17个阔叶树种在退化马尾松林的早期生长表现

对东莞莲花山自然保护区退化马尾松林林分2002年种植的17个3年生阔叶树种的树高、胸径以及冠幅进行测量和分析.结果表明,各个树种之间树高、胸径和冠幅生长均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01).除红荷、桃花心木、仪花、格木和马占相思以外,其余12个树种树高与胸径生长表现出显著正相关(P＜0.05 ).综合树高、胸径和冠幅3个指标对17个阔叶树种的生长数据进行聚类分析,桃花心木、火力楠、铁冬青、尖叶杜英和仪花生长较慢;枫香、格木、红锥、米老排、樟树、木荷、木棉和南洋楹生长速度中等;红荷和黧蒴生长较快;千年桐和马占相思生长迅速.总体而言,试验的1 7个阔叶树种对退化马尾松林的景观恢复取得一定成效.     

17个阔叶树种在退化马尾松林的早期生长表现

对东莞莲花山自然保护区退化马尾松林林分2002年种植的17个3年生阔叶树种的树高、胸径以及冠幅进行测量和分析。结果表明,各个树种之间树高、胸径和冠幅生长均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。除红荷、桃花心木、仪花、格木和马占相思以外,其余12个树种树高与胸径生长表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综合树高、胸径和冠幅3个指标对17个阔叶树种的生长数据进行聚类分析,桃花心木、火力楠、铁冬青、尖叶杜英和仪花生长较慢;枫香、格木、红锥、米老排、樟树、木荷、木棉和南洋楹生长速度中等;红荷和黧蒴生长较快;千年桐和马占相思生长迅速。总体而言,试验的17个阔叶树种对退化马尾松林的景观恢复取得一定成效。     

加勒比松林林分改造树种的生长分析

对用于两块加勒比松林改造样地的8种阔叶树种(样地1:藜蒴Castanopsis fissa、油茶Camellia oleifera、大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis、红桂木Artocarpus nitidus;样地2:荷木Schima argentea、光叶山矾Symplocos lancifolia、竹节树Carallia brachiata、油茶)的生长进行了试验研究。结果表明:样地1的树高排序为藜蒴大叶相思红桂木油茶,胸径排序为藜蒴油茶红桂木大叶相思,冠幅排序为藜蒴红桂木油茶大叶相思,黎蒴的生长状况最好,树高、胸径及冠幅均最大。样地2的树高排序为荷木光叶山矾竹节树油茶,胸径排序为油茶光叶山矾荷木竹节树,冠幅排序为油茶光叶山矾荷木竹节树,荷木长的最高,但油茶的在胸径和冠幅上生长更好。总体来看,藜蒴、大叶相思、荷木和油茶是加勒比松林改造的优良树种。     

马尾松人工林强度采伐后套种阔叶树种的生长动态

研究马尾松人工林强度采伐后套种的不同树种的生长动态规律,筛选适宜的套种树种,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。2008年2月于15年生马尾松人工林采用4个强度进行采伐,即保留密度分别为225(Ⅰ)、300(Ⅱ)、375(Ⅲ)和450(Ⅳ)株/hm2,于林下均匀套种大叶栎、红椎、灰木莲、香梓楠、格木等5个乡土阔叶树种,2008年底调查套种阔叶树的胸径、树高和冠幅等生长指标,此后至2016年每2年测定1次,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析这些生长指标对不同强度采伐的动态响应。结果表明:采伐强度显著影响林下套种阔叶树的生长,其中大叶栎和灰木莲的胸径、树高和冠幅以及红椎的胸径和冠幅的生长随保留密度增大而减小,而红椎、格木的树高生长受采伐强度影响不大;格木的胸径和冠幅以及香梓楠的树高和冠幅生长在套种第7年之前受采伐强度影响不大,此后其生长随保留密度增大而减小;香梓楠的胸径生长则一直随保留密度增大而增大。大叶栎的胸径、树高和冠幅以及灰木莲的树高和冠幅、红椎的树高生长高峰出现在套种后第3年;红椎、灰木莲、香梓楠的胸径生长高峰出现在第5年;格木的胸径、树高和冠幅以及香梓楠的树高和冠幅、红椎的冠幅生长高峰出现在套种后第9年。马尾松人工林强度采伐后套种阔叶树的生长动态表现为大叶栎红椎灰木莲香梓楠格木。大叶栎、红椎、灰木莲的生长随采伐强度的增大而增大,而香梓楠、格木受采伐强度的影响不显著。综合比较5种套种树种的生长特性,在桂西南开展马尾松中龄林近自然化改造,选用大叶栎、红椎、灰木莲进行林下套种,宜采用采伐强度Ⅰ、Ⅱ,而套种香梓楠、格木则宜采用采伐强度Ⅲ、Ⅳ。     

粤西地区23个阔叶树种早期生长比较

对南亚热带森林群落恢复标准化示范区23个阔叶树种的早期生长进行了调查与分析。结果表明：23个阔叶树种在本地区有极强的适应性,且在树高、胸径、冠幅生长上均存在着极显著差异,为树种选择提供了依据;米老排、黎蒴栲生长速度最快;红锥、灰木莲、山杜英、锥栗、枫香、樟树生长较快;非洲桃花心木生长速度中等;其他树种生长较慢。     

马尾松格木幼林混交效果研究

【目的】通过分析不同混交模式下马尾松及格木生长量差异,探讨马尾松与格木混交的适宜模式,为马尾松格木混交林的营建提供理论基础。【方法】以广西凭祥5年生马尾松和格木人工林为研究对象,分析不同混交模式及混交比例马尾松和格木的胸径、树高、冠幅及材积的差异,探寻马尾松格木混交合理的混交模式和混交比例。【结果】1)不同混交模式马尾松胸径、树高、冠幅和材积均差异显著。处理a和CK3林分平均胸径最大,均为5.9 cm,CK3林分平均树高、上下冠幅和左右冠幅最大,分别为4.9、2.4和2.7 m。CK3的单株材积最大为0.0082 m3,处理c林分平均胸径、平均树高和单株材积均最小,分别为5.0 cm、4.1 m和0.0051 m3,同时上下冠幅和左右冠幅最小,分别为2.0 m和2.1 m。2)不同混交模式格木胸径、树高、冠幅和材积均差异显著。CK2林分平均胸径最大为5.1 cm,最小为处理c的4.1 cm。处理a和CK1林分平均树高最高,均为4.8 m,处理c树高最低为4.0 m。处理a、处理b和CK2上下冠幅最大,均为2.4 m,处理c上下冠幅最小为2.0 m,CK1左右冠幅最大为2.8 m,处理c左右冠幅最小为2.1 m。CK2格木单株材积最大为0.0058 m3,处理c单株材积最小为0.0035 m3。3)不同的混交模式和混交比例不影响径级数量的分布规律,各处理及对照中马尾松和格木的径级均呈正态分布。【结论】马尾松与格木幼林4种混交模式在胸径、树高、冠幅和材积均存在显著差异,马尾松与格木(75丛·hm^-2)各项生长指标相对较优,其次为马尾松+格木(4:1)行状混交,生长表现最差为马尾松+格木(210丛·hm^-2)。综合考虑,以培育马尾松大径材为经营目标,早期应选择马尾松与格木(75丛·hm^-2)模式进行混交。     

饶平县林分改造树种选择研究初报

在广东省潮州市饶平县3种林分类型中进行8种树种的造林试验,结果表明：种植后20个月,马占相思、南酸枣、桃花心木和红椿生长快、长势好,地径年平均生长量分别为3.17,3.03,2.34,2.02 cm;树高年平均生长量分别为136.1,122.9,91.3,87.6 cm;冠幅年平均生长量分别为59.5,95.9,49.8,57.1 cm。重阳木、枫香和樟树生长中等, 地径年平均生长量分别为1.58,1.61,1.33 cm, 树高年平均生长量分别为67.7,57.1,49.3 cm, 冠幅年平均生长量分别为19.6,20.2,49.3 cm。乐昌含笑生长较慢,地径年平均生长量仅为1.05 cm,树高年平均生长量为30.4 cm,冠幅年平均生长量为11.9 cm,不适合作为改造树种在粤东地区种植。     

7 a生人工林20种阔叶树种的生长分析

通过对广东省东江林场7 a生人工林20个树种的生长表现调查及综合分析,结果显示：不同树种间的树高、胸径、冠幅均差异极显著（P＜0.01）,而且3个指标间显著正相关,通过聚类分析可将20个树种分为4类,红花荷和南酸枣生长表现最优,属于速生树种;西南桦、深山含笑、山杜英、翻白叶、山桂花、青冈、红锥、大叶紫薇生长表现次之;阴香、荷木、枫香、火力楠、海南红豆、黎蒴、樟树属中等速生树种;格木、楝叶吴茱萸、麻楝生长较慢.     

茂名市防火林带树种选择问题的探讨

各树种生长速度的比较为探索各防火树种在本地的适应性,茂名市林科所在信宜西江营造防火林带试验林,参试树种有6种。从试验结果来看,除了速生的马占相思、大叶相思占尽优势外,荷木、红椎也不失为可选树种。就树高来说,4年生马占相思、大叶相思、荷木及红椎的生长为:4.3m、3.16m     

马占相思等4个相思树种的造林生长对比试验

1999年在惠州市古榕山进行了马占相思、厚荚相思、纹荚相思、肯氏相思的生长对比试验。试验结果表明：马占相思最速生，树高、胸径生长均显著地大于肯氏相思。纹荚相思、厚荚相思次之，胸径生长也显著大于肯氏相思。肯氏相思生长量较差，但其树形、花美观，作为园林绿化树种发展有较好的前景。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.