The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation,methane production,ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculums on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Corn stover was ensiled without(control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Enterococcus faecalis(EF), and Enterococcus mundtii(EM) for 45 days. The fermentation characteristics were assessed, and subsequent in vitro dry matter digestibility(DM-D), neutral detergent fiber digestibility(NDF-D), volatile fatty acids(VFA), methane(CH_4) production, cellulolytic bacteria proportions and their activities per corn stover silage were also determined. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the silage pH, lactic acid, crude protein(CP), water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) and lignocelluloses contents of different treatments. The relative proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, carboxymethyl-ocellulose and β-glycosidase activities, DM-D, NDF-D, and VFA production of in vitro incubation was higher(P0.05) for silages inoculated with LP and EF than those of the control silage. Silage inoculated with LP showed the lowest(P0.05) CH_4 production per unit yield of VFA, which was positively corresponded to the lowest(P0.05) ratio of acetate to propionate. In summary, the ensiling fermentation quality and subsequent utilization of corn stover silage were efficiently improved by inoculated with L. plantarum.     

日粮铜钼水平对辽宁绒山羊营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验研究日粮铜(Cu)钼(Mo)添加水平对辽宁绒山羊营养物质消化代谢的影响.选用18月龄体重相近、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的辽宁绒山羊羯羊12只,采用完全随机分组试验设计,分为4组,每组3只.试验分为Mo0期和Mo5期:Mo0期日粮为基础日粮中不加Mo,Mo5期日粮在基础日粮上加Mo(DM)5 mg/kg;每期设4个Cu水平,在基础日粮中添加的Cu(DM)分别为0、19、28和38 mg/kg.结果表明:1)日粮中添加Cu显著提高了辽宁绒山羊的干物质消化率、ADF和NDF的表观消化率,显著降低了干物质采食量和Cu的表观消化率(P<0.05).2)日粮中添加Mo能显著提高ADF、NDF及Cu的表观消化率,但显著降低了氮的表观消化率(P<0.05).3)Cu与Mo互作对干物质消化率、ADF和NDF的表观消化率影响差异显著(P<0.05).在辽宁绒山羊绒毛快速生长期,日粮中添加Mo(DM)5 mg/kg,Cu(DM)19 mg/kg营养物质消化效果最佳.     

Effect of lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on conservation characteristics,aerobic stability and in vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility of whole-crop corn based total mixed ration silage

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility of whole-crop corn based total mixed ration(TMR) silage. Total mixed ration was ensiled with four treatments:(1) no additives(control);(2) an inoculant(Lactobacillus plantarum)(L);(3) propionic acid(P);(4) propionic acid+lactic acid bacteria(PL). All treatments were ensiled in laboratory-scale silos for 45 days, and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. Further, four TMR silages were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study in vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility. The results indicated that all TMR silages had good fermentation characteristics with low pH(3.80) and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) contents, and high lactic acid contents as well as Flieg points. Addition of L further improved TMR silage quality with more lactic acid production. Addition of P and PL decreased lactic acid and NH_3-N contents of TMR silage compared to the control(P0.05). After 12 days aerobic exposure, P and PL silages remained stable, but L and the control silages deteriorated as indicated by a reduction in lactic acid and an increase in pH, and numbers of yeast. Compared to the control, addition of L had no effects on TMR silage in terms of 72 h cumulative gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation and short chain fatty acids, whereas addition of PL significantly(P0.05) increased them. L silage had higher(P0.05) in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility than the control silage. The results of our study suggested that TMR silage prepared with whole-crop corn can be well preserved with or without additives. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggested that propionic acid is compatible with lactic acid bacteria inoculants, and when used together, although they reduced lactic acid production of TMR silage, they improved aerobic stability and in vitro nutrients digestibility of TMR silage.     

日粮不同碘、硒水平对绒山羊绒生长相关激素及酶的影响

为探讨日粮添加不同水平的碘和硒对辽宁绒山羊非产绒期和产绒期血液中褪黑激素（MT）、催乳素（PRL）、类胰岛素生长因子（IGF—I）、生长激素（GH）、甲状腺过氧化物酶（TPO）以及脱碘酶（DIO）的影响,选择36只体况良好、体重相近（（38．0±2．94）kg）的2周岁辽宁绒山羊作为试验动物,采用2×3完全随机试验设计,随机分为6组。分别在基础日粮中添加3个水平的碘（0、2和4mg／kg,DM）和2个水平的硒（0和1mg／kg,DM）进行饲喂。试验结果表明：1）非产绒期,日粮添加碘显著提高了血液中GH和IGF1的浓度,降低了血浆MT的浓度（P〈0．05）,对PRL、TPO和D10浓度没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。添加硒对血液MT、PRL、GH、IGF—I和TPO没有影响,但是显著提高了DIO的浓度（P〈0．05）。2）产绒期,日粮添加碘极显著提高了血液中IGF-I的浓度（P〈0．01）,对MT、PRL、GH、TPO和DIO浓度没有影响。添加硒则显著提高了DIO的浓度（P〈0．05）,对血浆MT、PRL、GH、IGF—1和TP0没有影响。通过2个阶段的比较,综合碘促绒生长作用,推断碘或甲状腺激素促进山羊绒生长的机制可能是通过调控IGF—1分泌途径实现的;硒仅提高了血液中脱碘酶的浓度。     

Comparison of forage yield,silage fermentative quality,anthocyanin stability,antioxidant activity,and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover and sticky corn stover

The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover (PS) and sticky corn stover (SS). Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatments: (1) hybrid sticky waxy corn stover (control), and (2) hybrid purple waxy corn stover (treatment). Samples were stored in mini-silos for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 105 d. The results showed that PS had significantly higher (P<0.05) yields of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total anthocyanins than that of the SS. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage (PSS) showed higher (P<0.05) levels of DM and CP relative to the sticky corn stover silage (SSS). Although anthocyanin-rich PSS displayed a lower (P<0.05) level of pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), it had higher (P<0.05) levels of peonidin (Peo) and pelargonidin (Pel) compared to the control. Delphinidin (Del) and malvidin (Mal) were not detected in SSS during the ensilage period; in PSS, Del was no longer detected after 7 d of ensilage. Specifically, total anthocyanins in anthocyanin-rich PSS decreased rapidly (P<0.05) prior to 7 d of ensilage, and then remained at relatively stable (P>0.05) constants. Compared to the anthocyanin-rich PSS, SSS displayed significantly higher (P<0.05) pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) content. Propionic acid (PA) at 0 d and butyric acid (BA) during the entire study period were not detected, whereas anthocyanin-rich PSS showed a higher (P<0.05) level of lactic acid (LA) than that of the SSS. Compared with the SSS extract, anthocyanin-rich PSS extract showed a higher (P<0.05) level of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and displayed a lower (P<0.05) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value. Moreover, anthocyanin-rich PSS reduced (P<0.05) gas production (GP), and displayed lower levels of immediately soluble fraction and ratio of acetic acid (AA) to PA at 12 h, but the other parameters were unaffected (P>0.05) relative to the control. Taken together, the results indicated that: (1) anthocyanins could be stable in silage; (2) anthocyanin-rich PSS showed better silage fermentative quality and stronger antioxidant activity; and (3) anthocyanin-rich PSS had no negative effect on rumen fermentation parameters.     

Effects of palm fat powder and coated folic acid on growth performance,ruminal fermentation,nutrient digestibility and hepatic fat accumulation of Holstein dairy bulls

This study evaluated the effects of palm fat powder(PFP) and coated folic acid(CFA) on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, microbial enzyme activity, microflora, hepatic lipid content and gene expression in dairy bulls. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein bulls((362±12.4) days of age and(483±27.1) kg of body weight(BW)) were assigned to four groups in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangements. Supplemental PFP(0 or 30 g PFP kg~(–1) dietary dry matter(DM)) and CFA(0 or 120 mg FA d~(–1) as CFA) were mixed into the top one-third of a total mixed ration. The study included a 20-day adaptation period and followed by a 90-day collection period. The lower(P0.01) feed conversion ratio with PFP or CFA addition resulted from the constant DM intake and the higher(P0.05) average daily gain. The higher(P0.05) ruminal p H, ether extract digestibility, microbial α-amylase activity, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens copy, and expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α(PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase~(-1)(CPT1), and lower ruminal total volatile fatty acids(VFA) concentration, acetate to propionate ratio, neutral detergent fibre(NDF) digestibility, copies of total protozoa and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein~(-1)(SREBP1) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α(ACACA) were observed for PFP addition. Supplementation with CFA increased(P0.05) ruminal total VFA concentration, acetate to propionate ratio, digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and NDF, activity of cellobiase, pectinase and α-amylase, copies of selected microbial except for total protozoa, as well as expression of PPARα, but decreased(P0.05) ruminal p H, and expression of SREBP1 and ACACA. The PFP×CFA interaction(P0.05) was observed for ammonia N, hepatic TG content, and m RNA expression of CPT1 and FAS. There had no significant difference in hepatic TG content when CFA was supplemented in the diet without PFP addition, the lower(P=0.001) hepatic TG content was observed when CFA was supplemented in the diet with PFP addition. The higher(P0.05) m RNA expression of CPT1, and the lower(P0.05) m RNA expression of FAS and ammonia N concentration were observed when CFA was supplemented in diet either without or with PFP addition. The results indicated that supplementation of CFA in PFP diet was more effective on increasing hepatic CPT1 expression, and decreasing ammonia N, hepatic TG content and FAS expression than in diet without PFP. Supplementation with PFP or CFA improved growth performance of dairy bulls by promoting nutrient utilization, microbial enzyme activity, microflora, and hepatic gene expression.     

Effect of Crossbreed on the Muscle Quality （Chemical Composition） in Yun- Ling Black Goats

Twenty castrated male goats, each of Yun-Ling Black goats （YLB goat）, N × YLB hybrid goats （Nubian ♂ ×Yun-Ling Black goats 9） and B × YLB hybrid goats （Boer ♂× Yun-Ling Black goats ♀）, were used to evaluate the effect of crossbreeding on the meat chemical composition in the YLB goats of China. After weaning of 90 days, all the experimental goats were reared on natural pasture when they were slaughtered at an age of 730 days. The longissimus dorsi （LD） and biceps femoris （BF） muscles were sampled from each carcass to determine chemical compositions. Both hybrid goats had higher protein content （P 〈 0.01） and lower fat content （P 〈 0.05） than the YLB goats in the two types of muscle. The inosinic acid contents of LD muscle for the YLB goats and the B × YLB hybrid goats were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than that for the N × YLB hybrid goats. The LD muscle from the YLB goats contained higher essential amino acid （P 〈 0.01）, total amino acid （P 〈 0.01）, and some individual amino acid （P 〈 0.05） than those from the hybrid goats. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acid （USFA） of LD muscle from the N × YLB hybrid goats was significantly higher than the other two goat breeds （P〈0.05） but did not differ between the other two goat breeds （P〉0.05）. The YLB goats had significantly higher （P〈0.05） concentrations of oleic acid （C18：1） and linolenic acid （C18：3） of LD muscle than the hybrid goats, had significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） proportion of mono-unsaturated （Sum for C 16：1 and C 18：1） than the B ×YLB hybrid goats, and tended to be higher than the N × YLB hybrid goats （P 〉 0.05）. In contrast, the proportion of poly-unsaturated in the YLB goats was significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） than that in the hybrid goats.     

Effect of dioscorea opposite waste on growth performance,blood parameters,rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial community in weaned lambs

This study investigated the effects of dioscorea opposite waste (DOW) on the growth performance, blood parameters, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota of weaned lambs. Sixty healthy weaned Small-Tailed Han lambs (male, (22.68±2.56) kg initially) were used as the experimental animals. Four levels of concentrate: 0 (control, CON), 10% (DOW1), 15% (DOW2) and 20% (DOW3), were replaced with DOW in the basal diet as experimental treatments. The results showed that lambs fed the DOW2 diet had a higher (P<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) than the other groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among DOW groups in average daily weight gain (ADG), and replacing concentrate with DOW linearly or quadratically increased (P<0.05) the ADG, while lambs fed the DOW2 diet showed greater (P<0.05) ADG than the CON group. The relative plasma concentration of growth hormone (GH), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin were affected by DOW, replacing concentrate with DOW linearly or quadratically (P<0.05) enhanced the plasma concentration of GH, IGF-1 and insulin, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the DOW2 group than in the CON, DOW1 and DOW3 groups. In addition, the DOW treatment showed a lower (P<0.05) concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) than the CON group. Replacing concentrate with DOW quadratically decreased (P<0.05) the ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and increased (P<0.05) the total of volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) at 0 and 4 h after feeding as well as linearly decreased (P<0.05) the NH₃-N at 8 h after feeding. Replacing concentrate with DOW linearly decreased (P<0.05) the propionate and increased the aceate before feeding, and linearly decreased (P<0.05) propionate and quadratically increased (P<0.05) the aceate at 4 and 8 h after feeding. Lambs fed the DOW2 diet increased the phylum Firmicutes and genera Succiniclasticum and Ruminococcus_1 groups, whereas decreased (P<0.05) the relative abundance of phylum Deferribacteres and genera intestinimonas and Ruminiclostridium. In summary, replacing the concentrate with 15% DOW was beneficial for improving the rumen fermentation and ADG by increasing the DMI and modulating the rumen microbial community.     

产气量法研究不同植物提取物对瘤胃体外发酵的影响

为研究植物蜕皮甾酮、大蒜提取物、苍术提取物、桑叶提取物和牛蒡子提取物对瘤胃体外发酵的影响,试验利用体外产气量法设对照组(未添加组)和5个试验组,每种植物提取物的添加水平为1.5%,测定了发酵24和48h的DM消化率以及发酵96h的发酵参数。结果显示:1)和对照组相比,各试验组24hDM消化率无显著性差异(P0.05),植物蜕皮甾酮和大蒜提取物组48h的DM消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);2)各植物提取物对96h产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气速率均无显著性影响(P0.05);3)各组之间pH无显著性差异(P0.05);植物蜕皮甾酮、桑叶提取物和苍术提取物组的NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05);植物蜕皮甾酮和桑叶提取物显著降低了总挥发酸浓度(P0.05),而牛蒡子提取物显著提高了总挥发酸浓度(P0.05);各提取物均降低乙酸摩尔比,升高了丙酸的摩尔比,但差异不显著(P0.05)。添加上述提取物能够降低体外发酵NH3-N浓度、提高48hDM消化率,可以一定程度的改善瘤胃发酵模式。     

不同水平甘蔗糖蜜酵母发酵浓缩液对奶牛生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

为研究不同水平甘蔗糖蜜酵母浓缩液(CMS)对奶牛生产性能和血清生化的影响,采用单因素试验设计,选用60头体况、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组15头.对照组(CON)饲喂基础日粮,试验组在对照组日粮的干物质基础上分别添加1％、3％和5％的CMS,即CMS1组、CMS2组和CMS3组.预试期1...     

低磷饲料中补充柠檬酸对大口黑鲈生长和营养物质利用率的影响

为了探究饲料中添加柠檬酸对大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）生长、营养物质利用和氮（N）、磷（P）排放的影响,分别配制磷酸二氢钙（MCP）添加量为5、10（低磷饲料）、15 g/kg （对照饲料）的3组饲料（P5,P10,P15）,在低磷饲料P5和P10中分别添加10 g/kg的柠檬酸,共5组实验饲料。投喂初始体质量为（16.0±0.16） g的大口黑鲈60 d。结果显示,随着MCP添加量的增加,大口黑鲈增重率、全鱼磷含量、粗蛋白沉积率、磷消化率、椎骨磷和血浆磷含量均显著增加（P<0.05）,N排放量和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著下降（P<0.05）,且均在P15组达到最佳水平。在P5饲料中添加柠檬酸,显著提高了鱼体增重率（+5.6%）和血浆磷含量,降低了饲料系数（-0.05）和N排放量（P<0.05）,达到了和P10组基本一致的水平（P>0.05）;在P10饲料中添加柠檬酸,在数值上改善了生长性能（P>0.05）,达到了和P15组基本一致的水平（P>0.05）。此外,在P5和P10饲料中补充柠檬酸,均显著提高了磷消化率,降低了P排放量（P<0.05）。综上所述,在低磷饲料中添加10 g/kg的柠檬酸可改善大口黑鲈生长、提高饲料和磷的利用率。     

不同添加剂对白三叶青贮发酵品质与体外消化率的影响

以白三叶为原料,通过添加青宝Ⅱ号（FS）、纤维素酶（CE）、糖蜜（M）和甲酸（FA）等添加剂,研究添加剂对白三叶青贮饲料发酵品质和体外消化率的影响。结果表明：白三叶能单独青贮,但不能获得发酵品质优良的青贮饲料;添加甲酸可显著提高青贮饲料的可溶性糖含量,降低pH值和氨态氮含量（P<0.05）;添加糖蜜可显著提高青贮饲料的乳酸和可溶性糖含量,显著降低pH值、氨态氮含量,减少中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量（P<0.05）;青宝Ⅱ号以及青宝Ⅱ号和纤维素酶的混合添加可显著提高乳酸含量,降低pH值（P<0.05）。不同添加剂及组合对白三叶青贮料的干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的体外消化率等具有不同影响。     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

努比亚山羊KISS1基因多态性与繁殖性状的关联分析

【目的】明确转移抑制素基因（KISS1）多态性与努比亚山羊繁殖性状（产羔数、初生重和断奶重）的关联,为进一步展开山羊分子标记辅助选择育种提供参考依据。【方法】利用DNA混合池结合Sanger测序筛选出努比亚山羊KISS1基因SNP位点,再通过MTA-Seq测序对355只努比亚山羊群体进行SNP位点的基因分型,并采用SAS 9.2的一般线性模型（GLM）对KISS1基因SNP位点与努比亚山羊的产羔表型性状进行关联分析。【结果】在努比亚山羊KISS1基因内含子1发现2个SNP位点（g.1341600A>G和g.1341674C>G）。其中,g.1341600A>G位点处于中度多态（0.25P_HWE>0.05）;而g.1341674C>G位点处于低度多态（PIC<0.25）,已偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P_HWE<0.05）。g.1341600A>G位点GG和AG基因型个体的第一胎、第二胎及三胎联合产羔数均高于AA基因型个体,且在第一胎达显著水平（P<0.05,下同）;g.1341674C>G位点CC基因型个体则表现为第一胎、第三胎及三胎联合产羔数均高于GG基因型个体,同样在第一胎达显著水平。g.1341674C>G位点GG基因型个体的第一胎、第三胎及三胎联合羔羊初生重均高于CC基因型个体,且在第三胎达显著水平;g.1341600A>G位点不同基因型与努比亚山羊各胎次羔羊初生重无显著关联（P>0.05,下同）。在羔羊断奶重方面,2个SNP位点不同基因型与努比亚山羊各胎次断奶重也无显著关联。g.1341600A>G位点和g.1341674C>G位点可形成连锁不平衡单倍型模块,其中GC、AC、AG单倍型的频率分别为0.645、0.265和0.090;单倍型模块与第一胎产羔数显著关联,AACC组合型产羔数显著低于其他组合型。【结论】努比亚山羊KISS1基因内含子1存在2个SNP位点（g.1341600A>G和g.1341674C>G）与其繁殖性状相关,其中g.1341600A>G位点的A等位基因和g.1341674C>G位点的C等位基因可作为努比亚山羊选育的潜在分子标记,且在今后的育种过程中应淘汰KISS1基因AACC组合型母羊。     

Influence of lactic acid bacteria,cellulase, cellulase-producing Bacillus pumilus and their combinations on alfalfa silage quality

This study assessed the effects of lactic acid bacteria(LAB), cellulase, cellulase-producing Bacillus pumilus and their combinations on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, bacterial community and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage. A completely randomized design involving a 8(silage additives)×3 or 2(silage days) factorial arrangement of treatments was adopted in the present study. The 8 silage additive treatments were: untreated alfalfa(control); two commercial additives(GFJ and Chikuso-1); an originally selected LAB(Lactobacillus plantarum a214) isolated from alfalfa silage; a cellulase-producing Bacillus(CB) isolated from fresh alfalfa; cellulase(C); and the combined additives(a214+C and a214+CB). Silage fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and microorganism populations were analysed after 30, 60 and 65 days(60 days followed by exposure to air for five additional days). In vitro digestibility was analysed for 30 and 60 days. Compared with the other treatments, selected LAB a214, a214 combined with either C or CB, and Chikuso-1 had the decreased(P0.001) pH and increased(P0.001) lactic acid concentrations during the ensiling process, and there were no differences(P0.05) among them. Fiber degradation was not significant(P≥0.054) in any C or CB treatments. The a214 treatment showed the highest(P=0.009) in vitro digestibility of dry matter(595.0 g kg~(–1) DM) after ensiling and the highest abundance of Lactobacillus(69.42 and 79.81%, respectively) on days 60 and 65, compared to all of other treatments. Overall, the silage quality of alfalfa was improved with the addition of a214, which indicates its potential as an alfalfa silage inoculant.     

添加烟酰胺对绒山羊消化代谢的影响

[目的]粗料型日粮中添加烟酰胺对绒山羊消化代谢的影响.[方法]试验选用健康、体重年龄相近的博格达绒山羊(公羊)10只,分为2组,5只/组,在饲喂精粗比为30∶70的日粮中分别添加烟酰胺为0、130mg/(d·goat),试验以添加0 mg/(d·goat)的烟酰胺组作为对照组.[结果]添加烟酰胺的绒山羊对干物质、粗蛋白、粗饲料及有机物的采食量分别比对照组提高了8.65; (P ＜0.05)、8.42; (P ＜0.05)、7.68;(P＜0.05)和10.55; (P＜0.05);日增重比对照组提高了96.84;(P＜0.05);对干物质、有机物、纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化量分别比对照组提高了0.45;、0.49;、4.58;和7.39;.[结论]在高粗料型日粮中添加烟酰胺可显著提高绒山羊的日增重及营养物质采食量(P＜0.05).     

不同添加剂对拉伸膜裹包苜蓿青贮的影响

【目的】为了探讨不同添加剂、不同贮藏时间苜蓿青贮的发酵品质与养分动态。【方法】设对照、添加甲酸或绿汁发酵液处理，鲜苜蓿整株打圆捆后，拉伸膜裹包青贮，取样后进行分析。【结果】添加甲酸或绿汁发酵液均可以改善苜蓿青贮的发酵品质，青贮pH极显著下降（P<0.01），而且乳酸含量增加(P<0.05)，氨氮含量减少(P<0.05)，而且随着贮藏时间延长，添加剂处理效果更佳；不同添加剂处理对苜蓿青贮的CP、NDF、ADF、非蛋白氮、酸性洗涤不溶性氮含量影响不大，而贮藏时间对各营养成分含量影响较大。【结论】秋季最后一茬苜蓿青贮时，添加甲酸或绿汁发酵液，可以延长苜蓿青贮的贮藏时间，从而保证苜蓿青贮的均衡供应。     

小刺猴头菌发酵浸膏多糖对肉鸡脂肪沉积的影响

为研究小刺猴头菌发酵浸膏多糖(Polysaccharides from the fermentation extract of Hericium caputmedusae,HFP)对肉鸡血清脂类指标、腹脂沉积、盲肠短链脂肪酸以及肝脏、肌肉、粪便中脂肪含量的影响,选用1日龄AA肉鸡240只,随机分为4个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复20只,分别饲喂含HFP为0、0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的日粮,试验期为42d。结果表明:1)日粮中添加HFP可显著降低14、28和42日龄肉鸡血液甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05),0.3%和0.5%水平的HFP添加组可显著降低肉鸡肝脏TG含量(P0.05);2)0.3%和0.5%水平的HFP添加组肉鸡的腹脂率显著低于对照组(P0.05);3)日粮中添加HFP对肉鸡体重、腿肌脂肪含量、胸肌脂肪含量、粪便脂肪含量无显著影响(P0.05);4)添加HFP可显著增加肉鸡盲肠丙酸含量(P0.05),显著降低盲肠乙酸和丙酸的比例(P0.05);5)变量间相关性分析表明,14日龄时,肉鸡盲肠丙酸含量与腹脂率显著负相关(r=-0.992),乙酸和丙酸的比例与腹脂率显著正相关(r=0.989);28日龄时,盲肠丙酸含量与血液TG含量显著负相关(r=-0.985),乙酸和丙酸的比例与血液TG含量显著正相关(r=0.996);42日龄时,乙酸和丙酸的比例分别与血液TG含量、腹脂率显著正相关(r=0.951,0.979)。以上结果提示,在肉鸡日粮中添加HFP可以显著降低血液TG含量,降低腹脂沉积,可能是通过调节肉鸡盲肠短链脂肪酸的含量和比例而促进机体脂类代谢。     

13～16日龄滩羊羔羊对玉米蛋白粉·膨化大豆粉消化性的研究

[目的]测定羔羊对玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆粉中各养分的表观消化率,为选择滩羊羔羊代乳料蛋白来源提供基础数据。[方法]以12只4日龄的滩羊公羔作为试验动物,采用单因子随机分组试验设计将其分为3组,对预饲后13～16日龄滩羊羔羊进行消化代谢试验。对照组饲喂脱脂牛奶粉,试验组分别饲喂玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆粉。[结果]羔羊对牛奶粉、玉米蛋白粉及膨化大豆粉中各养分的消化率均较高,以牛奶粉最高;羔羊对玉米蛋白粉各养分的消化率显著高于对膨化大豆粉各养分的消化率(p<0.05)。[结论]从营养的消化性分析,玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆粉可作为羔羊代乳料的主要蛋白来源,以降低饲养成本。两者相比,玉米蛋白粉的优势更为明显。     

Effect of oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic acids on milk production and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Nine multiparous cows averaging 93±13 days in milk production (DIM) were used in a triple 3×3 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding them whole roasted flaxseed, cracked roasted soybean and fresh alfalfa in the diet on milk production, milk fatty acid profiles and the digestibility of nutrients. Each experimental period lasted 30 d and a sample collection was performed during the last 7 d. The cows were fed on the control basal diet (CON) or diets containing whole roasted flaxseed (FLA) or cracked roasted soybean (SOY). All diets were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) and had similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), Net Energy Lactation (NEL), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different (P>0.05), but tended to increase in FLA and SOY diets compared with the control (P>0.05). Cows in all treatments had a similar milk yield, although 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield was higher on the FLA and SOY diets than on the CON diet. Milk fat percentage (3.45%) increased in the FLA diet compared with the control (3.31%) and SOY diets (3.39%). Milk protein percentages were similar among the diets (P>0.05). There were similar digestibilities of DM, CP and ADF among the treatments and lower digestibilities of NDF and ether extract in the SOY diet compared with the CON diet. Feeding various oilseeds significantly increased the concentrations of C_18:1, C_18:3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The FLA diet decreased the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty-acids in the milk, which would improve the nutritive value of the milk.