Effects of formic acid and corn flour supplementation of banana pseudostem silages on nutritional quality of silage,growth, digestion,rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding formic acid and corn flour supplementation to banana pseudostem silages on the nutritional quality of these silages, growth, digestion, rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats fed these silages. Banana pseudostem silage was prepared either conventionally without any additives(CON) or mixed with 0.6% formic acid(F), 10% corn flour(C), or both(F+C). Four experimental diets containing 40% of the corresponding silages were designed with roughage to concentrate ratio of 50:50(dry matter(DM) basis). A total of 48 Nubian black castrated goats(body weight(BW),(22.64±1.82) kg; 4-mon-old) were randomized into one of the four treatment groups with 12 replicates of one castrated goat per replicate for each treatment in a completely randomized design. Each group was fed on one of the four experimental diets for 40 days. A factorial arrangement of treatments of 2(formic acid levels: 0 and 0.6%)×2(corn flour: 0 and 10%) was adopted. Formic acid supplementation increased(P0.05) average daily gain, as well as lactic acid, propionate and butyric acid and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations, but decreased(P0.05) the feed conversion rate, p H value, acetate/propionate ratio, and butyric acid concentration relative to the CON group. Corn flour supplementation increased(P0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrate and Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens populations, but decreased(P0.05) the Ruminococcus flavefaciens population relative to the CON group. There were no F×C treatment interactions(P0.05) for any of the other indices except for the apparent digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrate(NFC)(P0.05). The results demonstrated that adding 0.6% formic acid and 10% corn flour supplementation to banana pseudostem silages improved the nutritional quality of these silages and enhanced the growth performance of Nubian black castrated goats by improving apparent nutrient digestibility, and regulating ruminal fermentation and bacteria populations.     

Long term effects of artificial rearing before weaning on the growth performance,ruminal microbiota and fermentation of fattening lambs

Early life intervention is important to shape the gut microbiome profiles of adult animals due to the tremendous alteration of diet components. Nevertheless, there is still no unified understanding about its long-term effects in lambs. In this study, sixty 20-day-old lambs were assigned into ewe-rearing (ER) and artificial-rearing (AR) treatments to evaluate the effects of AR strategy on ruminal microbiota, fermentation, and morphology of pre-weaning lambs (from 20 to 60 days of age) and its long-term effects in the fattening stage (from 61 to 180 days of age). During the pre-weaning stage, ER lambs were breastfed and supplemented starter, while AR lambs were artificially fed with milk replacer and starter. During the fattening stage, all lambs in both treatments were fed with the same fattening diets. At 60, 120 and 180 days of age, 6 lambs from each group were slaughtered to collect rumen content and tissue samples. Compared with ER lambs, the dry matter feed intakes of AR lambs increased (P<0.05) from 20 to 180 days of age, companying an increased average daily gain (ADG) from 61 to 120 days of age (P<0.05) and from 121 to 180 days of age (0.05<P<0.1). Although there was no difference in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate) between treatments before weaning (P>0.05), it was higher (P<0.05) in AR lambs compared with ER lambs at the fattening stage. The rumen keratin layer of AR lambs was thinner (P<0.05) than that of ER lambs. Along with lamb growth from 60 to 180 days of age, the differences in rumen bacterial diversity between AR and ER treatments grew more distinct (P<0.05). Compared with ER lambs, AR lambs increased (P<0.05) rumen bacteria abundance, such as phylum Spirochaetes and genus Treponema at 60 days of age, phylum Actinobacteria and genus Succiniclasticum at 120 days of age, and phylum Proteobacteria at 180 days of age, but decreased genus Selenomonas from 60 to 180 days of age, and Anaerovibrio at 180 days of age. In summary, the early interventions before weaning could improve dry matter feed intake of lambs, which triggered robust rumen development and produced positive long-term effects on rumen fermentation and noticeable weight gain of fattening lambs. It suggests that the artificial rearing strategy is effective in improving rumen fermentation and microbial maturity of intensive fattening lambs.     

The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation,methane production,ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculums on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Corn stover was ensiled without(control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Enterococcus faecalis(EF), and Enterococcus mundtii(EM) for 45 days. The fermentation characteristics were assessed, and subsequent in vitro dry matter digestibility(DM-D), neutral detergent fiber digestibility(NDF-D), volatile fatty acids(VFA), methane(CH_4) production, cellulolytic bacteria proportions and their activities per corn stover silage were also determined. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the silage pH, lactic acid, crude protein(CP), water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) and lignocelluloses contents of different treatments. The relative proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, carboxymethyl-ocellulose and β-glycosidase activities, DM-D, NDF-D, and VFA production of in vitro incubation was higher(P0.05) for silages inoculated with LP and EF than those of the control silage. Silage inoculated with LP showed the lowest(P0.05) CH_4 production per unit yield of VFA, which was positively corresponded to the lowest(P0.05) ratio of acetate to propionate. In summary, the ensiling fermentation quality and subsequent utilization of corn stover silage were efficiently improved by inoculated with L. plantarum.     

日粮添加烟酸对活体外瘤胃发酵和纤维降解的影响

采用体外产气量法,研究了在高水平玉米秸(70%)底物日粮中添加烟酸(0、3和9μg/mL)对瘤胃发酵和纤维降解的影响。结果显示:日粮添加烟酸显著提高了72 h产气量、48 h总挥发酸的浓度、发酵液的羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的活性以及72 h干物质、中性洗涤纤维的降解率(P<0.05),而对发酵液的潜在产气量、产气速度、pH、氨态氮浓度、各挥发酸摩尔比、原虫和细菌的数量以及微晶纤维素酶活、酸性洗涤纤维的降解率无显著影响(P>0.05)。随烟酸添加水平的增加,原虫的数量(P=0.082)、潜在产气量(P=0.056)、微晶纤维素酶活(P=0.078)和酸性洗涤纤维的降解率(P=0.093)均呈上升的趋势。添加烟酸3和9μg/mL组的乙酸生成量分别提高5.33%、7.57%,丙酸生成量分别提高5.61%、7.74%,干物质降解率分别提高3.34%、3.37%,中性洗涤纤维降解率分别提高2.69%、2.76%,酸性洗涤纤维降解率分别提高了2.33%、2.41%。体外试验表明:在高水平玉米秸(70%)底物日粮中添加烟酸促进了纤维降解。     

Effects of Limiting Amino Acids on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Community In vitro

Three goats fitted with cannula were used to provide rumen liquor to investigate the effects of limiting amino acids on rumen fermentation and microbial community in vitro. The removal method was used in the current experiments. Treatments are total essential amino acid （TEAA）, His-removal, Lys-removal, Met-removal, and branch chain amino acid （BCAA）- removal. Results indicated that, pH-value ranged between 5.9 and 6.8, with the highest mean value for the group with BCAA-removal （6.54） in the culture. Concentration of NH3-N ranged between 10.99 to 30.51 mg 100 mL^-1, with the group of TEAA recording the highest average NH3-N concentration （17.85 mg 100 mL^-1）. Yields of microbial protein and limiting degree on microbial growth varied with treatments （P 〈 0.01）, and the lowest accrued in treatment with BCAA-removal （0.1389, 0.1772, and 0.3161 mg mL^-1 for bacteria, protozoa, and mixed microbes, respectively）, compared to the group with TEAA, microbial production of mixed microbes decreased by 44.52%. As for micro-flora, protozoa to bacteria ratio was the lowest for the group with Lys-removal （89.12%）, while the highest for the group with BCAA-removal （127.60%） （P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, PCR-SSCP analysis revealed that, microbial profile subjected to substrates within bacteria and protozoa groups. It was therefore concluded that, dietary amino acid influenced both rumen fermentation and microbial characteristics.     

Effect of dioscorea opposite waste on growth performance,blood parameters,rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial community in weaned lambs

This study investigated the effects of dioscorea opposite waste (DOW) on the growth performance, blood parameters, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota of weaned lambs. Sixty healthy weaned Small-Tailed Han lambs (male, (22.68±2.56) kg initially) were used as the experimental animals. Four levels of concentrate: 0 (control, CON), 10% (DOW1), 15% (DOW2) and 20% (DOW3), were replaced with DOW in the basal diet as experimental treatments. The results showed that lambs fed the DOW2 diet had a higher (P<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) than the other groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among DOW groups in average daily weight gain (ADG), and replacing concentrate with DOW linearly or quadratically increased (P<0.05) the ADG, while lambs fed the DOW2 diet showed greater (P<0.05) ADG than the CON group. The relative plasma concentration of growth hormone (GH), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin were affected by DOW, replacing concentrate with DOW linearly or quadratically (P<0.05) enhanced the plasma concentration of GH, IGF-1 and insulin, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the DOW2 group than in the CON, DOW1 and DOW3 groups. In addition, the DOW treatment showed a lower (P<0.05) concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) than the CON group. Replacing concentrate with DOW quadratically decreased (P<0.05) the ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and increased (P<0.05) the total of volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) at 0 and 4 h after feeding as well as linearly decreased (P<0.05) the NH₃-N at 8 h after feeding. Replacing concentrate with DOW linearly decreased (P<0.05) the propionate and increased the aceate before feeding, and linearly decreased (P<0.05) propionate and quadratically increased (P<0.05) the aceate at 4 and 8 h after feeding. Lambs fed the DOW2 diet increased the phylum Firmicutes and genera Succiniclasticum and Ruminococcus_1 groups, whereas decreased (P<0.05) the relative abundance of phylum Deferribacteres and genera intestinimonas and Ruminiclostridium. In summary, replacing the concentrate with 15% DOW was beneficial for improving the rumen fermentation and ADG by increasing the DMI and modulating the rumen microbial community.     

产气量法研究不同植物提取物对瘤胃体外发酵的影响

为研究植物蜕皮甾酮、大蒜提取物、苍术提取物、桑叶提取物和牛蒡子提取物对瘤胃体外发酵的影响,试验利用体外产气量法设对照组(未添加组)和5个试验组,每种植物提取物的添加水平为1.5%,测定了发酵24和48h的DM消化率以及发酵96h的发酵参数。结果显示:1)和对照组相比,各试验组24hDM消化率无显著性差异(P0.05),植物蜕皮甾酮和大蒜提取物组48h的DM消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);2)各植物提取物对96h产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气速率均无显著性影响(P0.05);3)各组之间pH无显著性差异(P0.05);植物蜕皮甾酮、桑叶提取物和苍术提取物组的NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05);植物蜕皮甾酮和桑叶提取物显著降低了总挥发酸浓度(P0.05),而牛蒡子提取物显著提高了总挥发酸浓度(P0.05);各提取物均降低乙酸摩尔比,升高了丙酸的摩尔比,但差异不显著(P0.05)。添加上述提取物能够降低体外发酵NH3-N浓度、提高48hDM消化率,可以一定程度的改善瘤胃发酵模式。     

Effects of yeast and yeast cell wall polysaccharides supplementation on beef cattle growth performance,rumen microbial populations and lipopolysaccharides production

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of live yeast and yeast cell wall polysaccharides on growth performance, rumen function and plasma lipopolysaccharides(LPS) content and immunity parameters of beef cattle. Forty Qinchuan cattle were randomly assigned to one of four treatments with 10 replicates in each treatment. The dietary treatments were: control diet(CTR), CTR supplemented with 1 g live yeast(2×1010 live cell g–1 per cattle per day(YST1), CTR supplemented with 2 g live yeast per cattle per day(YST2) and CTR supplemented with 20 g of yeast cell wall polysaccharides(30.0%≤β-glucan≤35.0%, and 28.0%≤mannanoligosaccharide≤32.0%) per cattle per day(YCW). The average daily gain was higher(P=0.023) and feed conversion ratio was lower(P=0.042) for the YST2 than the CTR. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber(P=0.039) and acid detergent fiber(P=0.016) were higher in yeast supplemented groups. The acetic acid:propionic acid of the YST2 was lower compared with the CTR(P=0.033). Plasma LPS(P=0.032), acute phase protein haptoglobin(P=0.033), plasma amyloid A(P=0.015) and histamine(P=0.038) were lower in the YST2 compared with the CTR. The copies of fibrolytic microbial populations such as Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus albus 7 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 of the YST2 were higher(P0.001), while the copies of typical lactate producing bacteria Streptococcus bovis JB1 was lower(P0.001) compared with the CTR. Little differences were observed between the CTR, YST1 and YCW in growth performance, ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial populations, immunity indices and total tract nutrient digestibility. It is concluded that the YST2 could promote fibrolytic microbial populations, decrease starch-utilizing bacteria, reduce LPS production in the rumen and LPS absorption into plasma and decrease inflammatory parameters, which can lead to an improvement in growth performance in beef cattle.     

麦秸对湖羊瘤胃发酵代谢及肠道组织形态的影响

为探讨麦秸作为粗饲料的可行性,以苜蓿作为对照,通过对湖羊的饲喂试验分析麦秸对瘤胃发酵代谢及肠道组织形态的影响,测定湖羊的消化道内容物pH及重量、血液及瘤胃液脂多糖含量、瘤胃液酶活力、挥发性脂肪酸含量及脏器指数,并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:1)与苜蓿干草组相比,麦秸组瘤胃pH显著降低(P0.05),网胃、瓣胃、皱胃及肠道pH无显著差异;2)与苜蓿干草组相比,麦秸组瘤胃内容物重及占宰前活重比例极显著升高(P0.01);3)两组湖羊瘤胃内容物和血液中脂多糖浓度均无显著性差异;4)麦秸组瘤胃内容物中木聚糖酶活力显著高于苜蓿干草组(P0.01);5)两组湖羊瘤胃中挥发性脂肪酸含量无显著差异;6)两组湖羊脏器指数无显著差异;7)两组湖羊十二指肠、空肠和盲肠组织形态无病理性变化。综上,与苜蓿相比,饲喂麦秸在一定程度上减缓了湖羊瘤胃排空速率,显著提高瘤胃木聚糖酶活力,促进纤维水解;饲喂苜蓿或麦秸均不会改变湖羊瘤胃发酵类型,不会影响瘤胃代谢及肠道组织形态,为麦秸在反刍动物上的合理利用提供了基础数据。     

瘤胃微生物不同区系的硝态氮还原、甲烷产生和发酵参数比较

【目的】以硝态氮为惟一氮源,评价体外培养瘤胃微生物不同区系还原硝酸盐的程度以及对甲烷产生和发酵参数的影响。【方法】采用Menke人工瘤胃产气法进行24h厌氧发酵,以硝酸钠、可溶性淀粉和微晶纤维素组成纯合日粮,用物理离心和化学抑制剂相结合的方法,将瘤胃液分成8种区系:全瘤胃液(WRF)、原虫(P)、细菌(B)、真菌(F)、原虫+细菌(P+B)、原虫+真菌(P+F)、细菌+真菌(B+F)和负对照(CTN),测定微生物硝酸盐降解率及发酵参数。【结果】P区系硝酸盐降解率显著高于B区系(P0.001),P+F及B+F区系硝酸盐降解率低;WRF产气量和硝酸盐降解率最高,P+B和P区系次之,这3个区系的甲烷(CH4)、总挥发酸(TVFA)含量和乙酸比例均高于其它区系(P0.001);硝酸盐的还原有利于微生物蛋白的合成,P+B区系的合成量最高。【结论】瘤胃原虫(P)和细菌(B)区系具有高还原硝酸盐(NO3-)和亚硝酸盐(NO2-)能力,原虫区系的硝态氮还原能力更强;真菌(F)区系培养于此发酵底物中,还原硝酸盐的能力很弱,几乎可以忽略。瘤胃原虫和细菌区系是硝态氮还原、产甲烷和微生物蛋白合成的主要区系。     

青蒿素对山羊瘤胃发酵和微生物氮素微循环的影响

【目的】青蒿素是天然青蒿属植物的提取物,它很早就在中国传统中药中被用作抗疟疾、抗肿瘤和驱虫等药物。为探讨青蒿素对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、瘤胃内环境及其瘤胃微生物蛋白质循环的影响,确定青蒿素的对瘤胃发酵调控的效果和适宜添加量,为青蒿素作为一种新的瘤胃调控剂在反刍动物生产中应用提供依据。【方法】采用4只带有瘤胃瘘管的徐淮白山羊为试验动物,饲喂以玉米、豆粕和羊草为主组成的基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加占日粮干物质0,0.2%,0.4%和0.6%的青蒿素,进行4×4拉丁方设计试验,研究对山羊瘤胃发酵参数、瘤胃微生物种群变化;采用DTAF荧光染料标记细菌（FLB）的一种新方法测定瘤胃原虫吞噬细菌速率和吞噬量的影响。【结果】山羊瘤胃液中pH值平均值的范围在6.85-7.16,在瘤胃的正常范围内;青蒿素能够降低NH₃-N浓度,其中0.4%和0.6%两个处理组的瘤胃液中NH₃-N浓度与对照组差异显著。青蒿素能够提高乙酸、丙酸及、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的摩尔浓度及丙酸的摩尔浓度百分比,能降低乙酸/丙酸比,各添加组的乙酸/丙酸比显著或极显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);随着青蒿素添加量的增加,细菌蛋白产量增加,其中,以0.6%添加组最高,与对照组差异极显著(P＜0.01);0.4%和0.6%添加组的原虫蛋白产量极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);青蒿素对瘤胃液肽浓度的均值没有显著影响。同时,添加青蒿素后,瘤胃中细菌总数增加而原虫总数减少,使瘤胃原虫种属结构变化。添加青蒿素能显著影响原虫对细菌的吞噬速率,对照组和添加0.2%,0.4%和0.6%青蒿素处理组的吞噬速率分别为：320.11cells/（cell h）、313.94cells/（cell h）、305.00cells/（cell h）、278.14cells/（cell h）。【结论】添加青蒿素能显著影响瘤胃发酵类型,具有降低瘤胃中氨态氮浓度的趋势;同时可显著降低瘤胃中原虫密度,增加了细菌密度,改变瘤胃中原虫的种属构成比例;使瘤胃内毛虫比例显著降低,使双毛虫和等毛虫比例显著提高。添加0.6%青蒿素能显著降低山羊瘤胃内菌体蛋白的微循环,使山羊瘤胃原虫吞噬速率和微生物氮循环量减少而提高饲料蛋白质的潜在利用效率。     

Comparison of forage yield,silage fermentative quality,anthocyanin stability,antioxidant activity,and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover and sticky corn stover

The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover (PS) and sticky corn stover (SS). Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatments: (1) hybrid sticky waxy corn stover (control), and (2) hybrid purple waxy corn stover (treatment). Samples were stored in mini-silos for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 105 d. The results showed that PS had significantly higher (P<0.05) yields of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total anthocyanins than that of the SS. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage (PSS) showed higher (P<0.05) levels of DM and CP relative to the sticky corn stover silage (SSS). Although anthocyanin-rich PSS displayed a lower (P<0.05) level of pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), it had higher (P<0.05) levels of peonidin (Peo) and pelargonidin (Pel) compared to the control. Delphinidin (Del) and malvidin (Mal) were not detected in SSS during the ensilage period; in PSS, Del was no longer detected after 7 d of ensilage. Specifically, total anthocyanins in anthocyanin-rich PSS decreased rapidly (P<0.05) prior to 7 d of ensilage, and then remained at relatively stable (P>0.05) constants. Compared to the anthocyanin-rich PSS, SSS displayed significantly higher (P<0.05) pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) content. Propionic acid (PA) at 0 d and butyric acid (BA) during the entire study period were not detected, whereas anthocyanin-rich PSS showed a higher (P<0.05) level of lactic acid (LA) than that of the SSS. Compared with the SSS extract, anthocyanin-rich PSS extract showed a higher (P<0.05) level of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and displayed a lower (P<0.05) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value. Moreover, anthocyanin-rich PSS reduced (P<0.05) gas production (GP), and displayed lower levels of immediately soluble fraction and ratio of acetic acid (AA) to PA at 12 h, but the other parameters were unaffected (P>0.05) relative to the control. Taken together, the results indicated that: (1) anthocyanins could be stable in silage; (2) anthocyanin-rich PSS showed better silage fermentative quality and stronger antioxidant activity; and (3) anthocyanin-rich PSS had no negative effect on rumen fermentation parameters.     

Dynamic change of fungal community in the gastrointestinal tract of growing lambs

Although fungal communities in the gastrointestinal tract have a significant role in animal health and performance, their dynamics within the tract are not well known. Thus, this study investigated fungal community dynamics in the rumen and rectum of lambs from birth to 4 mon of age by using IT1S rDNA sequencing technology together with the RandomForest approach to determine age-related changes in the fungal ecology. The results indicated that gastrointestinal fungal community composition, diversity, and abundance altered (P<0.05) with the increasing age of the lambs. Two phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, dominated the samples. Similarity within age groups of the rumen fungi increased sharply after 45 days of age, while the similarity increased (P<0.05) significantly after 60 days of age in the rectum. The age-related genera, Acremonium, Microascus, Valsonectria, Myrmecridium, Scopulariopsis, Myrothecium, Saccharomyces, and Stephanonectria, were presented in both ruminal and rectal communities, and their changes in relative abundance were consistent at both sites. The principal coordinates analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the fungal communities in the rumen and rectum. Our findings demonstrate that both the age of lambs and the gastrointestinal tract region can affect the composition of these fungal communities, and this provides new insight and directions for future studies in this research area.     

高精料条件下薰衣草精油对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量的影响

[目的]研究发酵底物精粗比为7∶3时不同剂量薰衣草精油对体外瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量的影响.[方法]以5只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的哈萨克公羊为试验动物,采用瘤胃体外培养方法,设对照组和薰衣草精油添加量为100、150、250 μL/L的试验组,每个处理三个重复.[结果]薰衣草精油添加量为150和250 μL/L体外培养24h时降低甲烷产浓度分别为9.72;和24.23;(P＜0.05);添加不同剂量薰衣草精油显著提高累计产气量、TVFA、乙酸摩尔比例和NH3 -N浓度(P＜0.05),降低戊酸、丁酸和BCVFA摩尔比例(P＜0.05).[结论]适当剂量的薰衣草精油对甲烷产生有抑制作用.     

体内驱除厌氧真菌对绵羊瘤胃微生物种群及发酵参数的影响

选用6只体况良好、体重35 kg左右,年龄1.5岁左右的蒙古绵羊,研究体内驱除厌氧真菌对瘤胃微生物和发酵参数的影响.结果表明,驱除真菌导致绵羊瘤胃细菌总数和纤维分解细菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),毛口目原虫数量和原虫总数也明显增加(P<0.05),而内毛目原虫的数量没有变化.瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶的活力随厌氧真菌的消失而显著降低(P<0.05),但滤纸酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的活力并不受影响.驱除厌氧真菌后,瘤胃pH值和NH3-N浓度没有显著的变化(P>0.05);乙酸、丁酸和TVFA的浓度均出现下降,其中,乙酸浓度降低极为显著(P<0.01),其余两者表现为显著降低(P<0.05);丙酸浓度并没有受到驱除真菌的影响(P>0.05).对乙酸与丙酸摩尔比例的比较显示,驱除厌氧真菌显著降低了乙酸/丙酸的值(P<0.05),说明驱除厌氧真菌改变了瘤胃内的发酵模式,使之更趋向于乙酸减少的方向进行.     

柴胡提取物对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为研究添加不同水平的柴胡提取物对热应激条件下泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响,采用随机区组设计,按照产奶量、泌乳天数及胎次相同的原则将48头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,各组在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.5、2.5和5.0g/kg柴胡提取物(干物质基础),试验期9周。结果表明:热应激条件下,柴胡提取物对瘤胃pH,氨氮含量,丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度,乙酸/丙酸及营养物质表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05);0.5g/kg组的菌体蛋白含量显著高于2.5和5.0g/kg添加组(P0.05),添加5.0g/kg柴胡提取物降低瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(P=0.05)和乙酸浓度(P=0.06),不利于瘤胃发酵。因此,柴胡提取物推荐添加剂量不宜超过5.0g/kg。     

瘤胃厌氧真菌的研究进展

瘤胃真菌是瘤胃这个大发酵罐的1种功能菌,其在反刍动物瘤胃内纤维物质消化过程中发挥了重要作用,是反刍动物消化低劣粗饲料的基础。本文综述了瘤胃真菌的研究概况,并简要地概括了此领域的发展前景。     

瘤胃厌氧真菌和细菌对木质素含量不同底物的发酵特性

利用体外发酵法研究了瘤胃厌氧真菌和细菌对木质素含量不同底物(黑麦草叶、黑麦草茎、稻草秸、花生壳,木质素含量依次上升)的发酵特性.结果表明:瘤胃厌氧真菌体外发酵不同底物时的96 h累积产气量、底物干物质消失率和纤维素消失率差异均不显著,瘤胃细菌体外发酵时的干物质消失率和纤维素消失率均随底物木质素含量的上升而显著下降(P<0.05).此外,各真菌培养组96 h发酵液中,稻草秸组的木聚糖酶酶活力显著高于黑麦草叶和黑麦草茎(P<0.05),发酵相同底物时,真菌产生的木聚糖酶酶活力是羧甲基纤维素酶酶活力的23-65倍.各细菌培养组96 h发酵液中,黑麦草叶和黑麦草茎的木聚糖酶和羧甲基纤维素酶酶活力显著高于稻草秸(P<0.05).     

Influence of lactic acid bacteria,cellulase, cellulase-producing Bacillus pumilus and their combinations on alfalfa silage quality

This study assessed the effects of lactic acid bacteria(LAB), cellulase, cellulase-producing Bacillus pumilus and their combinations on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, bacterial community and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage. A completely randomized design involving a 8(silage additives)×3 or 2(silage days) factorial arrangement of treatments was adopted in the present study. The 8 silage additive treatments were: untreated alfalfa(control); two commercial additives(GFJ and Chikuso-1); an originally selected LAB(Lactobacillus plantarum a214) isolated from alfalfa silage; a cellulase-producing Bacillus(CB) isolated from fresh alfalfa; cellulase(C); and the combined additives(a214+C and a214+CB). Silage fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and microorganism populations were analysed after 30, 60 and 65 days(60 days followed by exposure to air for five additional days). In vitro digestibility was analysed for 30 and 60 days. Compared with the other treatments, selected LAB a214, a214 combined with either C or CB, and Chikuso-1 had the decreased(P0.001) pH and increased(P0.001) lactic acid concentrations during the ensiling process, and there were no differences(P0.05) among them. Fiber degradation was not significant(P≥0.054) in any C or CB treatments. The a214 treatment showed the highest(P=0.009) in vitro digestibility of dry matter(595.0 g kg~(–1) DM) after ensiling and the highest abundance of Lactobacillus(69.42 and 79.81%, respectively) on days 60 and 65, compared to all of other treatments. Overall, the silage quality of alfalfa was improved with the addition of a214, which indicates its potential as an alfalfa silage inoculant.