虹鳟源嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)分离及16SrRNA基因鉴定

从发病虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)肾脏组织中分离到了1株优势菌HZS-01,将分离纯化的菌株进行形态、生理生化特征研究和16S rRNA基因鉴定分析。结果显示,HZS-01株菌的形态和生理生化反应结果符合嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)的特征。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果显示,分离菌株在系统发育树上与嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)属同一分支,同源性达99%以上。综合菌株HZS-01的形态学特征和16S rRNA基因分析结果,将其鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌株对强力霉素、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、新生霉素、阿奇霉素敏感度高,对生产用药预防和治疗有实际指导意义。     

养殖大黄鱼低温弧菌病病原的研究

浙江沿海深水网箱养殖大黄鱼冬天发生大量死亡，从病鱼体内分离出致病力较强的细菌GYC0227。人工感染试验证实这株菌为大黄鱼的病原菌。对细菌进行了形态、生理生化特性的测定，并进行了16S rRNA分子鉴定。PCR扩增获得了GYC0227菌株大小约1．5kb的16S rDNA部分基因片段，产物经回收纯化，克隆到pMD18-T载体，转化大肠杆菌TG1，对阳性克隆子进行酶切及PCR鉴定，并测序，将测定的序列递交NCBI进行BLAET同源序列比对，与溶藻弧菌的标准菌株的16S rDNA具有96％的同源性。结合菌株的生理生化特性，GYCD227菌株属于溶藻弧菌。该菌适应于低温生长，生长温度范围为7—25℃，并测定了其对14种药物的敏感性。     

齐尔白鲑源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌分离及16S rRNA基因鉴定

从发病齐尔白鲑(Coregonus nasus Pallas)的肾脏组织中分离到了1株优势菌QEBG-001,将分离纯化的菌株进行形态、生理生化特征研究和16S rRNA基因鉴定分析。结果显示,QEBG-001菌株的形态和生理生化反应结果符合嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)的特征;16S rRNA基因序列分析结果显示,分离菌株在系统发育树上与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属同一分支,相似性达98%以上。综合菌株QEBG-001的形态学、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因分析结果,将其鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌株对利福平、美福仙(头孢西丁)、左氧氟沙星、氟苯尼考敏感性高。研究结果对养殖生产中用药预防和治疗被嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染的齐尔白鲑有实际指导意义。     

一株致病性异育银鲫源维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定

从急性患病异育银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio肝胰脏中分离到一株优势菌。对该菌株进行了显微和超微结构观察、生理生化表型鉴定、16S rRNA和毒力基因分析及人工感染实验。结果显示:分离菌呈短杆状、两头钝圆、端生鞭毛,为革兰氏阴性菌;发酵葡萄糖产酸,氧化酶、触酶试验阳性,高盐浓度不生长;16S rRNA序列与气单胞菌属Aeromonas的基因相似性为98%以上,系统发育分析进一步表明该菌为维氏气单胞菌A.veronii,在该菌中可检测到肠毒素基因,且回接感染能导致健康银鲫发病,表明该菌具有致病性。     

水生动物源嗜芳香环弧菌的鉴定及耐药性分析

本研究从患病的半滑舌鳎分离得到5株弧菌,对其进行种属鉴定,并研究其耐药性及分子水平耐药机制。采用生化检测方法和分子生物学方法(基因16S rRNA、HSP60和mreB)进行鉴定,结果显示,5株弧菌均为嗜芳香环弧菌。通过肉汤稀释法检测菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性,通过PCR扩增和测序技术检测菌株中耐药基因和4类整合子并对其携带基因盒进行分析。结果显示,5株嗜芳香环弧菌均对环丙沙星、链霉素、红霉素、氟苯尼考、氨苄西林、磺胺甲恶唑、复方新诺明和利福平耐药,且均携带qnr VC、bla CARB-17、strA、strB和sul耐药基因。此外,菌株JS291和JS295携带Ⅰ类整合子、qacEΔ1和sul1耐药基因;可变区携带基因盒分别为dfr16-aad A2和arr-3-dfr A27。5株嗜芳香环弧菌为多重耐药菌株,且多重耐药表型与耐药基因密切相关。     

杂交鳢(斑鳢♀×乌鳢♂)内脏类结节病病原菌的分离、鉴定与特性分析

从广东佛山、广州两地养殖场患内脏类结节病杂交鳢(Channa maculata♀×C.argus♂)内脏器官分离到2株细菌,纯化培养后获得2个分离株,编号为WL-1和WL-2,对分离菌株进行了细菌鉴定、致病性分析及药敏实验。应用常规生理生化鉴定和ATB系统细菌自动鉴定仪对分离菌株进行细胞形态学、理化特性分析,初步判定所分离菌为舒伯特气单胞菌。采用16S rRNA基因、DNA促旋酶的B亚单位蛋白(gyrB)基因对分离菌株进行DNA分子鉴定,结果显示,两个菌株间的16S rRNA基因序列相同,gyrB基因序列同源性为99.7%;分离菌株与GenBank上登录的舒伯特气单胞菌16S rRNA基因序列和gyrB基因序列同源性均最高,达99%以上;分离菌株在系统进化树上与舒伯特气单胞菌聚为一族,进一步确认分离株为舒伯特气单胞菌。人工感染健康鱼后出现与自然发病相似的内脏类结节病症状,从发病鱼内脏组织再分离的细菌特性与原感染菌相同。综合理化特性分析、基因鉴定和人工感染实验确认舒伯特气单胞菌是杂交鳢内脏类结节病的致病菌。药敏实验发现分离菌株对头孢唑啉、庆大霉素等14种药物敏感;对青霉素G、苯唑西林2种药物耐受。     

日本鳗鲡腐皮病病原菌的分离及鉴定

从患腐皮病的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)体表溃烂处分离到1株病原菌(322A),对其进行了人工感染实验和生理生化分析,测定了该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列和促旋酶(gyrase)B亚单位gyrB基因序列,并分别构建系统发育树。结果显示:感染实验证实菌株322A具有致病性;生理生化分析鉴定该菌株属于气单胞菌属(Aero-monassp.);16S rRNA基因分析显示,该菌株与气单胞菌属细菌的同源性均在99%~100%,构建的系统树显示,菌株322A与嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila(FJ462702))亲缘关系最近;gyrB基因分析表明,该菌株与A.hydrophila种内序列的相似性为96%~98%,种间序列的相似性为94%~95%,构建的系统树结果显示,该菌株与A.hydrophila(FJ608553、FJ608552、AF208259)聚为一个分支。综合上述实验结果,菌株322A可鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)。     

大黄鱼结节病病原菌—诺卡氏菌的鉴定及其系统发育分析

一株分离自浙江台州、舟山海水网箱养殖患结节病大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）的病原菌,经生理生化试验及形态结构观察显示,该菌株革兰氏阳性,好氧,具有弱抗酸性,菌体呈长或短杆状,或细长分枝状,过氧化氢酶阳性、氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,不水解酪素、黄嘌呤、酪氨酸、淀粉和明胶,能以柠檬酸盐为唯一碳源生长.对其16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增、测序和系统发育分析,结果表明,该菌株与诺卡氏菌属的菌株亲缘关系最近,与（鱼师）鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolea JCM 3360^T）的16S rRNA基因序列相似性达99.9%.据此鉴定结果认为,该菌株为（鱼师）鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolea）.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：410-414]     

发病鲆鲽类分离菌株的16S rRNA基因测序分析

细菌性疾病是中国海水养殖鲆鲽类的主要病害,为全面了解病原菌种类,本研究对1999~2012年从山东、江苏、河北、天津等沿海地区养殖场发病鲆鲽鱼类中分离得到的124株优势菌株进行了16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育学分析。将基因序列与GenBank核酸序列数据库进行相似度比对分析,结果显示,有83株与弧菌属(Vibriosp.)细菌相似度最高,11株与气单胞菌属(Aeromonas sp.)细菌相似度最高,4株与爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella sp.)细菌相似度最高,26株为其他15种属的细菌。根据系统发育学分析结果,进一步将66株菌鉴定为16个种,优势种为溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)、哈氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)、杀鲑气单胞菌(A.salmonicida)和迟缓爱德华氏菌(E.tarda)。选择其中的9株鳗弧菌和4株迟缓爱德华氏菌进行人工感染实验,结果显示,其中7株鳗弧菌和3株迟缓爱德华氏菌对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)有较强的致病性。研究结果可为阐明中国海水养殖鲆鲽类的流行病发生历史、病原种类、病原监测及疾病控制提供重要参考。     

一株史氏鲟源腐生葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及其基因组分析

从周宁县某养殖场史氏鲟病灶样品中分离出1株多重耐药革兰氏阳性菌JY08,为了进一步研究其进化地位、耐药机制和潜在致病因子,采用形态学特征、16S rRNA基因序列、生理生化特征和系统发育树对其进行鉴定。结果显示,菌株JY08的形态特征和生理生化特性与腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)基本一致;16S rRNA基因序列与腐生葡萄球菌的相似度最高,为100%;系统发育树显示菌株JY08与腐生葡萄球菌腐生亚种(Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp.saprophyticus ATCC 15305)聚为一支,结合全自动细菌鉴定仪生理生化特性鉴定结果和16S rRNA基因序列分析结果鉴定该菌株为腐生葡萄球菌。药敏试验结果表明,菌株JY08对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、磺胺类和林可霉素类等大类中的17种药物具有耐药性;对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和氯霉素类等11种药物敏感;对多粘菌素B和呋喃唑酮2种药物中度敏感。耐药基因和毒力因子分析结果显示菌株JY08携带了10大类103个抗生素耐药基因和61种毒力因子123个相关毒力基因。本文研究结果为进一步评估该菌株潜在的具有感染能力的遗传特征提供科学数据,同时为该菌可能引起的疾病防控提供科学资料。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检,进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验,并采用病毒检测等方法,以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明,斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性,体表光洁,肌肉透亮,肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜,健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力,而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象;虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低,随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低,随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min,成活率近100％;在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好,而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测,可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输,苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输,长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法,以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋,规格54×104cm,外包装是泡沫塑料箱,规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm,纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式,内装苗种和水共12.5kg,其中苗种0.5-1．3kg,100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃,鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.