清香型乌龙茶加工技术与配套设备（续）

（四）空调做青技术要点 清香型乌龙茶空调做青技术要点可归纳为“轻摇青，薄摊青，长晾青，轻发酵”。     

清香型乌龙茶空调做青设备及加工的关键技术

随着人们对自然界规律认识的不断加深以及现代科技的迅猛发展,越来越多的人工调控技术和设施被应用到茶的加工工艺中来。本文主要分析清香型乌龙茶空调做青设备及加工的关键技术。     

近年乌龙茶做青工艺的发展研究

乌龙茶是我国的传统茶类,主产于福建、广东、台湾三省。做青是乌龙茶品质形成的关键工序。本文旨在论述近30年的做青工艺发展。通过探讨青叶在做青过程中主要的生理生化变化对成茶品质影响,进而总结出我国乌龙茶自20世纪80年代以来加工工艺的演变和发展。比较现代清香型乌龙茶和传统浓香型乌龙茶的工艺差异,进一步深入对做青环境条件的控制研究。传统的乌龙茶加工,受天气影响颇大,夏暑茶制茶环境尤为严苛。现代做青新工艺采用空调做青技术,打破传统制茶困境。本文整理出对做青有影响的可能环境因素和主要环境因子参数的研究成果,提出乌龙茶做青工艺存在的问题和未来发展的设想。     

清香型乌龙茶生产加工新技术专题(三)清香型乌龙茶加工技术与配套设备(续)

(四)空调做青技术要点清香型乌龙茶空调做青技术要点可归纳为"轻摇青,薄摊青,长晾青,轻发酵"。1.轻摇青摇青力度由摇青机转速、摇青时间及摇青次数三因素构成。摇青力度一方面影响做青叶的走水规律,另一方面影响做青叶的叶组织损伤及内含物的转化程度,对乌龙茶品质形成有着重要影响。摇青力度过强,叶组织损伤度高,酶促氧化     

清香型乌龙茶空调做青设备及加工的关键技术

清香型乌龙茶是结合了台式乌龙茶与闽南传统乌龙茶的工艺发展起来的,其制作工艺通过近几年的不断改进而日趋成熟.清香型乌龙茶香气清高、滋味醇爽、叶色翠绿、汤色淡黄绿,属轻发酵乌龙茶,其做青过程为低温(18～23℃)缓慢氧化,这有利于芳香物质的形成与积累,也有利于多酚类,特别是酯型儿茶素等苦涩物质的转化.利用空调降低做青温度,在一定的湿度条件下,适当延长做青过程的凉青时间,对提高清香型乌龙茶的品质十分有利.     

智能技术在乌龙茶做青中应用探讨

乌龙茶是我国特种茶类，是出口创汇的拳头商品之一：它具有天然芳香和醇厚回甘的滋味，深受国内外消费者的喜爱：在乌龙茶初加工过程中，做青工艺是形成其特有品质的关键工序，而做青工艺的重点在于掌握摇青时间和晾青时间。长期以来，制茶师傅大多是凭着自己的经验和感官判断，通过不断地调节做青工艺措施来完成做青过程。这种做青方式往往受到加工者的经验、敏锐力、判断力以及精神状态的影响，导致茶叶品质因人而异，因时而异。如何实现乌龙茶做青的自动化、智能化，促进传统技术与现代技术相结合，达到乌龙茶初加工优质高效、清洁卫生的要求，一直是茶叶界关注的热点。     

做青工艺对乌龙茶品质影响研究进展

做青工艺是乌龙茶加工中一道重要的工序,对于乌龙茶滋味香气的形成有着重要作用。做青过程中包含了叶片的物理变化及生理生化变化,其中叶片含水量、叶片内生物酶活性及多酚类物质和香气成分的变化研究较为广泛。做青工艺的不同会形成乌龙茶不同的品质特征。空调环境下的冷做青工艺对于提高夏署茶的品质有良好的作用。     

高山清香型乌龙茶加工技术规范

1范围 本标准规定了清香型高山乌龙茶的茶厂建设、晾青间配置、茶青质量、做青与环境控制、以及做形、干燥（毛火、足火）等技术要求和操作方法。本标准适用于闽中及闽西北高山清香型铁观音茶初制。2规范性引用文件（略）3术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本标准。     

夏暑茶空调做青机理与配套工程技术

本文从温度、湿度、气流和摇青力四个因素对乌龙茶做青的影响，阐述夏暑茶利用空调做青的技术要领及配套工程技术。     

不同叶色乌龙茶品种的加工技术比较

茶树芽叶色泽与制茶品质存在密切关系。本文通过黄绿色品种黄观音、黄旦、黄玫瑰和深绿色品种铁观音、金观音、紫牡丹乌龙茶加工工艺比较试验，提出不同叶色特征乌龙茶品种适宜的做青加工技术。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。