贝类中3种组织血型抗原ELISA检测方法的建立与分型

人类组织血型抗原(histo-blood group antigens,HBGAs)是诺如病毒(NoVs)的结合受体,本研究假设贝类中也存在类似的HBGAs并且特异性地富集NoVs,利用HBGAs单克隆抗体,建立贝类中3种HBGAs的ELISA检测方法,分析牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)等6种双壳贝类中HBGAs的类型。结果显示,在上述6种贝类中都检测出A型抗原,其中菲律宾蛤仔的检出率为11.6%(9/77),紫贻贝的检出率为28.1%(16/57),缢蛏样品为72.3%(47/65),栉孔扇贝为84.6%(58/69),其余贝类检出率为100%;只有牡蛎样品检出H抗原,检出率为30.7%(28/91);在缢蛏和毛蚶样品中检测出B型抗原,检出率分别为76.9%(50/65)和77.8(56/72)。结果表明贝类中存在不止1种类型的HBGAs。     

5种滤食性贝类对牙鲆的粪便、残饵及网箱养殖区沉降物的摄食行为

采用室内静水法,研究了虾夷扇贝、栉孔扇贝、长牡蛎、紫贻贝及菲律宾蛤仔对不同浓度、质量的牙鲆粪便、残饵、沉降物的摄食行为,从摄食生理角度,分析了基于滤食性贝类的鱼+贝IMTA养殖模式的可能性。研究结果显示,这5种贝类对鱼粪、残饵及网箱周围沉降物都可摄食,但是,不同贝类对食物可获得性的反应不同。菲律宾蛤仔、长牡蛎、栉孔扇贝的摄食率显著高于其它2种贝类;5种贝类的吸收率、吸收效率无显著性差异。不同饵料对贝类的摄食行为影响显著。吸收效率(AE)都随有机物含量的增加而增大;对有机物的吸收率(AR)与有机物浓度(POM)呈线性正相关关系。颗粒物TPM浓度达到26.24,21.64,27.00 mg/L时,长牡蛎、栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝会产生假粪来调节摄入的能量。在牙鲆+滤食性贝类的IMTA养殖模式中,菲律宾蛤仔、长牡蛎、栉孔扇贝是比较好的候选种。     

4种海洋贝类对海水中铜(Cu)的富集能力

为研究4种海洋贝类(泥蚶、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏、单齿螺)对海水中铜(Cu)的富集效应。设置Cu浓度分别为0.015、0.020、0.025、0.035、0.065和0.115 mg/L 6个试验组,采用半静水法进行泥蚶、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏、单齿螺对海水中Cu的富集试验,分别在0、1、3、5、10、15、20、25、30 d取出部分贝类用微波消解—原子吸收光谱法测定Cu含量。结果表明:4种贝类均对Cu表现出了一定的富集效应,单壳类对Cu的富集效应明显大于双壳类。水体中Cu浓度达到0.035 mg/L时,泥蚶和单齿螺对Cu的富集效应明显。水体中Cu浓度达到0.025 mg/L时,菲律宾蛤仔和缢蛏对Cu富集明显。贝类体内Cu含量总体上随水体中Cu含量增加而增加,但当水体中Cu浓度在某个浓度点时,贝类体内的Cu含量反而有个低点。这一低点对于泥蚶为0.025 mg/L、对于菲律宾蛤仔和单齿螺为0.035 mg/L,缢蛏并不明显。贝类体内Cu含量总体上随富集时间的增加而增加。在3～5 d时,贝类体内Cu含量明显降低,在5～10 d后Cu含量又继续增加。同时,实验还进一步探讨了贝类对重金属的富集机制,比较了不同贝类对重金的富集能力。     

贻贝等六种软体动物磷脂的比较

对紫贻贝、栉孔扇贝、褶牡蛎、杂色哈、缢蛏、毛蚶六种贝类的磷脂作了比较研究，对它们的出肉率、总脂、中性脂、极性脂、磷脂及其组分、脂肪酸的组成做了检测分析。结果表明，六种贝类的磷脂特性有一定的差异、牡蛎中磷脂酰肌醇含量特别高。心磷脂只有牡晟和毛蚶中被检测出，毛蚶中含ＰＥＡ，而无ＤＨＡ。六种贝类共同特点是磷脂酰胆碱磷脂酰乙醇胺之和在７０％左右。     

天津市售主要经济贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素污染现状及特征分析

使用液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测9种天津市售主要经济贝类中13种麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的含量,分析PSP的污染现状和成分特征。结果显示,共计6个品种(紫贻贝、虾夷扇贝、牡蛎、毛蚶、脉红螺、菲律宾蛤仔)检出PSP。其中虾夷扇贝、紫贻贝、毛蚶3个品种的检出率较高且含量较高,检出率分别为66.7%、58.3%、58.3%。PSP中检出率较高的毒素包括N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素C1、C2和膝沟藻毒素GTX1、GTX2、GTX3,毒力占比主要以膝沟藻毒素GTX1-4为主,毛蚶蓄积STX毒素的能力强于其他贝类。全年的PSP含量季节变化为夏季最高,冬季最低。PSP主要存在于贝类的消化腺内,全年不同月份的PSP含量均在安全食用范围内。     

4种天津近海产贝类牛磺酸和糖胺聚糖的粗提及含量比较

以毛蚶(Arco subcrenat)、紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)和四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)的软体部分为原料,经水煮法粗提牛磺酸和酶解法粗提糖胺聚糖,并比较了4种贝类中牛磺酸和糖胺聚糖的含量。结果表明,四角蛤蜊、毛蚶、脉红螺中的牛磺酸平均含量分别为2.708、3.532、3.662g/kg,以脉红螺中牛磺酸含量最为丰富;四角蛤蜊、紫贻贝、毛蚶中糖胺聚糖平均含量为8.27%、4.53%、3.87%,以四角蛤蜊的含量最高。     

4种天津近海产贝类牛磺酸和糖胺聚糖的粗提及含量比较

以毛蚶(Arco subcrenat)、紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)和四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)的软体部分为原料,经水煮法粗提牛磺酸和酶解法粗提糖胺聚糖,并比较了4种贝类中牛磺酸和糖胺聚糖的含量.结果表明,四角蛤蜊、毛蚶、脉红螺中的牛磺酸平均含量分别为2.708、3.532、3.662g/kg,以脉红螺中牛磺酸含量最为丰富;四角蛤蜊、紫贻贝、毛蚶中糖胺聚糖平均含量为8.27%、4.53%、3.87%,以四角蛤蜊的含量最高.     

福建连江县东南部海域养殖贝类质量安全评估

根据2009年4月、6月和8月进行的连江县东南部贝类生产区域类别划分调查资料,着重对黑鲍、紫贻贝、僧帽牡蛎、太平洋牡蛎、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤等养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质( Cu、Pb、Cd、总汞、无机砷、石油烃、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠杆菌、腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)、麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP))的含量进行分析,结果表明:连...     

主要贸易国对贝类产品安全卫生控制的化学污染项目和限量规定

我国是世界贝类养殖生产第一大国，2008年我国海水贝类养殖面积达2096．7万公顷，海水贝类养殖产量1008万吨，占海水养殖总产量的75％。主要贝类品种为：牡蛎、扇贝、贻贝、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、巴非蛤、泥蚶等，这些品种占贝类总产量的80％以上。     

多棘海盘车对四种贝类摄食率和选择性的初步研究

在水温为22～24℃,盐度29.6,溶解氧6.9 mg/L,pH 8.01的条件下,研究了多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对4种贝类栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、贻贝(Mytilus edulis)、东方缝栖蛤(Hiatella orientalis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的摄食与食物选择性,以期了解多棘海盘车摄食生理生态学特性。结果表明:当只有一种贝类作为饵料时,多棘海盘车对不同贝类的摄食率差异极显著(P<0.01)。其中,对东方缝栖蛤的摄食率最大,为0.005 7～0.008 0 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为7～20 mm),其次是贻贝为0.003 5～0.004 9 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为10～21 mm),对栉孔扇贝的摄食率最小,为0.001 4～0.002 8 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为14～31 mm)。同时,多棘海盘车的摄食率还表现出一定的昼夜差异,夜间的摄食率大于白天,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。当4种贝类同时作为饵料存在时,多棘海盘车对东方缝栖蛤的摄食率最大,为0.003 0 g干重/(h.只),其次是贻贝为0.001 7 g干重/(h.只),以摄食率评价摄食选择,多棘海盘车对于该4种贝类具有明显的选择性(P<0.05),其摄食选择性的顺序为:东方缝栖蛤,贻贝,菲律宾蛤仔,栉孔扇贝。     

高效液相色谱一电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定海产品中5种形态砷

建立了海产品中5种形态砷（As）的高效液相色谱一电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定方法。将样品冷冻干燥后采用矿（甲醇）：V（水）=3：1溶液,70℃水浴振摇30rain提取1次,再用y（甲醇）：y（水）=1：1溶液提取2次,提取液用阴离子交换柱分离,以20mmol·L-1碳酸铵[碳酸氢铵（NH。HCO,）＋氨基甲酸铵（NH：COONH。）]为流动相,用电感耦合等离子体质谱检测。5种As的检出限为0．057～0．13μg·L-1,定量限为0．19～0．43μg·kg。添加回收率为83．2％～115％,相对标准偏差小于10％。实际海产品样品测定结果表明,海产品中的As主要以砷甜菜碱和二甲基砷酸为主,5种形态As的和与总As相比,总体提取率达90％以上。     

海产品与淡水产品中重金属的差异性及其风险评价

为了解我国东部沿海地区海产品与淡水产品中重金属污染现状及摄入风险,实验分析了东部沿海地区市售的12种海产品和8种淡水产品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定铅、镉、汞、砷、铬共5种常见重金属,根据单因子污染指数（P_i）和金属污染指数（MPI）评价其污染程度,比较不同水产品重金属含量差异及污染状况,并通过靶标危害系数（THQs）评价其健康风险。检测结果显示,海产品与淡水产品中,铅含量范围为ND～1.100 mg/kg,铅超标率为1.4%,各品种铅均值含量无显著差异。镉含量范围为ND～1.600 mg/kg,镉超标率为2.8%,长牡蛎、海湾扇贝镉均值含量高于其他品种。总汞含量范围为ND～1.900 mg/kg,蓝鳍金枪鱼总汞均值含量高于其他品种,其他品种总汞均值含量无显著差异。总砷含量范围为0.004～4.100 mg/kg,淡水鱼（乌鳢除外）总砷均值含量低于其他品种。铬含量范围为0.010～32.000 mg/kg,铬超标率为2.3%,鳙铬均值含量高于其他品种。单因子污染指数显示：不同品种的水产品都有一定的污染。重金属污染指数显示：污染指数呈现...     

镉在海藻中的化学形态

利用化学试剂逐步提取法研究了紫菜、海带、裙带菜和羊栖菜中镉的存在化学形态。研究结果表明:镉以多种化学形态存在于4种海藻中,1 mol/L氯化钠提取态镉和 2% 醋酸提取态的镉所占比例较大,两者约占总镉含量的76.3%～92.9%。0.6 mol/L盐酸提取态、去离子水提取态和80%乙醇提取态镉所占比例较小,其中乙醇提取态(离子态镉)约仅占总镉含量的0.4%～9.2%,且对于4种海藻,紫菜中的离子态镉所占比例最低(均小于1%)。实验进一步证实以海藻中总镉含量作为检测标准不能准确反映海藻及其制品的食用安全性,因此亟需建立海藻中针对毒性较强的离子态镉的检测标准限量和快速有效的检测方法,以保障我国海藻产业和出口创汇经济的顺利发展。     

Magnesium Budget for Inland Low‐Salinity Water Shrimp Ponds in Alabama

A magnesium budget was prepared for a commercial low‐salinity shrimp farm in the Blackland Prairie region of Alabama for one production cycle. Ponds had previously been used for production and fertilized with magnesium; two ponds (S‐5 and S‐6) for four previous years and one pond (N‐9) for one previous season. Fertilization with sulfate of potash magnesia (K₂SO₄·2MgSO₄ or K‐Mag^®) was applied to these ponds to obtain the concentrations of 20 mg/L, averaging 1274 kg Mg²⁺/ha. Additional inputs of magnesium included groundwater, rainfall, and runoff averaged 441.5 kg/ha. A water budget for ponds indicated that 292.6 kg/ha of magnesium in outflows. The difference in inputs and magnesium outputs resulted mainly from adsorption of magnesium by pond bottom soils. However, the increase in exchangeable magnesium in the upper 15‐cm layer of pond bottom soils was not great enough to account for the difference in total magnesium inputs and magnesium outputs in water and shrimp. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are magnesium precipitation, nonexchangeable fixation of magnesium by clay minerals, incomplete extraction of magnesium, and analytical error. The decreased uptake of magnesium by older ponds, S‐5 and S‐6, indicate that the soils had a diminishing affinity for the cation or an equilibrium concentration is being established.     

Growth performance and tissue mineral content of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides) fed diets supplemented with various levels of manganese

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary manganese (Mn) on growth, vertebrae and whole‐body Mn content of juvenile grouper, and to examine the effect of dietary Mn on copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) content of vertebrae and whole body. Seven casein‐gelatin‐based diets were supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 and 1000 mg kg^?1 of Mn from MnSO₄·H₂O. Grouper with an initial weight of 12.9 ± 0.4 g were fed to satiation with one of the seven diets for 8 weeks. Growth was not significantly affected by dietary Mn supplements. Vertebrae Mn increased from 31.7 to 118.1 mg kg^?1 dry weight with dietary Mn supplement increasing from 0 to 50 mg kg^?1 (y = ?0.0002x³ + 0.0162x² + 1.3903x + 26.27, R² = 0.9561, where y is the vertebrae Mn content and x is the dietary Mn content). Whole‐body Mn increased from 2.5 to 7.8 mg kg^?1 wet weight with dietary Mn supplement increasing from 0 to 50 mg kg^?1 (y = 0.00001x³ ? 0.00107x² + 0.11054x + 2.24615, R² = 0.9080, where y is the whole‐body Mn content and x is the dietary Mn content). Dietary Mn had no significant effect on vertebrae Fe, Ca, P and Mg content, and whole‐body Cu, Zn and Mg content. However, vertebrae Zn and whole body Ca, P were highest in fish fed diet supplemented with 15 mg kg^?1 of Mn. Based on this, Mn supplement of 15 mg kg^?1 might be the optimum when the basal diet contained 4 mg kg^?1 of Mn. Fish fed diet supplemented with 1000 mg kg^?1 of Mn did not show any gross abnormality or change in feeding behaviour, but Mn contents of vertebrae and whole body were as high as 695.1 mg kg^?1 dry weight and 42.5 mg kg^?1 wet weight, respectively. Also, whole body Fe decreased significantly when Mn supplement was up to 1000 mg kg^?1.     

Production of Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Potassium Supplemented Inland Saline Sub-Surface Water

Abstract

Potassium deficient inland saline (10 g L^?1 salinity) well water was supplemented with muriate of potash to achieve 50% (57 mg L^?1) and 100% (114 mg L^?1) of seawater potassium concentration and used for the production of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Total mortality was observed in non-supplemented water within 6 days compared to 88.0% survival in K⁺100% and 85.3% survival in K⁺50% up to 60 days. P. monodon were subsequently cultured for 110 days in two identical 0.25-ha ponds supplied with water of 10 g L^?1 and supplemented with the potassium equivalent of 35% of seawater. Survival and production were 55.8% to 64.25% and 157.70 kg (630.8 kg ha^?1) to 172.75 kg (691 kg ha^?1), respectively.     

Optimization of fertilization rate for maximizing periphyton production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton-based aquaculture

The effects of four rates of application of fertilizer, with cow manure (3000 kg ha⁻¹), urea (100 (kg ha⁻¹) and triple super phosphate (TSP) (100 kg ha⁻¹) (treatment F)), treatment F × 0.5 (treatment 0.5F), treatment F × 1.5 (treatment 1.5F) and treatment F × 2 (treatment 2F), on periphyton, plankton and water quality in tropical freshwater ponds were studied. The highest periphyton biomass in terms of dry matter (3.27 mg cm⁻² substrate), ash-free dry matter (2.06 mg cm⁻² substrate) and chlorophyll a (7.49 µg cm⁻² substrate) developed in treatment 1.5F. The ash content of periphyton was lower in treatment 1.5F (38% of dry matter) than in other treatments (57–66% of dry matter). Total ammonia and chlorophyll a of water increased with fertilization rate. Treatment 1.5F (cow manure, urea and TSP at rates of 4500, 150 and 150 kg ha⁻¹ respectively) appears to be the optimum, yielding high quantity and quality periphyton. By supplying a substrate area for periphyton equivalent to the pond surface, it was estimated that this level of fertilization could support a fish production of around 5000 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, without recourse to supplementary food.     

Effect of temperature and phytoplankton concentration of Partitioned Aquaculture System water on freshwater mussel filtration

The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was provided green algal‐dominated water from a Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) over a range of water temperatures (6.1–32.4 °C) and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations (<1–32.2 mg C L^?1) to determine filtration rates as mg POC kg^?1 wet tissue weight h^?1. The lowest filtration rates were observed at lowest temperatures and POC concentrations while the highest rates were at intermediate temperatures and the highest POC levels. The predicted filtration rate (PFR) in response to water temperature and POC concentrations was as follows: ln PFR=1.4352+0.1192 POC+0.1399 T?0.0001 T³. Within the experimental conditions, PFRs at any POC concentration increased with increased water temperature to a peak at 22 °C and then decreased. The maximum PFR occurred at 22 °C and 32 mg C L^?1 and the minimum PFR at 7 °C and 1 mg C L^?1. A model to describe the mussel filtration rate responses to PAS water conditions involves both water temperature and POC concentration.     

Re‐evaluation of Potassium Fertilization of Bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus,Ponds

An experiment consisting of eight potassium fertilization rates ranging from 0 to 60 kg K₂O/ha was conducted in earthen ponds stocked with bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, at Auburn University in Alabama. Each pond also received nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization at 6 kg N and 3 kg P₂O₅/ha per application. After 11 fertilizer applications for over 7 mo, potassium concentrations in pond water ranged from 3.3 mg/L in control ponds to 38.9 mg/L in the pond receiving 60 kg K₂O/ha. The coefficients of determination (R²) between potassium fertilization rate and bluegill production and between potassium concentration in pond water and bluegill production were 0.039 and 0.071, respectively. Potassium fertilization appears unnecessary in bluegill ponds where water contains more than 2 mg/L of potassium.     

高效液相色谱-氢化物-原子荧光联用技术测定海藻中无机砷

本文采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光联技术（ HPLC-HG-AFS）对海藻中的无机砷进行检测。以藻类中羊栖菜的无机砷含量为指标,确定提取剂的种类和浓度,并通过曲面拟合的方法确定了最佳提取温度和提取时间。结果表明,以1．0%HCL为提取剂,提取温度52℃,提取时间78 min的效果最佳。该方法无机砷的检出限为0．0628 mg/kg,样品加标量为0．2 mg/kg 和1．0 mg/kg 时回收率在80．5%~105．7%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD, n=6）在4．2%~5．3%之间。并应用此分析技术测定了福建省内60个不同产地紫菜样品中无机砷含量,结果表明,主要生产区紫菜中无机砷含量很低,仅占总砷含量的0~1．96%。