面包酵母悬浮液中添加脂溶性维生素对褶皱臂尾轮虫增殖率的影响

本文采用批量培育法研究了在面包酵母中添加不同浓度的脂溶性维生素对褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增殖率的影响.结果表明:面包酵母对褶皱臂尾轮虫的生长繁殖是有营养缺陷的.在面包酵母悬浮液中,当添加维生素A为0.02～5.00 μg/ml时,随着添加浓度的增大,轮虫的种群增殖率R值也增大.以添加5.00μg/ml为最佳,第4天的R值达0.75,是对照组的5.6倍.添加维生素D0.005～0.20 μg/ml对轮虫的增殖有一定促进作用,以添加0.05μg/ml为最佳,第7天的R值为0.407,是对照组的2.7倍.添加维生素E0.001～0.01 μg/ml和添加维生素K0.01～0.10 μg/ml时,第4天的R值与对照组无差异.另外大规模生产培育褶皱臂尾轮虫时,适当添加脂溶性维生素A、D的褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长率优于不添加脂溶性维生素A、D的对照池.     

聚维酮碘对褶皱臂尾轮虫消毒的浓度

为研究聚维酮碘在褶皱臂尾轮虫培育中消毒时的最适添加量,采用不同浓度聚维酮碘对褶皱臂尾轮虫Brachionus plicatilis进行消毒试验,研究了聚维酮碘对于轮虫生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:在聚维酮碘(药品浓度)1 mg/L的情况下,对褶皱臂尾轮虫的存活、种群增长、繁殖、带卵率影响不大,即与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

马拉硫磷和甲氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫生殖的影响

研究了不同浓度马拉硫磷(malathion)(0.03、0.3、3.0、30.0、300.0、3000.0μg/L)和甲氰菊酯(fenpropath-rin)(0.004、0.04、0.4、4.0、40.0、400.0μg/L)对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)3d种群增长率、携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数、混交雌体百分率、混交雌体受精率及7d休眠卵产量影响。结果表明,马拉硫磷、甲氰菊酯对种群增长率、混交雌体百分率、混交雌体受精率及7d休眠卵产量有显著影响;马拉硫磷对携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数无显著影响,但甲氰菊酯有显著影响。马拉硫磷对轮虫休眠卵产量最低效应浓度(LOEC)为0.3μg/L,对混交雌体百分率LOEC为30.0μg/L,对种群增长率和混交雌体受精率LOEC为300.0μg/L;甲氰菊酯对轮虫休眠卵产量最低效应浓度0.04μg/L,对混交雌体百分率和携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数LOEC为4.0μg/L,对种群增长率和混交雌体受精率LOEC为40.0μg/L。试验显示,马拉硫磷和甲氰菊酯对轮虫生殖存在差异,轮虫休眠卵产量可以用来监测和评价2种杀虫剂潜在的影响。     

提高室内精养褶皱臂尾轮虫增殖率的技术要点

从褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的基础环境因子和控制因子等各方面阐述如何提高轮虫增殖率。褶皱臂尾轮虫的适宜繁殖条件:最适pH值7~8,最适温度35℃,最适盐度18‰,比重1.016,光照4 400~10 000lx,溶氧1.5mg/L以上。轮虫接种密度以1个/mL为宜,池中轮虫繁殖密度以100个/mL为宜。提倡用光合细菌+扁藻投喂轮虫,慎用酵母培养褶皱臂尾轮虫。在适宜条件下,经10d的培养,褶皱臂尾轮虫可由原来的1个/mL增殖到1 500~2 000个/mL。     

光照、pH及盐度对褶皱臂尾轮虫培养效果的影响

研究了在不同光照周期,pH和盐度突变条件下褶皱臂尾轮虫的存活和增殖率.试验结果表明,光照对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增殖的促进作用明显,持续光照条件下轮虫种群增殖率为持续黑暗状态的3.5倍;pH存活上限9.5,下限5.5;种群增殖最适pH为7.5～8.5;种群繁殖的最适盐度为30～35,存活的下限为15,上限为40.研究结果显示,光照对于褶皱臂尾轮虫的增殖是必要的;pH的不同对褶皱臂尾轮虫带卵量、孵化率和孵化时间均有影响.盐度突变盐差越大,褶皱臂尾轮虫的适应能力(适应所需时间和存活率)越弱.     

东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

采用生命表方法研究了不同密度东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生命周期中各发育阶段历时以及种群增长参数的影响。结果表明：东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫的生长发育具有明显的影响，使轮虫的胚胎发育和繁殖前期延长，繁殖期、繁殖后期和平均寿命缩短，产卵量和繁殖率降低。随藻密度的增加，胚胎发育和繁殖前期分别从(18.33±7.26)h和(58.26±3.52)h增加到(24.29±4.86)h和(91.74±15.46)h,而繁殖后期则从(48.86±14.73)h缩短至(22.60±4.80)h。轮虫的净生殖率和内禀增长率均低于对照(P<0.05或P<0.01),反映了赤潮微藻对轮虫种群增长的影响。不同藻密度下轮虫能够维持一定的种群增长。赤潮藻和浮游动物关系的进一步研究对于我们了解其对海洋生态系统的影响和作用机制具有重要意义.     

不同饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫生长繁殖的影响

为了探讨不同饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群生长繁殖的影响,通过在浓缩小球藻的基础上分别添加蛋黄、鱼肝油、三文鱼油、鱿鱼油和维生素,采用6种不同饵料(或组合)培养轮虫20 d,分析比较各组在轮虫的密度、怀卵量、抱卵率以及水质指标(p H、DO、氨氮)等方面的差异。结果表明,投喂不同的饵料,轮虫密度各组间存在差异,鱼肝油组轮虫密度最大,达到466个/m L,其次是鱿鱼油组和三文鱼油组,单独投喂浓缩小球藻的对照组轮虫密度最小;轮虫怀卵量各组间差异极显著(P0.01),鱼肝油组显著高于其它组(P0.05),最高达到908个/m L,其次为鱿鱼油组,对照组最低;鱼肝油组的抱卵率和日平均增殖率最高,其次是鱿鱼油组;对照组和维生素组的轮虫培养水体水质保持较好,蛋黄组水质最差。研究表明,投喂鱼肝油对轮虫的生长繁殖有显著促进作用,采用浓缩小球藻和鱼肝油混合投喂培养轮虫,可提高轮虫质量和营养价值。     

pH对萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态和休眠卵的影响↑（*）

应用种群累积培养法,研究了pH3.5～11.5(间隔1.0)之间萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)的种群动态及休眠卵的形成。结果表明,该轮虫在pH5.5～10.5为正增长,pH7.5时种群增长趋势最好;pH4.5时为负增长;pH3.5和11.5分别是该轮虫存活下限和上限。pH对轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率、平均混交雌体百分率和受精率皆具极显著影响。7.5是该种轮虫休眠卵规模化生产的最佳pH值,此时休眠卵的产量和藻类食物的形成效率最大,分别为(132567±20264)/(20ml·6d)和(11.05±1.69)/(6×106cells)。     

氟他胺对萼花臂尾轮虫的毒性影响

采用两天种群增长和生命表,研究了不同浓度氟他胺对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)的毒性影响。结果显示:轮虫种群增长率与氟他胺浓度对数负相关。氟他胺对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率的半效应浓度(EC50)、最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)和无可见效应浓度(NOEC)分别为4.31、3.17和1.59 mg/L。氟他胺对萼花臂尾轮虫的内禀增长率和世代时间有显著的影响(P<0.05);内禀增长率随氟他胺浓度升高而下降,其中1.59 mg/L和3.17 mg/L氟他胺浓度组内禀增长率分别比对照组降低了8.98%和17.95%(P<0.05),其无效应浓度为0.8 mg/L;而3.17 mg/L浓度组的世代时间显著延长(P<0.05)。实验结果表明内禀增长率是检测氟他胺对萼花臂尾轮虫毒性最敏感的指标。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus Plicatilis)室内高密度培养技术

<正> 褶皱臂尾轮虫(以下简称轮虫)属轮虫纲(Rotatoria)、单巢目(Monogononta)、游泳亚目(Ploima)、臂尾轮虫科(Brachionidae)。它营养丰富,大小适口(100～300μm),是鱼类、虾蟹人工育苗中优良的动物性饵料,在育苗生产中需求量很大。由于浙南地区的轮虫天然资源不足,不能满足生产需要,特别是在河蟹人工育苗期间,外界气温低,在室外大面积培养轮虫繁殖速度慢、密度低,需     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。