中华绒螯蟹“蟹黄”与“蟹膏”的营养成分比较分析

本试验对中华绒螯蟹"蟹黄"与"蟹膏"的粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪、脂肪酸、卵磷脂和维生素等营养成分进行了测定分析。试验结果表明,蟹黄与蟹膏中的粗蛋白质含量为29.79%和9.64%,蟹黄显著高于蟹膏(P0.05);至少共含有17种氨基酸,蟹黄中的必需氨基酸显著高于蟹膏(P0.05),4种致鲜氨基酸比例明显高于蟹膏(P0.05);蟹黄、蟹膏中粗脂肪含量为44.3%和34.9%,差异不显著(P0.05),不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,蟹黄高于蟹膏,差异不显著(P0.05);蟹黄中卵磷脂、维生素A、D、E的含量均显著高于蟹膏(P0.05)。试验表明,蟹黄比蟹膏具有更高的营养与食用价值。     

草鱼死后常温贮藏过程中的品质变化

为了研究草鱼死后常温贮藏过程中的品质变化,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)背肉为研究对象,测定了草鱼死后30 h内质构、pH、乳酸、游离氨基酸、ATP及其关联化合物等指标的变化。结果显示,草鱼肉的硬度和咀嚼性在死后23 h时达到最大值,弹性、内聚性及回复性均随时间的延长而降低。pH呈先降低后升高的趋势,在23 h达到最大值。乳酸含量则先增加后减少。在整个贮藏过程中,鲜甜味游离氨基酸的总含量逐渐减少,而苦味游离氨基酸的总含量则逐渐增加。ATP含量在草鱼死后10 h内显著增加,具有鲜味的IMP含量则迅速减少,呈苦味的HxR和Hx含量逐渐增加。在整个贮藏过程中,K值一直增加。K值的变化情况表明,草鱼死后常温贮藏10 h内可保持较高鲜度,27 h时,K值达到68.99%,表明鱼肉已经腐败。研究表明,草鱼死后室温贮藏时应在10 h内尽快加工。     

浒苔和龙须菜营养成分的研究

利用常规方法对龙须菜和浒苔的基本营养成分进行测定,并利用 GC、HPLC和GC-MS对2种藻类的脂肪酸、氨基酸和呈味物质做了具体分析.研究结果表明,龙须菜和浒苔中蛋白质含量分别为18.78%和14.26%;粗脂肪含量分别为0.68%和1.28%;纤维素含量分别为4.97%和3.94%;总糖含量分别为11.58%和12.13%.必需氨基酸含量分别占氨基酸总量34.78%、37.36%;不饱和脂肪酸总量分别占脂肪酸总含量的38.31%、55.84%;呈味物质中烷烃在龙须菜粉中含量高达44.25%,在浒苔粉中烯烃含量为51.22%.龙须菜和浒苔可作为人类和动物的理想食源.     

凡纳滨对虾虾肉和虾头中风味物质的比较

为充分利用和开发虾头资源从而提高对虾经济附加值,同时探讨熟制对虾类风味产生的影响,以凡纳滨对虾生、熟虾肉和生、熟虾头为研究对象,利用氨基酸自动分析仪、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和气相色谱—质谱联用法(GC/MS)分别对氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、挥发性物质和营养成分的含量进行检测。结果显示,虾头中的蛋白质含量显著高于虾肉,熟制会使粗蛋白的含量下降,但变化差异不显著;虾头中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量和游离氨基酸总量(TFAA)显著高于虾肉,二者主要游离氨基酸种类相同(甘氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸和苏氨酸),对虾头呈味有贡献的游离氨基酸种类更丰富;虾头和虾肉中肌苷酸(IMP)含量最高,腺苷酸(AMP)次之,二者的味道强度值(TAV)均大于1,对鲜味贡献较大。GC/MS共检测出88种挥发性物质,虾肉和虾头中分别特有29种和18种,挥发性物质种类和含量的差异形成虾肉和虾头的特殊气味,熟制产生大量的醛类、酮类和芳香类物质。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾虾肉和虾头中营养物质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、挥发性物质的组成和含量对风味的贡献存在显著差异。     

合方鲫及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析

采用生化分析手段对合方鲫及其亲本的肌肉营养成分进行比较研究。结果显示,合方鲫肌肉中水分含量为71.00%,显著低于其亲本的水分含量(日本白鲫:75.60%,红鲫:75.50%),说明合方鲫具有低水分的特征。合方鲫的蛋白质含量为17.70%,高于红鲫的蛋白质含量(17.00%),且显著高于日本白鲫的蛋白质含量(14.80%)。在15种检测的氨基酸含量中,合方鲫的氨基酸总量(15.87%)、必需氨基酸总含量(6.55%)均高于红鲫的氨基酸总量(15.52%)和必需氨基酸总含量(6.46%),且显著高于日本白鲫的氨基酸总量(13.13%)和必需氨基酸总含量(5.27%)。值得一提的是合方鲫的呈味氨基酸总含量高达6.26%,高于红鲫的呈味氨基酸总含量(6.07%),且显著高于日本白鲫的呈味氨基酸总含量(5.29%)。研究表明,合方鲫是一种营养价值高、肉味鲜美的鱼类,为其生产上的应用提供了理论支撑。     

坛紫菜优良品系的品质分析

坛紫菜优良品系（HR-5）具有叶状体薄、味道好、生长快、壳孢子放散量大等优良特性，为了将其培育成新品种，本文对该品系和传统栽培品系（WT-dt）的海区栽培菜的粗蛋白质、总氨基酸、游离氨基酸等含量进行了测定，其结果如下：1. 一至三水菜的粗蛋白质含量：HR-5为45.2~38.0%，WT-dt为39.5~33.2%，前者的含量均显著高于后者（P＜0.05）；且随着采收期的增加，它们的粗蛋白质含量均逐渐下降。2. 两个品系的总氨基酸含量：HR-5为361.8~287.4 mg/g，WT-dt为321.8~264.8 mg/g，前者的含量均高于后者（P＜0.05），也随着采收期的增加，它们的总氨基酸含量均逐渐下降。3. 两个品系的游离氨基酸含量：HR-5为3391.8~1983.2 mg/100g，WT-dt为2930.2~2046.7 mg/100g，一水和二水菜的游离氨基酸含量前者均显著高于后者（P＜0.05）。4.前三水菜的主要呈味氨基酸：HR-5显著高于WT-dt（P＜0.05），且随着采收期的增加，它们的含量均逐渐下降。上述结果证实：HR-5品系的粗蛋白质、总氨基酸、游离氨基酸和主要呈味氨基酸等含量等均比WT-dt品系高，这是该新品系的味道明显好于WT-dt品系的原因所在。     

海带“东方7号”氨基酸季节变化分析与评价

采用反相高效液相色谱法,对海带"东方7号"3—7月的游离氨基酸和总氨基酸含量及氨基酸组成情况进行分析,并对总氨基酸中必需氨基酸进行评分。结果显示,3—7月,游离氨基酸的含量为9.78~37.59mg/g,在3—6月呈线性增加,7月略有降低;游离氨基酸的组成主要以呈味氨基酸为主(91.82%~98.53%),其中谷氨酸含量在游离氨基酸的季节变化中起决定性作用。总氨基酸的含量占海带质量的6.71%~9.38%,最大值出现在5月;总氨基酸的组成中,必需氨基酸含量随生长时间呈降低趋势,占总氨基酸含量的19.97%~42.94%。必需氨基酸评分最大值出现在5月,为68分。     

臭氧减菌化处理罗非鱼片冰温贮藏过程中蛋白质生化特性的变化

为研究臭氧减菌化处理罗非鱼片冰温贮藏过程中蛋白质生化特性变化规律,本研究对冰温贮藏过程中经臭氧处理罗非鱼片肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca2+-ATPase活性、表面疏水性、巯基及羰基含量变化进行了评价。结果显示：在冰温贮藏过程中,臭氧处理组和对照组罗非鱼片蛋白质均发生了不同程度的变性,表现为：随贮藏时间的延长,肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca2 -ATPase活性及巯基含量均呈下降趋势,而肌动球蛋白表面疏水性和羰基含量则呈上升趋势;冰温贮藏20 d后,臭氧处理组罗非鱼片肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca2 -ATPase活性和巯基含量分别下降了76.57%、89.76%和66.72%,而对照组则分别下降了69.05%、86.45%和62.29%;另一方面,臭氧处理组罗非鱼片肌动球蛋白表面疏水性和羰基含量分别上升了111.75%和76.46%,对照组则分别上升了104.77%和58.23%。在同一贮藏时间臭氧处理组罗非鱼片肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca2 -ATPase活性及巯基含量较对照组低,而肌动球蛋白表面疏水性和羰基含量较对照组高。研究表明：臭氧水的氧化性及处理过程中产生的ROS加速了冰温贮藏过程中罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质的变性。     

褐石斑鱼的生物学特性及室内养殖初步试验

石斑鱼为鲈形目（Perciformes），赌科（Serranidae）石斑鱼亚科，石斑鱼属鱼类的通称。褐石斑油脂含量丰富，肉质清爽不腻、细嫩，呈味氨基酸含量较高，味道特别鲜美，肌肉氨基酸组成与人体氨基酸组成模式较为接近；体表色泽和斑纹艳丽，有吉祥之感，其生长快，适应能力强，饲养成活率高，便于鲜括暂养运输，经济价值较高。     

低温速冻处理对鲻鱼冻藏生化特性的影响

以盐溶性蛋白质含量、ATPase活性、巯基含量、pH值、感观评定等为指标,研究鲻鱼在-20℃冻藏过程中肌肉蛋白质生化特性的变化情况。结果表明,无论是-20℃直接冻结还是-80℃低温速冻,随着贮藏时间的延长,鲻鱼的肌动球蛋白盐溶性、ATPase活性以及巯基含量均呈下降趋势;低温速冻处理对鲻鱼冻藏过程中肌动球蛋白盐溶性和巯基含量影响较大,而对其ATPase活性的变化影响不明显,此处理方法有利于提高鱼肉品质。     

不同养殖水域中华绒螯蟹滋味差异分析

本研究分析不同水域中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)可食率和滋味差异,以期为挖掘消费者不同偏好性的内在原因提供参考.选取阳澄湖、固城湖、太湖和兴化大闸蟹为研究对象,测定可食率、整体滋味轮廓、滋味相关指标.结果显示,太湖蟹可食率最高,雄蟹为(33.08±0.31)％,雌蟹为(37.65±1.09)％;在整体...     

Calculated Taste Activity Values and Umami Equivalences Explain Why Dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus) Is a Valuable Condiment

ABSTRACT

Active nonvolatile taste active compounds—including free amino acids, flavor 5?-nucleotides, lactic acid, succinic acid, and four kinds of inorganic ions in dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus)—were analyzed. The results were then used to calculate taste activity values (TAVs) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) to evaluate their potential contributions to depth of flavor. Our results showed that the total free amino acid content of dried Sha-chong was 56.62 mg/g; glycine, arginine, and alanine as the major free amino acids, accounting for more than 76% of the total free amino acids; 5?-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 5?-inosine monophosphate (IMP) were the main flavor 5?-nucleotides (128.8 and 121.0 mg/100 g); guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was present in a small amount, only 14.6 mg/100 g. Eight amino acids—especially Gly, Arg, and Ala,—three flavor 5?-nucleotides, succinic acid, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and chloride ions were of high TAV greater than 1. The EUC of dried Sha-chong was 49.12 g MSG/100 g, which meant that the dried Sha-chong has a strong umami taste and is suitable for use as umami condiment.     

基于电子舌技术分析不同采收期紫菜的滋味特征

为科学评价不同采收期的紫菜在滋味方面的差异,采用电子舌技术分析了头水、二水、四水和六水条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)的滋味组成,同时,对不同采收期紫菜中游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸等呈味物质的含量进行了测定。结果显示,紫菜滋味主要由鲜味、鲜味回味、咸味和苦味组成。头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的鲜味强度依次减弱。二水紫菜的鲜味回味值最大,头水和四水紫菜的鲜味回味值接近,六水紫菜的鲜味回味值显著降低(P<0.05)。头水和二水紫菜的咸味强度接近,且显著高于后期采收紫菜的咸味值(P<0.05)。头水、二水紫菜的苦味值接近,四水紫菜的苦味值略低,六水紫菜的苦味值最低。不同采收期紫菜的呈味物质含量及其对滋味的贡献程度差异较大。头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的游离氨基酸总量依次减少,4组样品之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),对滋味贡献大的游离氨基酸主要是丙氨酸和谷氨酸。呈味核苷酸中肌苷酸(Inosine monophosphate,IMP)对滋味的贡献大。头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的味精当量(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)分别为223.89、222.13、118.54和47.19 g MSG/100 g,研究表明,前期采收的紫菜鲜味更加强烈。电子舌的检测数据与呈味物质含量的分析结果基本一致。     

“Butter Crab”: an environment‐induced phenotypic variation of Scylla paramamosain with special nutrition and flavour

An “abnormal” female Scylla paramamosain, named “Butter crab” (B_♀) is more popular than wild‐type mud crab (CK) with people. Histologically, “butter crab” ovaries are partially degraded, with full of yellow oily substances in body. Composition of the essential nutritional components is quite similar in “butter crab” and CK. In a comparison of fatty acids, B_♀ is richer. A comparison of flavour amino acids and nucleotide in muscle showed that sweet amino acids and bitter amino acids in B_♀ is lower than CK_♀, but umami amino acids are significantly higher in B_♀. However, the umami amino acid content in the gonads is significantly less in B_♀ than CK_♀. Moreover, umami nucleotides in B_♀ muscle is significantly higher. From the perspective of EUC evaluation, the umami taste of CK_ ♀ gonads is strongest, followed by B_ ♀ gonads. In the hepatopancreas, the umami taste ranks CK_♀> B_♀ >CK_♂, and there are no significant differences among muscles in the three groups. In conclusion, the characteristics of “butter crab” are more fragrant and nutritious, with sweet and umami taste. The article systematically scientifically analysed the nutritional composition and flavour characteristics of “butter crab”, providing a novel insight for development of S. paramamosain industry.     

Effects of Conservation Method and Time on Fatty Acid Composition,Taste, and Microstructure of Southern King Crab (Lithodes santolla Molina, 1782) Meat

This study reports the changes in fatty acids, taste, and microstructure of cooked southern king crab meat (Lithodes santolla) during storage at 0°C for 10 days and at ?20°C for 90 days. At the end of both storage times, the iodine value decreased by 16.5%, while 83.5% of the initial fatty acid quality remained unchanged. The polyene ratio decreased by 32% at 0°C and 35.9% at ?20°C, whereas the atherogenic and thrombotic indices remained at values that do not represent any risk to human health. Free amino acids that contribute to taste (taste activity value, TAV > 1) were: glycine and alanine (sweetness), arginine (bittersweetness), and histidine (bitterness). The bittersweet taste imparted by arginine (initial TAV = 16.4) was prevalent even at the end of frozen storage (TAV = 7.9). The umami taste was elicited by disodium 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) nucleotide. The equivalent umami concentration in g MSG/100 g meat changed from 0.031 to 0.045 in refrigerated samples and to 1.6 in frozen samples. A loss of the original fibrous structure of the meat was evidenced during both treatments. Refrigerated samples presented a disintegrated and homogeneous texture at 10 days, while freezing formed a spongy tissue at 90 days.     

Changes in extractive components in live Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels during ice storage

Extractive components of live mussels during ice storage for 13 days were investigated to determine changes in the quality of the mussels. The quality of live mussels was estimated using a taste active value (TAV), an equivalent umami concentration (EUC), and a hierarchical cluster analysis heat map, which were calculated from the extractive components. The extractive components with TAV greater than 1 were glutamic acid, alanine, adenosine monophosphate, and succinic acid during the storage period and aspartic acid up to day 10, whereas the TAV of glycine and inosine monophosphate was less than 1 after day 3. EUCs decreased from 4.38 mg MSG/100 g on day 0 to 3.28 mg MSG/100 g on day 13. Based on the cluster analysis of the metabolite composition and viable bacterial counts, ice-cold live mussels were divided into three clusters: I (days 0–1), II (days 3–10), and III (day 13). Considering not only the decrease in TAV and EUC but also the results of the cluster analysis, it is suggested that live mussels maintain high quality up to the 1st day of ice storage, and thereafter, the quality will be reduced gradually during storage on ice.

     

Comparison of nonvolatile taste active compounds of wild and cultured mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla paramamosain</Emphasis>

Nonvolatile taste active compounds, including free amino acids (FAAs), 5′-nucleotides, betaine, soluble sugars, trimethylamine oxide and organic acids of wild and cultured mud crab Scylla paramamosain were examined. The main taste in mud crab (MC) is derived from the FAAs, 5′-nucleotides, betaine, and organic acids, based on the fact that these compounds have a taste activity value (TAV)?>?1. Wild MCs had a higher content of total FAAs, 5′-nucleotides, betaine, and organic acids in meat compared with cultured animals. However, no differences in the taste active compound levels were observed in the gonads of wild and cultured MCs, with betaine being the exception (wild crab?>?cultured crab). The total concentrations of FAAs in MC ranged from 12.71 to 36.94 mg/g. Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-like FAAs were primarily contributed by glutamic acid, and ranged from 0.71 to 0.93 mg/g. The concentrations of 5′-nucleotides were 1.10–2.24 mg/g, in which 5′-inosine monophosphate (IMP) and 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were the predominant TAVs (TAV?>?1). The total concentrations of organic acids in MC were 2.41–11.10 mg/g, in which lactic and succinic acid in meat, and citric acid and succinic acid in female gonads were the main organic acids. The gonads were observed to have higher concentrations of 5′-nucleotides and organic acids compared with crab meat, with the equivalent umami concentration in gonads being higher than that in crab meat. In conclusion, wild MCs contained more active-taste nonvolatile flavor components relative to those detected in cultured MCs.     

传统咸干鲅鱼自然风干过程风味物质变化

为探究传统水产加工制品咸干鲅鱼(Scomberomorus niphonius)的风味形成规律,对咸干鲅鱼自然风干不同阶段的水分含量、肌肉硬度值、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸以及挥发性成分进行了测定.结果表明,鲅鱼自然风干过程中水分含量逐渐减少,肌肉硬度值增大,逐渐形成肉质柔韧、富有嚼劲的特有口感.游离氨基酸总量在风干前期显...     

伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响

本研究分析了有伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)组和对照组(无伊乐藻)中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在生长、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成等方面的差异,探讨伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响。结果显示,有伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹体重、壳长和壳宽增长率与肥满度均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),但肝胰腺指数和性腺指数差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹肌肉的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05);伊乐藻组的雌蟹肝胰腺中的鲜味氨基酸含量也显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),而伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的雄蟹肝胰腺氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的中华绒螯蟹肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量差异不显著(P0.05),但伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05)。综上所述,伊乐藻不仅有利于中华绒螯蟹的生长,而且能改善中华绒螯蟹的营养品质。     

靖海湾条斑紫菜的营养及鲜味评价

以不同收割期的靖海湾条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)为研究对象,对比分析营养价值并评价其鲜味。通过测定基本营养成分、无机元素组成和氨基酸组成,分析其营养学特征,通过测定游离氨基酸与呈味核苷酸组成,进而计算滋味活性值(Taste active value, TAV)与味精当量(Equivalent umami concentration, EUC)。结果显示,靖海湾条斑紫菜蛋白质含量丰富,头水和二水紫菜的蛋白含量均在49%以上,显著高于四水和六水紫菜(P<0.05)。不同收割期条斑紫菜的脂肪含量较低,均小于1.1%。常量元素中P含量最低,K含量最高,约为2.59×104~5.52×104 mg/kg;微量元素以Fe含量最高,Zn次之,Co最低;Pb含量明显低于GB 2762-2017的限量要求。头水、二水紫菜与四水、六水紫菜的必需氨基酸及氨基酸总量间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。游离谷氨酸和次黄嘌呤核苷酸对条斑紫菜的鲜味起主要贡献作用,头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的EUC(以干基计)依次降低,分别为239.71、190.03、108.05和51.56 g MSG/100 g。靖海湾条斑紫菜具有较高的营养价值,且收割前期的靖海湾条斑紫菜鲜味度较高,可作为开发调味品的原料。