施氮量对油后直播棉花产量和氮肥利用率的影响

2015―2016年在常德进行施氮量0，75，150，225，300 kg·hm－2的定位试验，研究施氮量对棉花产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：棉花最高产量施氮量为228.2 kg·hm^－2，经济最佳施氮量为206.8 kg·hm^－2；氮肥表观利用率、偏生产力和农学利用率均随施氮量的增加而显著降低；适宜增施氮肥能显著增加棉花单株成铃数、产量和产值。     

鄂杂棉30麦后直播高效栽培技术研究

为探寻鄂杂棉30麦后直播的适宜种植密度和施氮量,在见花一次施肥的基础上,采用裂区设计,以密度（60 000株·hm^－2,75 000株·hm^－2）为主区,氮肥施用量（135 kg·hm^－2,195 kg·hm^－2,255 kg·hm^－2）为副区,研究了鄂杂棉30产量及其形成过程。结果表明,各处理平均实收籽棉产量达到3 148 kg·hm^－2,皮棉1 269 kg·hm^－2,其中D1N2（60 000株·hm^－2,195 kg·hm^－2）产量最高,分别为3 331 kg·hm^－2和1 344 kg·hm^－2。但各处理间产量无显著差异,说明该品种具有较强的群体调节和肥料适应能力,在迟播、增密条件下所试验的密度和肥料水平范围内都能获得较高产量。     

10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病的防治效果

应用10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病进行全程高效控制技术研究，即用1000倍液药剂和棉籽按质量比1︰1进行拌种处理24～48 h，药剂和种子用量均为22.5～37.5 g·hm^－2（主动防治）；现蕾初期用1000倍液灌根，药剂用量450 g·hm^－2（被动防治）；秋桃盖顶时用1000倍液叶面喷施，药剂用量900 g·hm^－2（补救防治）。示范面积78.47 hm²，技术辐射面积666.67 hm²。结果表明，应用10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病进行灌根和叶面喷施处理的防效分别达96%和88%以上，优于对照药剂50%多菌灵WP 67%和53%的防效。测产结果表明，示范田、技术辐射田皮棉产量分别为1987.35 kg·hm^－2和1801.35 kg·hm^－2，比对照田增产369.15 kg·hm^－2和183.15 kg·hm^－2，增幅达22.81%和11.32%。     

旱碱地增施叶面肥对减氮棉田冠层光分布及产量的影响

为了研究机采种植模式下不同水平减施氮肥后增施叶面肥对棉花花铃期冠层光分布、叶面积指数及与产量的影响，旱碱地条件下，设置0（CK）、60（N1）、90（N2）、120（N3）、150（N4）、180（N5，当地常规施氮量）、225 kg·hm^－2 （N6）7个施氮水平，其中N1～N4喷施叶面肥4次，测定花铃期群体叶面积指数（Leaf area index, LAI）、冠层光分布和籽棉产量。结果表明：与当地常规施氮量相比，减施（60～150 kg·hm^－2）氮肥后，棉花花铃期叶面积指数降低0.7%～5.5%，冠层光总截获率降低0.2～1.7百分点，冠层光透射率升高0.2～0.8百分点；各减施氮肥处理群体叶面积指数与冠层上层叶片的光截获率均呈显著正相关，与下层叶片的光截获率则呈负相关；籽棉产量随施氮量的减少而降低，二者有较高的相关性（R²＝0.990 5）。减氮（90～150 kg·hm^－2）增施叶面肥处理的LAI、冠层光总截获率、光透射率、冠层上下层叶片光截获率以及籽棉产量与当地常规施氮量180 kg·hm^－2处理差异均不显著。综上，旱碱地机采模式棉田增施叶面肥，对减施氮肥棉花花铃期冠层光分布、叶面积指数及籽棉产量有一定补偿作用。     

旱碱地增施叶面肥对减氮棉田冠层光分布及产量的影响

为了研究机采种植模式下不同水平减施氮肥后增施叶面肥对棉花花铃期冠层光分布、叶面积指数及与产量的影响,旱碱地条件下,设置0（CK）、60（N1）、90（N2）、120（N3）、150（N4）、180（N5,当地常规施氮量）、225 kg·hm^－2 （N6）7个施氮水平,其中N1～N4喷施叶面肥4次,测定花铃期群体叶面积指数（Leaf area index, LAI）、冠层光分布和籽棉产量。结果表明：与当地常规施氮量相比,减施（60～150 kg·hm^－2）氮肥后,棉花花铃期叶面积指数降低0.7%～5.5%,冠层光总截获率降低0.2～1.7百分点,冠层光透射率升高0.2～0.8百分点;各减施氮肥处理群体叶面积指数与冠层上层叶片的光截获率均呈显著正相关,与下层叶片的光截获率则呈负相关;籽棉产量随施氮量的减少而降低,二者有较高的相关性（R²＝0.990 5）。减氮（90～150 kg·hm^－2）增施叶面肥处理的LAI、冠层光总截获率、光透射率、冠层上下层叶片光截获率以及籽棉产量与当地常规施氮量180 kg·hm^－2处理差异均不显著。综上,旱碱地机采模式棉田增施叶面肥,对减施氮肥棉花花铃期冠层光分布、叶面积指数及籽棉产量有一定补偿作用。     

玉米子粒产量及氨基酸含量对氮肥类型和用量的响应

以始于2006年的长期定位试验为研究平台，评价持续施用有机肥氮和化肥氮13年对郑单958子粒产量和氨基酸组分及含量的影响。结果表明，玉米子粒含有17种氨基酸，其中，谷氨酸含量最高，胱氨酸和蛋氨酸含量最低。施用氮肥显著提高玉米产量和氨基酸含量，低氮量60 kg/hm²，有机肥氮处理子粒产量低于化肥氮处理；施氮量120～360 kg/hm²，有机肥氮与化肥氮处理子粒产量差异不显著；施氮量420～600 kg/hm²，有机肥氮处理子粒产量显著高于化肥氮处理。施氮量0～600 kg/hm²范围内，施氮量越高氨基酸含量越大且化肥氮处理的氨基酸含量大于等量有机肥氮处理，有机肥氮118.5～600 kg/hm²、化肥氮91.9～600 kg/hm²可以获得最优总氨基酸含量。兼顾子粒产量和氨基酸综合评价的多元统计分析表明，长期施用有机肥氮120～420 kg/hm²、化肥氮120～300 kg/hm²，可实现玉米产量和氨基酸品质...     

基于6 000 kg·hm－2以上籽棉产量水平的高产高效理论

提高棉花产量是棉农增收的根本途径，实现6 000 kg·hm^－2以上籽棉高产水平应满足如下群体质量特征要求：品种为环境适应性强、高光效且化调敏感的抗虫杂交种；密度在2.40万～3.00万株·hm^－2范围，棉花总铃数120万～135万；成铃时空均衡分布，伏前桃、伏桃、秋桃分别占5%、45%、50%，上、中、下部成铃各占35%、35%、30%，内、外围铃各占52%、48%。在6 000 kg· hm^－2以上籽棉产量目标下，棉花个体要达到“120壮株型、555超大铃”标准，即株高120 cm以上，高质量成铃时间达到70 d，单株果节120个以上，单株50铃以上，内围成铃占52%、外围成铃占48%，秋桃占50%左右、铃重6 g以上。     

密度和氮肥互作对单粒精播花生SPAD值、植株和产量性状的影响

本研究旨在探讨单粒精播花生生理性状和产量性状对密度和氮肥的响应。选择山东省烟台市招远鲁东丘陵地,作物两年三熟。2018和2019年,以出口大花生品种花育22为试验材料进行大田试验,设置了3个种植密度（12万、20万、28万株/hm²,分别表示为D1、D2和D3）和4个施氮量（0、50、115、180 kg/hm²,分别表示为N0、N50、N115、N180）,于不同生育时期调查分析花生SPAD值、植株和产量性状。研究结果表明,种植密度和施氮量均显著影响花生叶绿素含量、干物质量、植株性状和产量性状,且两者互作效应显著。在D2密度条件下,花生荚果产量较D1密度和D3密度分别高24.31%～45.04%和10.57%～15.13%,成熟期叶绿素含量分别高3.70%～27.82%和6.10%～18.94%,成熟期干物质量分别高7.31%～32.34%和10.65%～34.59%,且差异性均达到了显著水平。在D2密度下,施氮量在50～180 kg/hm²范围内,花生荚果产量、叶绿素含量和干物质量均显著高于无氮处理,各施氮处理表现为N115 > N180 > N50 > N0,以施氮量为115 kg/hm²时花生荚果产量最大,较N50和N180处理分别提高了6.83%和3.90%,叶绿素含量、干物质量和植株性状也协同提高。综合考虑生理性状、产量性状等因素,在本试验条件下,单粒精播花生栽培在低密度12万株/hm²下,花生主要产量性状随着施氮量的增加而增加,以种植密度为20万株/hm²,施氮量为115 kg/hm²较为适宜。     

鲁西南植棉区蒜套棉氮肥施用量试验初探

为探讨蒜套棉适宜的施氮水平,以鲁西南植棉区主栽品种瑞杂818为试验材料,设置45、90、135、180和225 kg·hm^－2 5个施氮水平,研究不同施氮量对土壤氮肥残留量、棉花生育期、棉花农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,土壤氮肥残留量增加,棉花生育期延长且生殖生长推迟,产量则呈现先增后减的趋势。综合考虑棉花需氮情况,135 kg·hm^－2施氮处理可以满足鲁西南蒜套棉种植模式下棉花生长需求,既有效地提高产量,又控制了成本。     

氮肥运筹对玉米干物质及氮素积累转运和产量的影响

2015~2016年进行田间氮肥试验,研究分次施肥和施氮量对玉米干物质、氮素积累特性和产量的影响。供试品种为郑单958,采用二因素裂区设置,主区2种施氮方式,全部基施和50%基施+50%大喇叭口期追施;副区68、113、181、249 kg/hm²4种施氮量,对照为不施氮肥,测定干物质和氮素积累量以及产量与产量构成。结果表明,追施氮肥前,一次性基施比分次施肥的干物质及氮素积累量高;追施氮肥后,分次施肥比一次性基施的干物质及氮素积累量高,分次施肥且施氮量为181 kg/hm²时整个生育期干物质和氮素积累量最高。各处理间的子粒产量和产量结构达显著差异水平,通过施氮量与产量的模拟方程显示,理论最高产量为9288.95 kg/hm²,对应的施氮量为202.93 kg/hm²。综合以上结果,说明基施90.5 kg/hm²+追施90.5 kg/hm²的氮肥运筹可获得玉米较高产量。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.