三氯异氰尿酸对马铃薯连作障碍土壤微生物群落组成的影响

采用盆栽试验，选择三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)为土壤消毒剂，研究不同施用量TCCA对马铃薯连作障碍土壤微生物群落组成的影响。TCCA施用量设置分别为：0(CK)，30 kg/hm²(S₃₀)，60 kg/hm²(S₆₀)和120 kg/hm²(S₁₂₀)。结果表明：与CK处理相比，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理显著提高土壤pH(P<0.05)，分别提高0.15个和0.26个单位；显著增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量 (P<0.05)，增幅分别为30.4% 和83.5%；显著提高土壤铵态氮含量(P<0.05)，分别提高3.3倍和9.7倍。同时，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理显著影响了土壤微生物优势菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05)。与CK处理相比，在门水平上，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理下土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的增幅达55.3% 和85.9%，子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的增幅达16.7% 和35.1%；在属水平上，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理下显著降低马铃薯致病菌链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的相对丰度(P<0.05)，降幅达35.7% 和57.1%。主坐标(PCoA)分析表明，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理与CK处理的细菌和真菌的群落结构截然不同。除了TCCA直接杀菌的影响，冗余分析(RDA)显示，土壤pH和铵态氮含量亦是影响微生物群落组成变化的关键因子。     

利用放射性I131和S35研究松沙土土体和地下水盐分的运动

盐碱土表土盐分积累的来源,不仅与地下水埋深及其矿化度有关,而且与土体盐分再分配有关。本试验是利用放射性I¹³¹(NaI¹³¹)和S³⁵(Na₂S³⁵O₄)的示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水正常补给情况下,土体和地下水盐分运行的一些规律,有助于全面了解表土积盐的过程。     

光照与阴影对无人机热红外遥感监测土壤含水率的影响

为探究作物冠层受阳光直射或阴影遮挡对无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫、监测土壤含水率的影响，该研究以不同灌溉处理的夏玉米为研究对象，将热红外图像划分为光照冠层、阴影冠层、光照土壤、阴影土壤4个部分，分别提取光照温度与阴影温度后计算了11:00、13:00、15:00的冠气温差（冠层温度与大气温度之差，ΔT）、作物水分胁迫指数（crop water stress index，CWSI）、蒸发比（潜热通量与有效能量的比值，evaporative fraction，EF），并对比了3种指数在不同时刻使用光照温度（ΔT_L、CWSI_L、EF_L）与阴影温度（ΔT_S、CWSI_S、EF_S）后对土壤含水率的监测效果变化情况。结果表明：1）3种指数的监测效果会随时间发生变化，11:00与15:00时EF监测效果较好，13:00时CWSI监测效果较好，ΔT的监测效果较差但随时间波动最小；2）拔节期在区分光照温度与阴影温度后监测效果在11:00时提升幅度最大，EF、EF_S、EF_L的R²分别为0.54、0.65、0.78，CWSI、CWSI_S、CWSI_L的R²分别为0.47、0.64、0.70，抽雄期与灌浆期使用光照温度对监测效果提升不大，但使用阴影温度的指数监测效果有明显降低，在13:00时CWSI_S较CWSI有最大降幅，R²降幅分别为0.11、0.06；3）在拔节期与抽雄期使用11:00的EF_L，在灌浆期使用13:00的CWSI能取得最好的土壤含水率监测效果，预测土壤含水率的R²分别为0.75、0.75、0.89。该研究可以为无人机热红外监测土壤含水率提供参考。     

雨滴击溅在薄层水流侵蚀中的作用

试验采用人工模拟降雨方法,对薄层水流侵蚀的两个阶段——雨滴击溅及径流侵蚀进行了模拟试验研究。得出:在消除雨滴打击作用后,坡面侵蚀的主要营力为薄层水流的拖拽力（τ=rhsinα）,且径流侵蚀量S_R与τ有下列关系式: S_R=921.497τ^1.713 r=0.876 α=0.017 以上式为基础,即可从有雨滴打击作用下所产生的侵蚀量中推算出径流侵蚀量S_R与雨滴侵蚀量S_Rd。结果表明:S_Rd一般占总侵蚀量的70%以上,最高可达95%,说明薄层水流侵蚀所产生的泥沙绝大部分是由雨滴击溅所致。因此,笔者认为坡度较小地段的薄层水流侵蚀,应以消除或降低雨滴击溅作用为其主要防治措施。     

中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH4+固定的热力学性质

Some thermodynamic properties of NH₄⁺ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH₄⁺ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH₄Cl solution is 10^-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH₄⁺ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH₄⁺ fixation by soil (K₁ × q_m) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH₄⁺ fixation in soil (Q_m) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.     

农作物的红边特征与农学参数的关系

The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stem for six varieties, two each of rice, corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stages with an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^TM to analyze red edge characteristics for leaf area indices (LAI), aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizing comparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a ‘double peak' phenomenon for the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were ‘increase' and ‘decrease' change rules for the red edge position, λ_r, the red edge slope, Dλ_r, and the red edge area, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a ‘blue shift' for λ_r of the leaf spectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI and fresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) so the red edge parameters λ_r, Dλ_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P < 0.01) correlations to their λ_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^-1 and phytomass for a unit area of land in g m^-2 also had a highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation to λ_r, Dλ_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.     

乙酰苯胺(Acetanilide)除草剂在土壤中的吸附及其组分: Ⅳ. Acetanilide乙酰苯胺在土壤中的吸附及其与土壤性质的相关性

Sorption of acetanilide herbicides, metolachlor, acetochlor, pretilachlor and butachlor on eight soils with various physical and chemical properties was studied. The adsorption isotherms could fit Freundlich equation well (r² ≥ 0.91) and the adsorption extents increased in the order: metolachlor < acetochlor < pretilachlor < butachlor. The product of Freundlich adsorption constants, K_f (1/n), showed to have a good correlation with organic matter content (OM) of soils for each of these herbicides, suggesting that OM is the primary factor dominating in the adsorption process of these acetanilide herbicides. Multivariant correlation regression between K_f (1/n) and two factors, water solubility (S_w) of herbicides and OM, was also performed. K_f (1/n) correlated with 1/S_w and OM/S_w well, showing that high S_w corresponds to a weak tendency to adsorb on soils. Infrared (IR) spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) parameters confirmed that multifunctional H-bonds and charge-transfer bonds were the main adsorption mechanisms of these acetanilide herbicides. The abilities of herbicides to form these adsorption bonds with HA increased in the same order as the extent of adsorption.     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

尿素肥斑中氮素形态转化初探

采用特制模拟容器,通过尿素扩散形成营养斑,观察斑内NH₄⁺、NO₂^-和NO₃^-浓度变化及它们之间的相互转化。结果表明,NH₄⁺、NO₂^-和NO₃^-浓度在距离肥斑7～8cm处的微域达到最大,尤以NO₂^-浓度增加较为显著,是一般土壤NO₂^-水平的数千倍。随培养时间增加,NO₂^-和NO₃^-最大浓度峰向施肥点移动,但两者浓度变化趋势不同,NO₂^-浓度在21d前随培养时间增加而增加,之后随培养时间增加而下降,而NO₃^-浓度随培养时间增加一直增加。结果还表明,NO₂^-是尿素营养斑内主要离子形态,从NH₄⁺到NO₂^-的转化比较迅速,而NO₂^-转化为NO₃^-不是短暂的过程,这可能与施肥引起的土壤pH值变化有很大关系。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

植物恢复措施对鸡西矿区废弃地土壤养分的影响

以黑龙江省鸡西市矿区废弃地为研究区,对不同矿区废弃地的土壤养分元素进行含量分析。结果表明：应用植物恢复措施后的基质土壤各养分指标绝大多数要大大高于原废弃地土壤和经过自然恢复的土壤,说明该措施对石墨尾矿、矸石发电厂粉煤灰废弃地和平排矸石山土壤养分改善效果明显;其中石墨尾矿除全磷外,各种养分指标与林地土壤差距较大,而旱柳对石墨尾矿土壤的改善效果最好,其有机质含量为37．28g／kg,是残渣的2．6倍;种植大果沙棘对粉煤灰废弃地土壤养分的积累效果明显,有机质含量为48．25g／kg,是残渣的1．5倍;植物恢复措施使平排矸石山的土壤养分积累速度加快,已接近林地,混交种植兴安落叶松和家榆总体恢复效果最好,有机质含量分别为193．42和151．46g／kg,是自然恢复条件下的8．9和7倍。建议引入优势种群（如松科等）以加快演替速度,使矿区废弃地更快地恢复到原始状态。     

淤地坝坝体体积的计算

对于已确定的淤地坝坝址,坝体的纵断面（即沟道横断面）是一定的。根据实测的沟造横断面,以沟底最低点为坐标原点,沟道一侧的岸壁曲线可用幂函数形式表示之。利用这种幂函数关系,对于坝坡均一的坝体．在设定坝顶宽、坝高和上下游边坡之后,作者推导出沟道一侧坝体体积的计算公式;沟道两侧的坝体体积即为坝体总体积。对于非均一坝坡、设有马道的坝和坝体加高的体积,可将坝体横断面分割为由几个均一坝坡组成的坝体断面,分别计算其体积。这种计算方法的精度,取决于坝址横断面岸壁曲线回归方程与实际岸壁的符合程度。     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.