著差异。保鲜处理起到了减缓冷藏期间冷鲜鲟鱼肉风味物质下降的作用,为保鲜处理在冷鲜鲟鱼肉中的应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

基于电子鼻与HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析不同处理方式腌干带鱼挥发性风味成分

为探究不同生产工艺对腌干带鱼挥发性风味物质的影响,实验采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取—气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对新鲜带鱼、传统和发酵腌干带鱼的风味物质进行定性定量分析。结果显示,电子鼻能对不同处理方式腌干带鱼的挥发性风味成分进行有效区分,第一主成分贡献率为96.44%,第二主成分贡献率为2.60%。采用HS-SPME-GC-MS法在新鲜带鱼、传统腌干带鱼和发酵腌干带鱼中分别检测出27、45和56种挥发性物质,醛类、醇类和酮类是构成腌干带鱼挥发性风味差异的主要化合物。研究表明,鱼肉的特征风味物质包括己醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醇、3-甲基丁醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮和三甲胺等。新鲜带鱼以鱼腥味和水果香味为主,传统腌干带鱼以脂肪味、蘑菇—泥土味和水果香味为主,而发酵腌干带鱼的奶油味、青草—脂肪味和水果香味更加浓郁,味觉分布更加均匀。     

条斑紫菜烤制前后特征风味变化研究

为探讨烤制对条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)主要风味物质的影响,研究烤制前后条斑紫菜挥发性成分的变化。采用电子鼻、FlavourSpec®风味分析仪和固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)对比分析条斑紫菜在烤制前后挥发性风味物质的组成变化。电子鼻分析结果显示,条斑紫菜烤制前后的挥发性成分存在一定差异,二者的第一、二主成分相同,均为烃类、含氮类物质,但其对主成分的贡献率不同。风味分析表明,条斑紫菜烤制前后挥发性成分差异显著,烤制后出现吡嗪类特征风味物质。SPME-GC-MS分析表明,醛类、醇类、酮类和烷烃类构成了条斑紫菜的主体风味,烤制后吡嗪、甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基-吡嗪、2-乙基-5-甲基-吡嗪、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基-吡嗪和2-乙基-6-甲基-吡嗪等物质含量显著增加。综上所述,经过烤制,构成条斑紫菜的主要风味物质发生了明显变化,其中吡嗪类物质的相对含量显著增加。     

不同烤制时间对沙丁鱼片风味及品质的影响

为探讨烤制时间对沙丁鱼片风味及品质的影响,以沙丁鱼为研究对象,研究经不同烤制时间处理的沙丁鱼片的色泽、质构特性及挥发性成分的变化。采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取—气质联用技术分析沙丁鱼片在不同烤制时间过程中挥发性成分的变化。结果表明,随着烤制时间的延长,沙丁鱼肉的硬度、咀嚼度均有提高,弹性下降;电子鼻能够较好区分不同烤制时间得到的沙丁鱼片制品的风味。主成分分析显示各个样品间差异明显,电子鼻区分度良好;采用气—质联用技术分析表明,180°C条件下沙丁鱼块在不同烤制时间(0、1、2、3、4 min)下的挥发性成分发生明显变化,主要挥发性物质有醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、烃、芳香族和含氮化合物等。不同烤制时间下,样品中检出的挥发性化合物种类分别为43、47、47、54和46种;酸类、酯类、烃类及芳香族类等化合物的相对含量呈先上升后下降趋势;而醇类、醛类、酮类等化合物的相对含量呈先下降后上升趋势;烤制的同时产生了大量的吡嗪类、吡咯类、噻唑类等呈香化合物,这些杂环化合物对烤制沙丁鱼片的风味具有重要贡献。     

不同种类酵母抽提物对调理乌鳢鱼片风味及品质的影响

为探究添加不同种类酵母抽提物对生鲜鱼片风味及质构的影响,实验以调理乌鳢鱼片为原料,通过同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取挥发性成分,利用GC-MS联合电子鼻、电子舌对6组调理乌鳢鱼片(空白对照CK组、FA02组、KU012组、FG10组、FA39组和F55组)进行风味成分分析,再结合感官、色度和质构进一步评价了6组调理乌鳢鱼片的品质。结果显示,CK组检测出42种挥发性物质,而添加5种酵母抽提物后(FA02、KU012、FG10、FA39、F55),挥发性物质的种类显著增多,分别为60、66、56、52、46种。鱼片中主要特征挥发性物质为醛类,如庚醛、癸醛以及(E, E)-2, 4-癸二烯醛等;添加不同种类酵母抽提物后,各组鱼片挥发性物质增加了(E)-4-癸烯醛、2-壬酮和3-壬烯-2-酮等。其中KU012组挥发性物质种类及含量增加最多,如具有清新气味的(E)-2-戊烯醛、黄瓜味的(E, Z)-2, 6-壬二烯醛以及提高整体风味的(Z)-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃。电子鼻和电子舌的测定结果显示,各酵母抽提物组与CK组在气味、滋味方面存在显著差异。相对于CK组,添加酵母抽提物调理的乌鳢鱼片色泽呈浅黄,质构略有降低,但感官评分有所升高。研究表明,不同种类酵母抽提物均能一定程度改善调理乌鳢鱼片的风味、质构及感官品质,其中KU012组综合表现最佳。本研究为酵母抽提物在水产品中的调味应用提供了参考,具有实践价值。     

低盐乳酸菌法与传统法腌干鱼制品的风味比较

为了研究不同腌制方法对鱼肉风味的影响,为腌干鱼制品加工新技术的进一步优化和应用提供理论依据,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用法分析,鉴定比较了鲜红牙原料采用低盐乳酸菌法和传统法腌干鱼制品的风味成分变化。结果表明:鲜红牙、低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别检测出80、110、91种挥发性成分,醛、醇、酮类化合物是构成腌干鱼肉独特风味的主要成分。经低盐乳酸菌法腌干的鱼肉挥发性物质对风味贡献较大的醛、醇、酮类化合物总量达35种,而鲜鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别只有17和21种。低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼肉风味物质中含有大量的醇、醛类物质,但不含有胺类物质,在保持传统腌制鱼肉风味的基础上增加了特有的花香味、水果香味及酒香味,提升了鱼肉感官品质。所以采用低盐结合复合乳酸菌法制备腌干鱼,不仅能缩短腌制时间,还能提升腌干鱼肉特有的风味,而且防止了胺类物质的产生,显著提高产品的品质和安全性。     

熟制与贮藏对凡纳滨对虾挥发性成分的影响

为研究熟制与贮藏对凡纳滨对虾挥发性成分的影响,采用电子鼻及固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术分析虾肉的挥发性成分,并采用相对气味活度值和感官评定法评价虾肉风味的变化。结果显示,熟制与贮藏对虾肉中的挥发性成分影响显著。凡纳滨对虾生虾、熟虾、熟虾冷却、熟虾冷却过夜及二次熟制虾分别被检出50、68、63、49和41种挥发性成分。二次熟制后,虾肉中的挥发性成分有所减少,感官上虾的特征鲜香气也略微减弱;一次熟制对虾肉的风味影响不大。生虾肉中检测出的挥发性成分如壬醛和癸醛等对风味有显著性影响;熟虾肉中检测出壬醛、癸醛和十四醛等;二次熟制的虾肉中检测出对风味影响较大的挥发性成分主要是十八醛、二丁基羟基甲苯等。熟虾经过夜(4°C)放置后,其中检测出的挥发性成分种类和总量均减少,但总量差异不显著。研究表明,熟制可显著增加挥发性风味成分种类和总量,二次熟制与一次熟制相比,凡纳滨对虾的关键风味物质种类和含量显著降低;熟虾冷却后4°C贮藏12 h风味差异不显著。     

致死方式对养殖草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻技术和固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术研究了抽血和急杀致死草鱼肉挥发性成分的差异。通过电子鼻检测分析,抽血致死对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分有影响,对红肉部分无影响或影响不大;固相微萃取技术可以有效地吸附草鱼肉中的挥发性成分,经NIST质谱数据库检索和文献对照,抽血致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定出27、29和47种挥发性成分,急杀致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定42、41和43种挥发性成分,可见致死方式对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分影响较大,相对来说对红肉的影响较小;鱼血中确定46种挥发性成分,其中34种为芳香族化合物,相对含量达75.59%。因此,建议草鱼加工或食用前采用抽血致死方式。     

酵母接种发酵对鳙鱼肉气味的影响

研究酿酒酵母发酵对鳙鱼肉气味的影响,为鳙的加工提供一定的理论依据。实验以鳙鱼肉为对象,以酿酒酵母作为发酵剂,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(HSSPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻(E-nose)分别研究了在发酵3和5 d时的气味变化。结果显示,经酿酒酵母发酵后,鱼肉中的酯类物质增加了12种,包括壬醛、癸醛、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、油酸乙酯和甲酸甲酯等,赋予了鱼肉水果香气和杏仁香气,使风味物质更加丰富。此外,经酿酒酵母发酵后,鳙鱼肉中原本具有土腥味的物质1-辛烯-3-醇含量有所下降,在3和5 d后分别减少了16.04%和18.09%,极大地改善了鳙鱼肉的气味。电子鼻结合主成分分析,不同处理鱼肉可以明显区分,说明酵母发酵对鳙鱼肉气味影响较大。气味活性物质分析结果得出,经酵母发酵3 d后的鱼肉主体气味物质有8种,比未添加酵母发酵多3种,表明酵母菌的添加增加了鳙的主体气味物质。不同处理组中的酮类及烃类物质,如3-辛酮、2-庚酮、石竹烯、D-柠檬烯、萘、壬酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、2-辛烯醇等,对风味也有一定的贡献作用。     

草鱼瘦身养殖过程中营养与风味品质变化规律研究

为探究瘦身养殖时间(1～24个月)对鱼肉营养成分、滋味及气味的影响,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为研究对象,采用常规生化方法、气相色谱-质谱联用仪及氨基酸自动分析仪检测鱼肉粗蛋白、水分、脂肪酸、氨基酸等成分,并评价营养价值,再结合电子鼻进一步对鱼肉的风味成分进行分析。结果显示,随瘦身养殖时间延长,鱼肉粗脂肪含量显著下降,灰分含量显著增加,粗蛋白和水分含量相对保持稳定;鱼肉的鲜味氨基酸含量显著增加,苦味氨基酸含量下降;单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著上升,多不饱和脂肪酸含量下降;气味特征研究表明,经8个月瘦身养殖的草鱼气味特征发生显著变化,主要腥味物质己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇含量在前8个月养殖过程中显著降低并逐渐趋于稳定,进一步延长养殖时间,气味不再发生显著变化。综上,通过适当时间的瘦身养殖处理可有效提升草鱼鱼肉的营养和风味品质;瘦身养殖8个月后,草鱼体重继续降低但鱼肉品质不再发生显著变化。     

Effect of High Pressure Processing on the Quality and Endogenous Enzyme Activities of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fillets Stored at 4ºC

ABSTRACT

This study assessed effects of high pressure processing on physicochemical quality and endogenous enzyme activities of grass carp fillets stored at 4 ºC for 21-day storage. Fresh fillets were vacuum-packed and subjected to high pressure processing (0.1, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa at room temperature for 15 min). Results showed that high pressure processing significantly delayed microbial growth, and reduced total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels of grass carp fillets, especially for the 600 MPa group. On the 21st day, the corresponding increases of 6%, 35%, 45%, 43%, and 53% in hardness were observed for 200 MPa, 300 MPa, 400 MPa, 500 MPa, and 600 MPa samples compared with control samples, respectively. In addition, enzyme activities in different groups decreased during storage. Among them, calpain, and myofibril-bound serine proteinases (MBSP) activities were immediately reduced after high pressure treatments, while the activities of collagenase, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited when the pressure exceeded 400 MPa. However, the pressure treatments activated cathepsin L initially, and then the activity gradually decreased in treated samples. Generally, high pressure processing reduced activities of most of the endogenous enzymes and improved the quality and extended the shelf life by at least 4 ~ 6 days of refrigerated grass carp fillets.     

电子鼻结合GC-MS分析不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味成分的影响

为了解不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味物质的影响,为罗非鱼片加工提供参考依据,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析了经超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透热泵干燥(UAPOHPD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透真空冷冻-热泵联合干燥(UAPOVFHPCD)和真空冷冻干燥...     

Effect of Chitosan Coating Enriched with 6-gingerol on Red Drum Fillets Quality and Shelf Life during Refrigerated Storage

The effect of chitosan coating enriched with 6-gingerol on the quality and shelf life of red drum fillets during refrigerated storage was investigated in this study. Samples were applied with chitosan coating (CH), 6-gingerol (GI), and chitosan coating with 6-gingerol (CH+GI) before storing at 4°C for 20 days. The data in this study showed that treatment with CH+GI could significantly decrease pH value, K-value, thiobarbituric acid value, and total volatile basic nitrogen in red drum fillets during refrigerated storage. The counts of microorganisms, such as Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic, mesophilic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria, were also significantly lower in the CH+GI group compared with those in the CH and GI groups. Moreover, the combination of chitosan coating and 6-gingerol was more effective in relieving the deterioration of tissue texture and sensory characteristics in the red drum fillets. In addition, the results suggested that chitosan coating and 6-gingerol had a synergistic effect on the quality improvement of red drum fillets. This work demonstrates that chitosan coating enriched with 6-gingerol may be a promising natural preservative for red drum during refrigerated storage.     

Effect of High Pressure Processing on Color,Fatty Acids,and Volatile Compounds of Sea Bass Skeletal Muscle

Changes of color, free fatty acids, triglyceride fatty acids, and volatile flavor compounds in sea bass skeletal muscle (SBSM) with high pressure (HP) treatment were studied. The results indicated that HP could increase the L* value of SBSM and free fatty acid content, but had little impact on total triglyceride fatty acids. Total saturated triglyceride fatty acid content increased with increasing pressure and had a maximum at 100 MPa; total unsaturated triglyceride fatty acid content decreased. The increased free fatty acids might have resulted from phospholipid hydrolysis. High pressure processing was conducive to the generation of alcohols and cooked-like flavor of SBSM and produced more favorable volatile compounds at the pressure of 400 MPa.     

Texture and Flavor of Hybrid Striped Bass Fed Soybean Meal Diets

Baked fillets from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) fed varying amounts of soybean meal and raised in ponds or tanks were evaluated for flavor and texture. Using a triangle test, panelists were able to discriminate between fillets from fish fed soybean meal in the diet as compared to fillets from fish fed only fish meal with respect to flavor and texture in most comparisons. In paired comparison tests, panelists described fillets from fish fed soybean meal as less dry or tough compared to fish-meal-fed fish. In addition, panelists were able to discriminate between fillets from fish raised in ponds compared to those raised in tanks, regardless of diet. However, in a limited test, panelists found no differences in the acceptability of fillets with respect to flavor and texture. Data showed that soybean meal in the diet of hybrid striped bass had a significant discernible effect on flavor and texture of fillets, but this effect was not important in acceptability of the fillets.     

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Citrus Essential Oil on the Quality of Vacuum-Packed Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Fillets During Refrigerated Storage

The preservative effect of refrigerated and vacuum-packed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets inoculated with four mixtures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Carnobacterium piscicola) and incorporated with citrus essential oil (CEO) was evaluated on the basis of microbiological and biochemical analysis.

Initially, sea bass fillets showed high nutritional quality. During refrigerated storage, lipid contents did not show a significant decrease in any fish fillets; meanwhile, important proteolysis was observed in untreated control. In addition, results indicated that both CEO and LAB strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against spoilage, pathogenic, and fungi flora. Moreover, the total volatile bases (TVB-N) values were higher in control fillets, and the lowest TVB-N values were observed in Control CEO and C3 + CEO (30.47 ± 0.00 and 32.29 ± 1.12 mg TVB-N/100 g, respectively). Also, the levels of biogenic amines increased in all fillets without exceeding the upper limit of acceptability except for untreated control (sum of about 1396.63 ppm). Furthermore, this combined treatment ameliorated the muscle liquid-holding capacity, which improves technological properties.

Overall, this treatment may open new promising opportunities for the biopreservation of fish products by enhancing the period of storage of refrigerated and vacuum-packed sea bass fillets.     

Combined Effect of Ozonized Water Pretreatment and Ozonized Flake Ice on Maintaining Quality of Japanese Sea Bass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

The effect of the combined application of ozonized water pretreatment and ozonized flake ice (O+OIce) as compared with traditional flake ice (CK), ozonized flake ice (OIce), and ozonized water pretreatment and traditional flake ice (O) was investigated for the storage of Japanese sea bass. Microbiological, chemical, and sensory analysis and moisture content were carried out throughout a storage period of 18 days. A slower increase of total viable mesophilic count (TVC), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed for O+OIce as compared with OIce, O, and CK. Treatment of O+OIce also allowed a better control of pH as compared with OIce, O, and CK. None of the treatments resulted in a significant difference in myofibrillar protein extractability and moisture content. The shelf life of Japanese sea bass treated with CK, OIce, O, and O+OIce, determined by sensory evaluation, was 9, 15, 12, and more than 18 days, respectively. Principal component analysis results showed that the treatments significantly affected the fish quality during storage, and the sensory attributes had a significant correlation with TVB-N, TVC, and TBARS. In conclusion, the combined application of ozonized water and ozonized flake ice had the best effect on fish quality maintenance.     

花鲈冰藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白生化特性与新鲜度变化的相关性

【目的】为研究冰温贮藏期间海鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)鱼片的品质及蛋白质生化特性的变化,【方法】该研究通过感官评分、pH、质构、色差、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、菌落总数(TVC)的测定和肌原纤维蛋白含量、巯基、羰基含量变化及十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析确定了冰温贮藏0 d、4 d、8 d、12 d、16 d、20 d下海鲈鱼片理化指标变化,并对肌原纤维蛋白生化特性与主要的新鲜度指标进行相关性分析。【结果】结果表明,海鲈鱼片冰温贮藏期间亮度值由57.92±0.66降低至46.62±1.54、红度值由-4.34±0.39降低至-5.21±0.08,硬度值由174.92±16.8显著降低至122.25±15.73(P<0.05),pH呈先降低后增加的趋势,TBA值、TVB-N值随贮藏时间的延长分别由0.35±0.01 mg/kg与9.41±1.03 mg/100 g增加至0.97±0.04 mg/kg与33.18±0.83 mg/100 g,贮藏至第16天时菌落总数达6.35±0.41 log10(CFU/g),已超过二级鲜度标准,且感官分值不可接受。贮藏期间肌原纤维蛋白含量、巯基含量分别由104.21±3.42 mg/g与145.81±1.02 mmol/g prot下降至72.03±5.25 mg/g与137.28±1.29 mmol/g prot,羰基含量由0.63±0.03 nmol/mg增加至1.45±0.06 nmol/mg。SDS-PAGE电泳图谱显示,在30 kDa附近产生新的蛋白条带。相关性分析表明TBA值、菌落总数、蛋白含量与羰基含量之间具有良好的相关性。【结论】研究表明：海鲈鱼片冰温贮藏至第16天时达到不可食用程度,贮藏后期微生物的大量繁殖、脂质氧化与蛋白质氧化间的相互作用可能是品质劣变的主要原因。     

Dietary fishmeal levels affect the volatile compounds in cooked muscle of farmed large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

A comparative study on the volatile compounds in cooked muscle of wild and farmed large yellow croaker (LYC) was conducted. The two farmed LYC groups were fed with diets containing 44% (CF) and 25% (LF) of fish meal (FM) respectively. Results showed that 48 volatiles, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, aromatics, acids, esters, furans and miscellaneous compound, were detected in cooked fillets. The LF group had significantly lower amounts of total aldehydes and ketones, higher content of miscellaneous compound in cooked fillets than that in the CF and wild groups (p < .05). Compared with the wild group, the LF group had significantly lower amounts of total alcohols, acids and esters, while the CF group had significantly lower amounts of total aldehydes, higher content of total ketones in cooked muscle (p < .05). According to the principal component analysis (PCA), some volatiles (propanal, nonanal, etc.) could be considered as sensitive indicators to classify cooked muscle samples. In conclusion, differences in the volatiles in the cooked muscle between the wild and farmed LYC have been found. Low level of dietary FM (25%) changed the volatile profiles in cooked fillets of farmed LYC. A PCA may be useful to screen potential volatiles to classify cooked muscle samples in this study.