不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟幼鱼生长、体成分和生化指标的影响

为探讨大杂交鲟(Huso dauricus♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)适宜投喂率和投喂频率,本实验分别设计了5个投喂率(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%)和5个投喂频率(1次/d、2次/d、3次/d、4次/d和5次/d),研究不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟生长、体成分和生化指标的影响。投喂率实验中鱼初重(335.87±0.82)g,投喂频率实验中鱼初重(334.77±1.06)g,养殖周期为10周。结果表明,随着投喂率升高,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比、肥满度,肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肝粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05),血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和胃蛋白酶活性均显著升高(P0.05);饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉水分含量均显著降低(P0.05);全鱼粗脂肪含量,血清总蛋白、白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,肠脂肪酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势(P0.05)。随着投喂频率增加,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率无显著差异(P0.05);1次/d投喂频率组脏体比、肥满度和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),2次/d投喂频率组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。不同投喂频率对实验鱼除血清葡萄糖含量以外的其他血清生化指标和胃肠消化酶活性或含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上结果认为,在300～600g大杂交鲟的养殖过程中日投喂率在1.2%～1.6%,投喂频率为2次/d比较适宜。     

投喂率和投喂频率对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏健康的影响

为探讨投喂率和投喂频率对鱼类生长和肝脏健康的影响,以吉富罗非鱼(Oreachromis niloticus)幼鱼(3.78 g±0.01 g)为研究对象,采用4×2双因子实验设计,设置了4个投喂率(8%、10%、12%和表观饱食投喂)和2个投喂频率(2次/d、3次/d),共8个处理,在24个循环水养殖桶(有效容积100 L)中养殖30 d。结果显示:在8%～12%的投喂率下,投喂频率对实验鱼的生长性能和饲料利用无显著影响,但发现表观饱食投喂3次/d的实验鱼生长性能和饲料效率最佳,其增重率和特定生长率显著高于投喂率8%实验组,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著高于投喂率10%和12%实验组,而饲料成本则显著低于投喂率12%实验组。投喂率和投喂频率对实验鱼的肥满度、脏体比以及干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率无显著影响。随投喂率的增加,实验鱼的成活率提高,其肝脏和去内脏全鱼的粗脂肪含量逐渐增加,但肌肉和内脏的粗脂肪无显著变化。投喂率和投喂频率对实验鱼血清总蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量及碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶活性无显著影响,但投喂率为10%的实验组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于投喂率8%实验组的血糖水平随投喂率的增加而升高。实验鱼肝细胞的核面积比例不受投喂率和投喂频率的影响,而空泡面积比例以表观饱食投喂的最大。依据生长性能和饲料利用,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼选择表观饱食投喂3次/d效果较好,但会产生体脂肪积累过多,肝细胞空泡增大等影响;若综合考虑生长和养殖成本,以10%的投喂率,投喂2次/d为宜。     

投喂策略对牛蛙蝌蚪生长发育及肝肠功能的影响

为研究投喂策略对牛蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响，建立科学的投喂标准，实验分别设置了4种投喂频率(1、2、3和4次/d)与4个投喂水平(4%、6%、8%和10%)饲养牛蛙蝌蚪，以探究牛蛙蝌蚪合适的投喂策略。投喂频率实验表明，投喂3次/d或4次/d的牛蛙蝌蚪在实验周期内的变态率显著高于投喂1次/d或2次/d的牛蛙蝌蚪，且投喂3次/d的牛蛙蝌蚪增重率最大。变态率与投喂量的比值(MFR)随投喂频率增加而上升，2、3或4次/d显著高于1次/d。投喂频率对已变态牛蛙蝌蚪的肝脏组织结构及肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性无显著影响。投喂水产实验结果显示，实验周期内牛蛙蝌蚪变态率随投喂水平增加而上升，且8%与10%组已变态牛蛙蝌蚪的均重显著高于4%与6%组，但已变态牛蛙蝌蚪肠道蛋白酶活性随投喂水平升高而降低。8%与10%组已变态牛蛙蝌蚪肝细胞脂滴含量明显增多，脂肪沉积现象明显。8%投喂水平组有益菌属暖绳菌属(绿弯菌门)与鲸杆菌属(梭杆菌门)相对丰度较高，一定程度改善了肠道微生物结构。研究表明，牛蛙蝌蚪每日投喂3次，综合投喂水平8%左右，蝌蚪的生长发育性能较优，兼顾了牛蛙养殖生产效益与蝌蚪肝肠健康，促进了牛蛙产业健...     

饥饿与再投喂及投喂频率对条石鲷幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响

研究了饥饿与再投喂及不同投喂频率对条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响.饥饿与再投喂的实验结果表明:条石鲷幼鱼体质量、蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶)与脂肪酶活力随着饥饿时间的延长均呈现明显的下降趋势,体质量与蛋白酶活力在饥饿6d后与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),脂肪酶活力在饥饿9d后才与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),而淀粉酶活力在饥饿过程中呈波动性变化；恢复投喂后,除饥饿3d的幼鱼体质量、特定生长率与对照组无明显差异外,其他各处理组均明显低于对照组；蛋白酶与脂肪酶活力在恢复投喂后均有明显回升,且蛋白酶活力与对照组相比已无显著性差异,但较长时间的饥饿处理(9～12 d)并未使脂肪酶活力恢复至对照组水平.投喂频率实验的研究结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率呈上升趋势,在投喂频率达到投喂2次/d后,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、消化酶活力及肝体指数差异均不显著.结论认为,在本实验条件下,饥饿3d后再经投喂,条石鲷幼鱼具有完全补偿生长效应,但随着饥饿时间的延长补偿生长的效应逐渐降低.对条石鲷幼鱼而言,选择日投喂两次最合适.     

投喂频率对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼生长、生理指标及肝脏hsp70基因表达丰度的影响

为探究投喂频率对绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus septentrionalis)幼鱼生长、生理指标及肝脏hsp70基因表达的影响,本研究设5个投喂频率,分别为1、2、3、4和5次/d (分别简称为F1、F2、F3、F4和F5),每个处理组设3个平行,每缸养殖30尾鱼[(6.47±0.56) g]。实验期间,水温为17℃~ 26℃,盐度为30~31,pH为6.8~7.6,溶解氧≥5 mg/L,养殖周期为30 d。结果表明,不同投喂频率对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的生长、体成分、消化酶和抗氧化酶活性均有影响。随着投喂频率的增加,绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的摄食和生长均呈上升趋势,F5组数值最大,摄食率为3.95%,增重率为347.19%,特定生长率为5.07%/d,增重率为F1组的2倍多。F1组的肥满度为1.79,显著低于其他4组(P<0.05);肝体比逐渐升高,F4和F5组的肝体比显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。增加投喂频率,鱼体的粗蛋白含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,F2组最高,为59.82%;粗脂肪含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,F5组最高,为31.23%。胰蛋白酶活性随投喂频率增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,F3组活性最低,为37.48 U/μg prot;脂肪酶活性逐渐升高,F5组最高,为2.67 U/g prot;淀粉酶活性不受投喂频率的影响(P>0.05)。过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量最高均在F5组,分别为14.71 U/mg prot、250.32 U/mg prot和2.73 nmol/mg。肝脏中hsp70基因的相对表达量不受投喂频率的影响(P>0.05)。基于绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的生长性能和生理效应的综合考虑,其最适投喂频率为3次/d。     

投喂频率对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼生长、生理指标及肝脏hsp70基因表达丰度的影响

为探究投喂频率对绿鳍马面鲀(Tharnnaconus septentrionalis)幼鱼生长、生理指标及肝脏hsp70基因表达的影响,本研究设5个投喂频率,分别为1、2、3、4和5次/d (分别简称为F1、F2、F3、F4和F5),每个处理组设3个平行,每缸养殖30尾鱼[(6.47±0.56)g]。实验期间,水温为17℃~26℃,盐度为30~31,pH为6.8~7.6,溶解氧≥5 mg/L,养殖周期为30 d。结果表明,不同投喂频率对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的生长、体成分、消化酶和抗氧化酶活性均有影响。随着投喂频率的增加,绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的摄食和生长均呈上升趋势,F5组数值最大,摄食率为3.95%,增重率为347.19%,特定生长率为5.07%/d,增重率为F1组的2倍多。F1组的肥满度为1.79,显著低于其他4组(P<0.05);肝体比逐渐升高,F4和F5组的肝体比显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。增加投喂频率,鱼体的粗蛋白含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,F2组最高,为59.82%;粗脂肪含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,F5组最高,为31.23%。胰蛋白酶活性随投喂频率增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,F3组活性最低,为37.48 U/μg prot;脂肪酶活性逐渐升高,F5组最高,为2.67 U/g prot;淀粉酶活性不受投喂频率的影响(P>0.05)。过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量最高均在F5组,分别为14.71 U/mg prot、250.32 U/mg prot和2.73 nmol/mg。肝脏中hsp70基因的相对表达量不受投喂频率的影响(P>0.05)。基于绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的生长性能和生理效应的综合考虑,其最适投喂频率为3次/d。     

投喂频率对史氏鲟幼鱼生长、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

为探究史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼的最低适宜投喂频率,将实验鱼的投喂频率分别设定为2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125次/d,养殖56 d后测定其生长、抗氧化和免疫指标。结果显示,随着投喂频率降低,史氏鲟幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、肝体比和脏体比显著降低(P0.05),但存活率和肥满度无显著性变化(P0.05)。在抗氧化指标中,随着投喂频率降低,肝脏T-AOC、SOD活性呈逐渐降低的趋势,2次/d组T-AOC活性与0.5、0.25、0.125次/d组均存在显著差异(P0.05),但各组之间SOD活性差异不显著(P0.05);肝脏CAT活性和GSH含量呈先升高、后降低的趋势,0.5、0.25次/d组肝脏CAT活性显著高于0.125次/d组(P0.05),1次/d组GSH含量显著高于0.5、0.25和0.125次/d组(P0.05);肝脏MDA含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,0.5、0.25、0.125次/d组MDA含量显著高于2、1次/d组(P0.05)。免疫指标中,随着投喂频率降低,实验鱼肝脏LZM活性逐渐降低,2次/d组与0.125次/组差异显著(P0.05);而肝脏IgM含量呈先升高、后降低的趋势,0.25次/d组显著高于2、0.125次/d组(P0.05)。综合各项指标,建议史氏鲟幼鱼的最低适宜投喂频率为1次/d,以避免投喂频率过低对鱼体造成的胁迫氧化损伤。     

饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长及部分生理生化指标的影响

为探讨饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对罗非鱼生长及生理健康的影响,采用2×3双因子实验,研究饲料蛋白质水平(36.27%和26.02%)与投喂频率(1、2和3次/d)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清指标和肝胰脏结构的影响。养殖周期为42 d,结果表明:随饲料蛋白质水平的增加,实验鱼的末体质量(FW)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)、肥满度(CF)、去内脏全鱼灰分(EWA)、内脏水分(VM)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)水平显著升高(P0.05),而摄食率(FI)、脏体比(VSI)、饲料成本(FC)、去内脏全鱼粗脂肪(EWF)、内脏粗脂肪(VF)、肝胰脏粗脂肪(HF)显著降低(P0.05);随投喂频率的增加,实验鱼的FW、WGR、SGR、肝体比(HSI)、CF、FC、EWF、VF、HF,血清中的总胆固醇水平(TCHO)、HDLC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TGK)水平显著升高(P0.05),而FE、蛋白质效率(PER)、去内脏全鱼水分(EWM)、EWA、VM、肝胰脏水分(HM)显著降低(P0.05)。饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对实验鱼的FW、WGR、SGR、VM和HDLC的交互作用显著(P0.05)。投喂26.02%蛋白质水平饲料的实验鱼,肝胰脏细胞肿大变形,呈现透明的空泡化,出现细胞核偏移;而投喂36.27%蛋白质饲料的实验鱼,大多数肝细胞胞浆清晰,可观察到的肝细胞空泡面积较小。综合考虑,饲料蛋白质含量为36.27%是适合吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的,其适宜的投喂频率为2次/d以上,可根据罗非鱼市场情况进行调节。     

饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本实验以我国重要的海水养殖鱼类大黄鱼[初始体质量(13.57±0.33)g]为研究对象,在浮式网箱中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验,探讨饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响。采用3×2双因子实验设计,其中饲料脂肪水平分别为9%、12%和15%,投喂频率分别为2次/天和1次/天。结果表明:投喂频率对大黄鱼特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)均有显著影响(P<0.05),而饲料脂肪水平仅对FER有显著影响(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼末体质量和SGR均显著高于1次/天投喂组,而饲料效率显著低(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪水平对SGR和FER没有显著影响(P>0.05)。而在1次/天投喂时,随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,SGR和FER均显著提高(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼全鱼水分含量显著低于1次/天投喂组,而粗脂肪含量显著高(P<0.05)。大黄鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。然而在1次/天投喂时,饲料脂肪水平未对全鱼体粗脂肪含量产生显著影响(P>0.05)。大黄鱼的肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、肝体比(HSI)以及脏体比(VSI)受到了饲料脂肪水平的显著影响(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI随饲料脂肪水平的升高而显著增加(P<0.05);而在1次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪组大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率仅对大黄鱼的生长、饲料效率的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05),而对大黄鱼体组成、形态学指标以及肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

投喂频率对青鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

为研究不同投喂频率对青鱼生长和体成分的影响,采用自制的配合饲料,在日投喂量相同的情况下,分别以每天1、2、3、4、5次的投喂频率饲养5组青鱼幼鱼(平均初始体质量为0.61 g)45 d。试验结果:随着投喂频率由每天1次增至3次,青鱼幼鱼的终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率及蛋白质贮积率均显著提高(P0.05)。但当投喂频率由每天3次增至5次,这些指标在不同投喂组间无显著差异(P0.05)。对全鱼营养成分的分析表明,水分含量在不同投喂组间无显著差异(P0.05),粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量在不同投喂组间有显著差异(P0.05),其中随着投喂频率的增加,粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,而灰分含量则呈上升趋势。试验结果表明,青鱼幼鱼适宜的日投喂频率为3次。     

Effects of stocking density and feeding levels on growth and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry

The effects of stocking density and feeding levels on larval survival, growth rates, feed utilization efficiency and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry were investigated in two consecutive experiments. In experiment 1, swimup fry (0.016 g average body weight) were stocked in 20‐L fibreglass tanks, in a closed, recirculating indoor system, at five stocking densities (3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 fry L^?1) and fed a larval test diet (40% crude protein) to apparent satiation, three times a day, for 40 days. Fish survival, percentage weight gain and specific growth rate (% SGR) were negatively correlated with stocking density. The best performance was achieved at 3 fry L^?1. However, no significant differences in growth parameters were found between 3 and 5 fry L^?1. Body composition was not significantly affected by stocking density. In experiment 2, fry (0.016 g average body weight) were stocked at 5 fry L^?1, and fed a larval test diet (40% crude protein) at six feeding levels (10%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% BW day^?1) and to satiation, three times a day for 40 days. Fish growth rates and survival were extremely poor at 10% feeding level, and improved significantly with increasing feeding levels up to 30%, and levelled off with further increase in feeding levels. On the contrary, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein production value (PPV) were negatively correlated with feeding level. The lowest feeding level (10%) produced significantly lower body lipid and higher protein and ash than other feeding levels. The present results suggest that the optimum stocking density and feeding level of Nile tilapia fry are 5 fry L^?1 and 30% per day respectively.     

Effect of Dietary Lipid Level and Feeding Frequency on the Growth,Feed Utilization,and Body Composition of Juvenile Spotted Seabass,Lateolabrax maculatus

A 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary lipid levels and feeding frequencies on the growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus. Two experimental diets were prepared with two different dietary lipid contents, low lipid (7%; LL) and high lipid (14%; HL). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (5.5 ± 0.01 g) to apparent satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day, and one meal every 2 d, respectively, for 6 wk. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly affected by frequency of feeding, with increasing values as feeding frequency increased up to twice daily, regardless of dietary lipid content. In addition, fish fed the diet with the HL level (14%) showed significantly higher WG and SGR than those fed the LL diet (7%) at all the feeding frequencies tested. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were affected by both dietary lipid level and feeding frequency. FE and PER values were significantly higher in fish fed the HL diet and/or when fish were fed twice or thrice a day. However, daily feed intake and daily energy intake were significantly affected only by feeding frequency and were significantly reduced when the fish were fed only once every 2 d compared with those fed more frequently. Whole‐body moisture content of fish tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level and frequency of feeding. In contrast, whole‐body lipid content increased in fish as dietary lipid level and feeding frequency increased. Consequently, we can conclude that feeding spotted seabass twice daily to apparent satiation is acceptable and sufficient to achieve good growth and FE, as fish performance was not significantly enhanced when feeding was increased from two to three times daily.     

Response of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides to Dietary Supplementation of Lysine, Methionine, and Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Abstract.— A 12-wk feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile (36.0 ± 1.2 g) largemouth bass Microptents salmoides to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of methionine, lysine, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on growth, feed conversion and body composition. Diets were formulated to increase dietary concentrations of methionine. lysine, and PUFAs to match levels found in whole body samples of largemouth bass. The control diet was formulated similar to diets previously tested for largemouth bass. Diets 2 and 3 were similar to the control diet hut were supplemented with 2% lysine and 1% methionine, respectively. Diet 4 was formulated to increase PUFAs, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3), by replacing menhaden fish oil with squid oil. Fish were fed all they would consume in 10 min, twice daily. At harvest, there were no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05) in average individual weight or specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed the four diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of largemouth bass fed the diet supplemented with methionine (1.7) was significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) than fish fed the control diet (2.5). Fish fed the diet high in PUFA had significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) whole body lipid levels and significantly higher ( P ≤ 0.05) protein levels than fish fed the other three diets. These data indicate that the control diet in this study likely contained sufficient lysine, methionine and PUFA to meet the requirements of largemouth bass; however, additional methionine may improve feed conversion efficiency, and increased levels of PUFAs or other factors in squid oil may have a significant impact on body composition.     

Effect of Feeding Frequency, Water Temperature, and Stocking Density on the Growth of Tiger Puffer, Takifugu rubripes

Effects of daily feeding frequency, water temperature, and stocking density on the growth of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, fry were examined to develop effective techniques to produce tiger puffer in a closed recirculation system. Fish of 4, 14, and 180 g in initial body weight were fed commercial pellet diets once to five times a day to apparent satiation each by hand for 8 or 12 wk at 20 C. Daily feeding frequency did not affect the growth of 14‐ and 180‐g‐size fish. However, the daily feed consumption and weight gain of the 4‐g‐size fish fed three and five times daily were significantly higher than those of fish fed once daily (P < 0.05). Fish of 4 and 50 g in initial body weight were reared with the pellet diet at 15–30 C for 8 wk. The weight gain of fish increased with increasing water temperature up to 25 C and decreased drastically at 30 C for both sizes. Similar trends were observed for feed efficiency, although 4‐g fish had highest efficiency at 20 C. Effects of stocking density on growth were examined with fish of 8, 13, and 100 g in initial body weight. Fish were reared with the pellet diet for 8 or 16 wk at 20 C. Fish were placed in floating net cages in the culture tank, and the stocking density was determined based on the total weight of fish and volume of the net cage. Fish of 8 g in body weight grew up to 35–36 g during the 8‐wk rearing period independent of the stocking density of 8, 15, and 31 kg/m³ at the end of rearing. Final biomass per cage reached 32, 60, and 115 kg/m³ for 13‐g‐size fish, and 10, 18, and 35 kg/m³ for 100‐g‐size fish, and the growth of the fish tended to decrease with increasing stocking density for both sizes.     

饲料羟基蛋氨酸钙、DL-蛋氨酸对花鲈生长、抗氧化能力及肠道蛋白酶活性的影响

本实验研究了饲料羟基蛋氨酸钙(MHA)与DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)对花鲈生长、抗氧化能力及肠道蛋白酶活性的影响,旨在比较两种外源蛋氨酸的生物效价及在饲料中适宜的蛋氨酸添加水平。饲料中添加外源蛋氨酸有效含量为0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的MHA或DLM,配制9种实验饲料(对照组、MHA 0.2、MHA 0.4、MHA 0.6、MHA 0.8、DLM 0.2、DLM 0.4、DLM 0.6和DLM 0.8)。用该9种饲料分别投喂初始体质量为(5.67±0.05)g的花鲈8周后,采集样品进行分析。结果显示,蛋氨酸形式与水平均显著影响鱼体增重率、特定生长率,随饲料蛋氨酸水平的增加,鱼体增重率呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在蛋氨酸添加量为0.6%时达到最大值;此外,羟基蛋氨酸钙组鱼体增重率均高于同水平DL-蛋氨酸组。蛋氨酸水平显著影响饲料系数与鱼体组成,饲料系数与鱼体粗脂肪含量随蛋氨酸水平升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而粗蛋白与此相反,水分与灰分则差异不显著。随蛋氨酸水平的升高,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与对照组相比呈升高的趋势,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,而还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)与之相反。随蛋氨酸水平的升高,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的含量先降低后升高,胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷草转氨酶(AST)的活性与对照组相比呈降低的趋势。蛋氨酸添加组溶菌酶(LZM)的活性显著高于对照组。随饲料蛋氨酸水平的增加,肠道蛋白酶活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在0.6%添加量时达到最高。研究表明,饲料添加外源蛋氨酸会显著促进花鲈的生长,其中添加0.6%水平的蛋氨酸,花鲈的增重率和特定生长率最高;对特定生长率与饲料蛋氨酸水平进行回归分析,得出花鲈饲料适宜的蛋氨酸水平为1.57%;以特定生长率为评价指标,羟基蛋氨酸钙的生物学效价为DL-蛋氨酸的134.15%;添加外源蛋氨酸可以提高花鲈肝脏抗氧化能力,有利于鱼体的肝脏健康。     

饲料中脂肪与蛋白质比对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和非特异性免疫的影响

为探讨大口黑鲈饲料中不同脂肪与蛋白质含量比对其生长、体组成和非特异性免疫的影响,实验设计了8种(D1~D8)不同脂肪与蛋白质含量比的总能递增饲料。D1~D8饲料的脂肪水平递增(9.0%～26.5%),而蛋白质水平递减(52.0%～31.0%)。用上述饲料饲养体质量为(10.06±0.02)g的大口黑鲈88 d,每饲料设3重复,每重复30尾鱼。结果显示,特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪消化率和脂肪沉积率均以D2组最高,但随饲料中脂肪与蛋白质含量比的进一步升高呈现显著下降趋势。D3~D5组的蛋白质效率显著高于D1和D8组。D2、D3组与D4组间的蛋白质沉积率差异不显著,但显著高于其他各组。D1~D4组间的总能消化率差异不显著,但显著地高于其他各组。饲料中脂肪含量过高对鱼体组成产生显著的影响,使体脂的积蓄显著增高。随着饲料中脂肪与蛋白质含量比的升高,成活率呈显著下降趋势,D1和D2组的成活率显著高于D5~D8组。非特异性免疫分析显示,D4组血清溶菌酶活力和D2组血清补体活性及头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性为最高。以饲料为单因子作单因素方差分析得出,满足大口黑鲈最适生长和饲料利用的饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为49.30%和11.50%。以饲料中蛋白质和脂肪水平为自变量,分别以特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率为因变量进行二元二次回归分析得出,特定生长率最大时,饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和脂肪与蛋白质含量比分别为48.20%、12.44%和0.26;蛋白质沉积率最高时,饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和脂肪与蛋白质含量比分别为46.42%、13.96%和0.30。以饲料蛋能比为自变量作一元二次回归分析得出,蛋白质沉积率最大时,饲料的蛋能比、蛋白质、脂肪和脂肪与蛋白质含量比分别为23.72mg/kJ、46.16%、14.18%和0.31。研究认为,饲料的脂肪和蛋白质水平对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成、饲料效率和免疫力有着不同程度的影响;饲料中过高的脂肪会抑制蛋白质的消化与利用,表明脂肪对蛋白质的节约作用有限。建议大口黑鲈实用饲料的蛋白质和脂肪水平分别保持在46%~49%和11.5%~14%范围内较为适当。     

细鳞鲑幼鱼n-3 HUFA需求量的研究

为确定细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)n-3 HUFA需求量以减少鱼油使用和降低养殖成本,研究饲料中不同水平的n-3 HUFA对细鳞鲑的生长性能、体成分和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。以脱脂鱼粉、脱脂豆粕、明胶和酪蛋白为主要蛋白源,通过调节饲料中的猪油和浓缩油EPA、DHA水平,使饲料n-3HUFA的含量分别达到0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%、1.25%、1.50%,配制出6种等氮等能的试验饲料(D 0.25、D 0.50、D 0.75、D1.00、D 1.25和D 1.50),分别投喂细鳞鲑幼鱼(60.0 g±2.8 g)84 d。结果显示:饲料中n-3HUFA不同水平对细鳞鲑成活率和饲料系数没有显著影响,但是显著影响了其末重(FW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)。随着添加饲料中n-3HUFA水平的升高,FW、WGR和SGR有先升高后下降的趋势,且3者在饲料中n-3HUFA水平为0.75%均最大。随着饲料中n-3 HUFA水平的升高,鱼肌肉18∶1n-9的含量逐渐下降,而22∶6n-3的水平相应升高。结果表明,以WGR为评价指标时,用二次曲线模型推测出细鳞鲑对饲料n-3 HUFA的需求量约为0.69%。     

陆基圆池循环水条件下养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长及养殖效能的影响

为研究陆基圆池循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)适宜的养殖密度,设置55、65、75、85、95尾/m²等5种养殖密度(分别标记为A1、A2、A3、A4、A5组),进行了63 d的大口黑鲈养殖试验,通过测定和分析试验鱼的体质量日增长率、体长日增长率、饲料系数、体质量均匀度和单位面积产量等指标,评价不同养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长和主要养殖效能的影响。结果显示:(1)从次低密度的A2组(65尾/m²)至密度最高的A5组(95尾/m²),试验鱼的体长日增长率基本上随着养殖密度的提高而下降,最高的A2组比A3、A4和A5组分别高了31.6%、82.9%和92.3%,并且差异显著(P<0.05);(2)从A2组至A5组,试验鱼的体质量日增长率和特定生长率均随着养殖密度的提高而下降;(3)A2组的饲料系数比A1、A3、A4和A5组分别降低了16.7%、28.6%、55.4%和56.9%;(4)单位面积产量和产品均匀度均在A2组达到最高。基于生长性能及养殖效能的综合评价,陆基圆池循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈成鱼养殖阶段较适宜的养殖密度为65尾/m²。