皱纹盘鲍成体摄食习性的初步研究

本文介绍了皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino．)摄食习性的试验情况。试验结果表明，皱纹盘鲍的日摄食量周年在春末夏初和秋季有两个高峰期；当水温高于24℃或低于7℃时摄食量明显下降，低于3℃时基本上停止摄食。鲍对不同种类饵料有明显选择性，按其喜食程度排列为裙带菜、巨藻、海带、礁膜、石莼，而石花菜、海蒿子、鼠尾藻的摄食量最小；而且对同种藻类喜食嫩的，少食甚至不食老的藻体。不同大小个体的日摄食率不同，小个体的摄食率较大个体为高，而且在一年中坚持高日摄食率的时间也较长；最高日摄食率小个体鲍为13．6％，大个体为11．4％     

中国龙虾叶状幼体摄食的研究

中国龙虾叶状幼体孵出后1－2h就开始摄食、其适宜的开口饵料为卤虫无节幼体，叶状幼体Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期摄食卤虫无节幼体后的变态率分别为80％、40％和32．5％。卤虫幼虫体和贻贝卵巢混合投喂，可提高叶状幼体的存活率。叶状幼体对不同饵料具有选择性，昼夜均可摄食，没有明显的摄食节律性。光照和黑暗对叶状幼体的摄食和存活没有影响。在适宜的卤虫无节幼体下，叶状幼体5－9min就可饱食，然后经过45－90min消化完毕；初孵叶状幼体对不同大小的卤虫无节幼体（349．5－604．9μm）的摄食没有明显差异，本试验可为开展中国龙虾的人工育苗积累资料。     

鲢、鳙、草鱼摄食节律和日摄食率的初步研究

本文报道了鲢、鳙和草鱼的昼夜摄食节律和日摄食率，并对影响摄食节律和摄食强度的环境因子进行了初步探讨。试验的结果表明，这三种鱼都有明显的摄食节律。鲢、鳙鱼的饱满指数在每天4时最低，天亮前后开始升高，8时起明显升高，12时至20时是一天中的最高阶段，20时以后逐渐下降，午夜24时后，大约有6小时停食。草鱼的饱满指数也是以每天4时最低，12时和20时分别出现两个摄食高峰，两个高峰之间，即16时左右摄食强度有一个低落的阶段。试验也揭示了这三种鱼的日摄食率，即每天按单位体重的进食量。按日平均饱满指数法测计，鲢鱼日摄食率的最低值为5．6％，最高值为16．8％，平均为11．4％；鳙鱼的日摄食率最低值为2．5％，最高值为16．4％，平均值为6．7％；草鱼的日摄食率的最低值为26．3％，最高值为49．9％，平均值为38．6％。在全年中三种鱼的日摄食率都以在7、8月份为最高，这就是鲢、鳙、草鱼一年中摄食的最旺盛期。     

延迟投饵对卵形鲳鲮早期仔鱼阶段摄食、成活及生长的影响

利用人工繁殖产生的卵形鲳够（Trachinotus ovatus）初孵仔鱼，在水温（26．8±1．4）℃、盐度28．2±0．8条件下，对延迟投饵0～6d的卵形鲳够仔鱼的摄食、生长及其成活情况进行了研究。结果显示，仔鱼于3Et龄开口，于开口的当天投饵及延迟投饵1、2、3、4和5d，投饵后2h内仔鱼的摄食率分别为15％、30％、50％、25％、15％和5％，每尾鱼的平均摄食量分别为0．4、0．6、1．3、0．6、0．3和0．1个轮虫。延迟投饵6d一组仔鱼的摄食率均为0。延迟投饵0、1和2d各组仔鱼的成活率相差不大，但延迟3d以上仔鱼的成活率急剧下降。卵形鲳鲣仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）出现在仔鱼开口后4d，开始投喂饵料的最佳时期应在仔鱼开口后的3d之内。     

匙吻鲟仔鱼期饵料的研究

鱼类早期生长的细微差别对其存活以及整个生活史阶段的生长，有着不可估量的影响，而摄食是影响仔鱼期生长的最重要的外界影响因子之一。在水温19．5～20．5℃下，对匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）仔鱼的开口时间、适宜开口饵料和投饵率进行了研究。结果表明，匙吻鲟仔鱼在6日龄初次摄食，摄食率在7—8日龄迅速升高，9—10日龄达到100％，11-13日龄略有降低，14-15日龄迅速降低，不可逆点（PNR期）出现在15日龄；以轮虫作为开口饵料，仔鱼的存活率和生长优于丰年虫和颗粒饲料组；养殖水体中轮虫密度在120—150个／mL可满足仔鱼的生长需求。     

大鲵的诱食试验

用２０种不同组成、形状和加工方法制成的饵料以不同的投饵方式对大鲵进行诱食试验，水温１３５～２７℃，结果表明，以上设计均影响大鲵的采食，大鲵喜食泥鳅、猪肝、猪肉等天然饵料，对半天然人工颗粒饵料以及对以鱼粉、豆粕为主的人工饵料也均能正常摄食，但后者鱼粉含量不宜过低。大鲵主要在水中摄食，很少在岸上摄食，饵料形状以长条形为宜。     

黄鳝摄食活饵的初步研究

本文对不同体重的黄鳝摄食蚯蚓、蝌蚪、蛴螬的饵料系数、特定生长率、能量转化效率和最大摄食量等作了初步研究。结果表明：在限食试验中，黄鳝摄食蚯蚓、蝌蚪、蛴螬的饵料系数分别为3．28-3．89、7.09～9.07、3．39—3.42；特定生长率分别为0.33％～1.09％、1．09％～1．20％、0．65％～0．70％；能量转化效率分别为24.9％～29．5％、33.2％～34．1％、28．8％～29．1％。饵料系数、特定生长率的大小主要决定于饵料性质，与体重(10～40g)关系不密切。在黄鳝摄食蛴螬的不限食试验中，最大摄食量、特定生长率随体重增加而减少，随温度上升而增大。饵料效率、饵料系数与温度的关系没有明显的规律性。     

东海外海绿鳍马面纯摄食习性的研究

1．东海外海的绿鳍马面魨是一种主食浮游甲壳类，兼食软体动物和珊瑚的杂食性鱼类。2．1-6月绿鳍马面魨摄食强度有两次高峰，分别出现在2-3月和5月。4月摄食强度最低，这可能和产卵习性有关。产卵前和产卵后均大量摄食，而在产卵盛期则少食或不食。3．绿鳍马面纯的摄食强度以南部鱼群为最高，中部鱼群次之，北部鱼群最低。饵料种类组成也不一样，北部鱼群主要是摄食浮游甲壳类，而南部和中部鱼群除摄食浮游甲壳类外还摄食不少珊瑚、角贝和扁卷螺。4．绿鳍马面魨-昼夜内，主要在下午到上半夜摄食，而在下半夜到上午则较少摄食和暂停摄食，明显地有昼夜垂直移动现象，产生此现象，不仅仅是由于追食饵料生物所引起，主要与其本身生活习性有关。     

渤海中华哲水蚤桡足幼体摄食的初步研究

对３４２个含有食物的消化道分析结果表明，中华哲水蚤桡足幼体营浮游植物食性，主要摄食硅藻类，其中辐圆筛藻，未查明的圆筛藻和星脐圆筛藻是它的主要摄食对象对象。它在渤海所食物类群，几科没有季节变化，四季都以硅藻类居绝对优势，食物类群更替率各季平均只有０．５％。它所摄食的食物种类则有一定的季节变化，食种类更替率各季平均为１２．７％。它的摄食强度以冬季为最高，春，夏次之，秋季最低，它对环境中的饵料浮游植物有     

日本鳗鲡仔鱼的开口饵料和行为特征

在连续多年日本鳗鲡人工繁殖实验的基础上,研究了不同饵料对日本鳗鲡仔鱼存活率的影响,并记录了仔鱼的运动特征和摄食行为。结果显示,与对照组(不投饵)相比,投喂以鲨鱼卵、磷虾提取液为基础的饵料和以鲨鱼卵、海蜇匀浆液为基础的饵料以及微绿球藻液均提高了日本鳗鲡仔鱼的存活率,仔鱼发育至柳叶鳗前期阶段;而投喂以鲨鱼卵、卤虫匀浆液为基础的饵料和以卤虫匀浆液、磷虾提取液为基础的饵料,以及轮虫、海带+龙须菜匀浆液或海蜇以及发酵鲨鱼肉,均降低日本鳗鲡仔鱼的存活率。实验同时还研究了日本鳗鲡仔鱼的主动摄食行为,摄食时仔鱼先用吻端反复多次触碰食物,然后张开下颌咬食,证实了日本鳗鲡早期仔鱼的摄食方式是触碰后咬食。     

Effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Forskål), cultured in floating net-cages

Studies on the effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) with initial size ranging from 16.2 to 16.9 cm in total length were conducted in floating net-cages. Seven feeding frequencies in the order of one feeding in 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2 days, 1 day, two feedings daily and three feedings daily were studied. Optimal growth and good food conversion ratio as well as higher survival rate were obtained in groups fed to satiation with one feeding in 2 days. Weight gains were substantially reduced in groups fed to satiation with one feeding in 5, 4 or 3 days and were not enhanced when the feeding frequencies were increased to two or three feedings daily. The fact that food conversion ratios were similar in fish fed to satiation with one feeding in 5, 4, 3 and 2 days suggests food intake to be important as a growth limiting factor. Total food intake per feeding was appreciably higher in fish fed once in 2 days. The intake of food was found to be closely related to the amount of food remaining in the stomach, intake being maximal when the stomach was empty. The food deprivation time in estuary groupers was found to be about 36 hours at which over 95% of the food was digested and less than 0.5% body weight of food remained in the stomach. Hence, feeding the fish at 48-hour intervals, i.e. once in 2 days, greatly enhanced maximum intake and efficient utilization of the food.     

Japanese nephropid lobster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Metanephrops japonicus</Emphasis> lacks zoeal stage

ABSTRACT:   Larvae of the Japanese nephropid lobster Metanephrops japonicus hatched in the laboratory were reared at 15°C, and the development and feeding were observed. All larvae hatched at the 'prezoea stage' with no natatory setae on the exopodite of the pereiopods. Without feeding, 50% of prezoea molted into the megalopa stage, having small buds as the exopodite, within 1 h and all molted within 22 h. The megalopa fed with Artemia nauplii, shrimp meat and pelleted food molted into the first juvenile stage with no exopodite after approximately 17 days. The average carapace lengths of prezoea, megalopa and the first juvenile stage were 3.2, 3.6 and 4.4 mm, respectively. The survival rate from hatching to the first juvenile stage was high (90–100%). This lobster may be the only known nephropid species with no zoeal stage.     

投喂策略对圆口铜鱼幼鱼生长、消化酶及肝脏组织结构的影响

为探究圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichienoti)苗种培育的适宜投喂策略，实验采用5×2双因子设计，通过8周的养殖投喂，研究投喂水平(1%、2%、3%、4%和5%)和投喂频率(2和3次/d)对圆口铜鱼幼鱼[初体重(4.91±0.11) g]生长、体成分组成、消化酶活性和肝脏组织结构的影响。结果显示，随着投喂水平的增加，圆口铜鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著增加，饲料效率随着投喂水平的增加而递增，但在投喂水平达到3%后趋于平稳。鱼体肥满度和脏体比随投喂频率的增加有降低的趋势，当投喂水平不超过3%时，3次/d投喂组的增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率均显著高于2次/d组。全鱼的粗脂肪含量随投喂水平的增加而增加，而全鱼的水分则显著下降。投喂水平对肝脏胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶具有显著影响，当投喂水平超过3%时，投喂水平升高显著降低了肝脏胰蛋白酶的活性，而在3次/d投喂组，肝脂肪酶随投喂水平增加呈先增加后下降的趋势。投喂水平、投喂频率以及二者的交互作用对圆口铜鱼前肠消化酶均无显著影响。随着投喂水平的增加，圆口铜鱼肝脏脂肪蓄积逐渐增多，并诱发脂肪肝，且在同一投喂水平下，3次/d组的脂肪肝症状较2次/d组的症状轻...     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.     

长江胭脂鱼开口饵料的研究

用不同组合的饵料投喂刚能平游的长江胭脂鱼鱼苗40 d,研究长江胭脂鱼适宜的开口饵料。结果显示,用配合饲料作开口饵料时长江胭脂鱼的开口率、成活率和出池规格都显著低于水蚯蚓组和卤虫组,补充蛋黄后开口率、成活率、出池规格变化不明显,但补充螺旋藻后开口率、成活率、出池规格均显著提高。用配合饲料和卤虫作主体饵料再补充蛋黄和螺旋藻粉也获得了较高的开口率和成活率。建议在水泥池育苗条件下长江胭脂鱼的开口饵料用配合饲料和鲜活饵料作主体饵料并补充少量螺旋藻粉。     

日粮水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支的影响

采用室内流水实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支各组分和模式的影响。结果表明，黑鲷的生长量，总呼吸代谢量，排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑鲷摄食，生长，排泄和总呼吸代水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑鲷的呼能量收支分配率随摄食水平不同有较显著差异；代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。除摄食高蛋白饵料时引起排泄能分配率增加外，摄食不同饵料对黑铜的能量分配模式影响不十分显著。     

摄食水平和饵料种类对黑癇能量收支的影响

以玉筋鱼和鹰抓糙对虾为生物饵料，采用室内流水模拟实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑Jun能量收支各组分和能量收支模式的影响。结果表明，黑Jun的生长量、总代谢量、排泄量及生态转换效率均随摄食水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑Jun摄食、生长，排泄和总代谢水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑Jun的能量收支模型摄食水平不同有较明显差异，代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。另外，摄食不同饵料对黑Jun的能量收支模型的影响也十分显著。     

Effect of dietary protein,lipid and energy content on the growth of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Juvenile turbot were fed diets containing various proportions of protein and lipid. The fastest growth occurred on a diet rich in protein and low in lipid. The addition of extra lipid to the diet gave poorer growth but improved protein conversion efficiency. The protein sparing action of the lipid was most pronounced when the turbot were fed to about three-quarters of satiation on a diet supplemented with 6% lipid. Under these conditions 42% of the dietary protein was converted into fish protein, compared with 32% conversion on the basic diet which contained 0.5% lipid. There was a general decline in food conversion efficiency and protein sparing was marginal at the satiation feeding rate. Not all the dietary lipid was used in a protein sparing role, much of it was deposited as lipid reserves. In contrast, there was very little increase in the lipid content of fish fed on a high protein-low lipid diet.     

The dietary protein requirements of Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935 (Pisces: Cichlidae) fry

A 12 week feeding trial was conducted in a closed recirculating system with Cichlasoma synspilum (Hubbs) fry (280 mg) in order to determine their protein requirements. Six diets containing increasing protein levels (30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55%) were formulated using brown fish meal as the protein source. The fish were fed by hand daily at a rate of 6% body weight: at 2-week intervals, the fish were bulkweighed and the feeding rate was adjusted accordingly After 90 days, a direct relationship was observed between dietary protein content and fmal body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (P < 0,05), with the best results for diets containing 50,45,40 and 55% of protein: feed intake, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, carcass nitrogen deposition and apparent N utilization were also statistically higher (P < 0,05) for fish fed diets with 50, 45, 40 and 55% of protein content. The lower performance was obtained in those fish fed diets with 30 and 35% protein content. Applying the broken-line response method with SGR data, the protein requirement of C. sytispilum fry was established as 40.81%.