中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH4+固定的热力学性质

Some thermodynamic properties of NH₄⁺ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH₄⁺ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH₄Cl solution is 10^-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH₄⁺ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH₄⁺ fixation by soil (K₁ × q_m) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH₄⁺ fixation in soil (Q_m) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.     

三氯异氰尿酸对马铃薯连作障碍土壤微生物群落组成的影响

采用盆栽试验，选择三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)为土壤消毒剂，研究不同施用量TCCA对马铃薯连作障碍土壤微生物群落组成的影响。TCCA施用量设置分别为：0(CK)，30 kg/hm²(S₃₀)，60 kg/hm²(S₆₀)和120 kg/hm²(S₁₂₀)。结果表明：与CK处理相比，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理显著提高土壤pH(P<0.05)，分别提高0.15个和0.26个单位；显著增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量 (P<0.05)，增幅分别为30.4% 和83.5%；显著提高土壤铵态氮含量(P<0.05)，分别提高3.3倍和9.7倍。同时，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理显著影响了土壤微生物优势菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05)。与CK处理相比，在门水平上，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理下土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的增幅达55.3% 和85.9%，子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的增幅达16.7% 和35.1%；在属水平上，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理下显著降低马铃薯致病菌链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的相对丰度(P<0.05)，降幅达35.7% 和57.1%。主坐标(PCoA)分析表明，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理与CK处理的细菌和真菌的群落结构截然不同。除了TCCA直接杀菌的影响，冗余分析(RDA)显示，土壤pH和铵态氮含量亦是影响微生物群落组成变化的关键因子。     

3 种挺水植物吸收水体NH4+、NO3-、H2PO4- 的动力学特征比较

本文用动力学试验研究了具有景观价值的3 种挺水植物—— 水生美人蕉(Canna generalis)、细叶莎草(Cyperus papyrus)、紫芋(Colocasia tonoimo)对H₂PO₄^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^- 的吸收特征及差异。试验结果表明: 3 种挺水植物吸收H₂PO₄^- 时, 美人蕉的吸收速率最快, 且在较低离子浓度条件下也可以吸收该离子, 说明其具有嗜磷特性, 能够适应广范围浓度H₂PO₄^- 环境; 吸收NO₃^- 时, 细叶莎草的速率最快, 但对低浓度NO₃^- 环境的适应能力较差, 美人蕉吸收NO₃^- 的特性与细叶莎草刚好相反; 吸收NH₄⁺ 时, 细叶莎草的吸收速率最快, 且在低浓度NH₄⁺ 环境下仍能吸收该离子, 而美人蕉的吸收速率最慢, 但能在低浓度NH₄⁺ 环境下吸收该离子。说明不同植物对养分的吸收特性存在较大差异, 各自的污染水体修复适用范围也不同。美人蕉可用于各种浓度H₂PO₄^- 污染的水体修复; 而NO₃^- 污染严重的水体最适宜用细叶莎草作先锋植物, 修复到一定程度后再种植美人蕉来维持水质; 细叶莎草在各种浓度NH₄⁺ 污染的水体中均适用, NH₄⁺ 污染较轻的水体也可用美人蕉修复。     

Cl-、SO42-在酸性土壤中对铝电极电位的影响及其差异

盐分是土壤腐蚀的一个重要影响因素,业已证明,土壤盐分尤其有Cl^-存在时,能加速土壤腐蚀反应^[1,2]。Cl^-、SO₄^2-是土壤中常见的盐分阴离子,它们不但能破坏金属表面的氧化膜,同时由于Cl^-、SO₄^2-都具有特性吸附能力,有可能直接参与腐蚀反应过程。     

用电导频散法研究Cl-、SO42-和H2PO4-阴离子与土壤的相互作用

本文介绍了采用电导频散装置测量分别含有10^-4mol/LHCl、5×10^-5mol/L H₂SO₄和10^-4mol/L H₃PO₄的黄棕壤、棕壤、黑土和砖红壤悬液(20-30g/kg)的电导频散曲线,频散曲线上均呈现频率范围相当宽的坪区,频散曲线的特性分析结果表明,黄棕壤和棕壤在3种酸溶液中的始散频率(0.6-1kHz)低于黑土悬液(16-28kHz),而砖红壤的始散频率最高(25-47kHz;Cl^-、SO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-离子与4种土壤的相对亲合力(REC_1.5/REC_tp-1)顺序为Cl^- < SO₄^2- < H₂PO₄^-,在不同土壤之间的顺序则随酸溶液而异.     

我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH4+吸附特征

本文讨论我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附特征。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的吸附符合两种表面Langmuir方程。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的结合能力强弱顺序是:黄棕壤>黑土、(土娄)土>红壤>砖红壤,而NH₄⁺的解吸率大小顺序与此相反。Langmuir吸附方程参数K₁与土壤胶体的粘粒矿物组成有关,并与土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的相对偏好性(A值)呈正相关。Langmuir参数(M₁+M₂)与土壤胶体的CEC呈正相关,去有机质(OM.)前后△K₁与△OM.呈反相关。去有机质可增加土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的偏好性。土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附和解吸特征决定于其组成和表面性质,并受有机无机复合作用的影响。永久电荷吸附位对NH₄⁺的偏好性较强,而可变电荷吸附位则较弱。     

0.01molL-1CaCl2作为土壤不同N素形态浸提剂的研究

本文用荷兰8种表土测试不同温度下0.01molL^-1CaCl₂提取液和淋滤液中N素各形态。试验结果表明温度对NO₃^--N提取量和淋滤量无影响,但对NH₄⁺-N、可溶性总N和还原态N影响显著;可溶性有机态N的释放服从一级动力学方程:N_t=N₀(1-e^-kt),非线性最小二乘法能满意地拟合动力学实验结果。测定0.01molL^-1CaCl₂提取液中的可溶性有机态N对预测土壤N素矿化、合理推荐施肥及防止N素污染可能是一个很有前途的指标。     

测定盐土中Cl-的Hg(CNS)2-Fe(NO3)2比色法

Hg(CNS)₂-Fe(NO₃)₃比色法测定盐土中Cl^-快速准确,其变异系数小于5%,回收率98.5%-102.4%,与莫尔法相比,其绝对相差< 0.1g/kg。尤其适宜于批量样品及现代化的仪器分析。其适宜工作条件是:在50ml比色液中加0.75g/L Hg(CNS)₂ 8ml,20g/L Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O 10ml。定容10分钟后于460nm下用3cm光径比色。     

SO42-和Cl-对稻田土壤养分及其吸附解吸特性的影响

利用长期定位试验 ,比较了长期施用含SO₄^2-和Cl^- 化肥 22年后稻田土壤的 pH值、养分状况及其吸附解吸特性。结果表明 ,长期施用含SO₄^2-化肥 ,土壤有机质、速效氮和速效钾的含量较高 ,但全量氮磷钾的含量较低 ;长期施用含Cl^- 化肥 ,土壤全量氮磷钾和速效磷的含量较高 ,但pH值相对较低。长期施用含上述二种阴离子的化肥后 ,土壤对H₂PO₄^-的最大吸附量均较大 ,且在Cl^- 处理下土壤对H₂PO₄^-吸附的结合能较大 ,而SO₄^2-处理下土壤在同等吸附量时对H₂PO₄^-的解吸量相应较多。长期施用含SO₄^2-的化肥亦使土壤对钾素的供应强度较大 (ΔK0的绝对值较大 )、缓冲能力增强 (AR0值较高 ) ,而长期施用含Cl^- 的化肥时则与SO₄^2-相反     

水钠锰矿(Birnessite)对Mn2+持留机理的研究

本试验研究了一种合成水钠锰矿对Mn²⁺的持留机理和Mn²⁺被吸附后的去向,并进一步探讨了三种锰盐溶液(MnSO₄,MN(NO₃)₂和MnCl₂)对水钠锰矿晶体结构变化的影响。.试验结果表明,水钠锰矿对MN²⁺离子的吸附包括专性吸附和非专性吸附。随着吸附后的老化过程,吸附在矿物表面的锰逐渐扩散到晶格内,其置换性随之降低。.在MnSO₄,Mn(NO₃)₂和MnCl₂溶液中,水钠锰矿最终转化成六方锰矿(Nsutite),一种比水钠锰矿更稳定,结晶更好的晶体。MnSO₄溶液在加入水钠锰矿后pH值比其它两种溶液高,除生成六方锰矿外还形成大量拉锰矿(Ramsdellite)。随着生成新矿物的老化,最初被吸附的Mn被固定在晶格内而失去其置换性和生物有效性。     

数值模拟盐渍土盐分的季节变化

本文用数值模拟方法对土壤的盐分动态进行了周年的模拟计算.计算中考虑了盐分的沉淀与溶解,地下水位随时间变化等情况.计算结果表明:(1)数值模拟方法能反映季风区土壤盐分的季节变化;(2)雨季的集中降雨更有利于土壤脱盐;(3)地下水位的变化与气象因素的变化相配合影响着土壤水盐运动.     

克拉玛依人工碳汇林区景观地球化学特征与规律

以克拉玛依人工碳汇林区的土壤可溶性盐分离子、地下水矿化度和植被为研究对象, 综合运用描述性统计和相关性分析等方法, 研究其景观地球化学特征, 旨在通过对克拉玛依人工碳汇林区的景观地球化学特征的研究, 为这一地区盐渍化土壤改良和沙漠化防治提供理论依据。结果表明: 克拉玛依人工碳汇林区土壤Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺在0~80 cm范围内变异系数较大, 80~100 cm范围内, 土壤总盐和各离子变异系数相对较小; 盐分表聚现象严重; 该地区盐土类型主要是硫酸盐型, 其中SO₄^2-和Na⁺+K⁺为土壤可溶性盐的主要成分。研究区地下水呈弱碱性, 除HCO₃^-外, 其他离子和矿化度表现出较强的变异性; 地下水的化学类型主要为Cl·SO₄-Na, 矿化度和Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺+K⁺相关系数较为显著。种植人工碳汇林后, 除土壤HCO₃^-含量有轻微上升外, 其他离子均有所下降, 其中SO₄^2-含量的降低趋势最为明显。俄罗斯杨林分土壤含盐量随种植年限的增长明显降低, 种植后的土壤盐渍化状况有明显改善。     

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE REDISTRIBUTION OF SALTS APPLIED TO FALLOW SOILS AFTER EXCESS RAINFALL OR EVAPORATION

A model is described for predicting the movement of soluble unadsorbed anions (such as nitrate or chloride) in fallow freely drained soil under field conditions. The model includes routines for estimating both the downward leaching of salts (after excess rainfall or irrigation) and the capillary movement of anions to the soil surface (after evaporation). The profile is divided into layers each of which is characterized by a maximum and minimum water content (the field capacity and evaporation limit respectively). Daily amounts of rainfall and evaporation are applied to the surface and the redistribution of water and salts is calculated (on a layer-to-layer basis) from the initial water and salt contents of each layer by adding or subtracting water to or from the moisture content until the stated maximum or minimum value is reached. Salt transfer is calculated from the amount af water movement on a proportional basis. The predictions of the model have been tested using field data for the redistribution of nitrate and chloride in a sandy loam soil. Good agreement was obtained for chloride, but the results for nitrate showed some deviations probably due to the effects of denitrification.     

Response of water-soluble salt accumulation in weathered gneiss spoil substrate to the addition of superabsorbent polymer under a semiarid climate

Purpose

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) has been widely used to improve soil moisture conditions in the ecological restoration of mining land. The effect of SAP on water-soluble salt movement in SAP-modified gneiss spoil in a semiarid region was studied in this experiment.

Materials and methods

Weathered gneiss spoil, dress soil, SAP, and turf were mixed via the L₂₅(5⁶) orthogonal test, and the semiarid environmental conditions were controlled for 1 year in a climate chamber.

Results and discussion

The results showed that bulk density, field water-holding capacity, and daily average evaporation rate of the substrate were dominated by the proportions of the soil and turf contents but were not significantly influenced by the SAP. The water-soluble salt in the top layer of the substrate increased significantly as the SAP concentration increased; i.e., it increased by 36.5% per 0.1% increase in the SAP within the range of 0 to 1%. The major ions influenced by the SAP were Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, and SO₄^2?. The SAP decreased the pH of the substrate before the experiment, but only the top layer was influenced by the increase in the SAP after 1 year. The electrical conductivity (EC), which reflects the content of soluble ions in different substrate layers, was significantly influenced by the SAP in the following order: EC-middle layer < EC-bottom layer < EC-top layer.

Conclusions

Based on the above results, we can conclude that the strong water and salt ion absorption ability of the SAP may limit the leaching of water-soluble ions and aggravate the accumulation of surface salts under semiarid environmental conditions. This study will be helpful for understanding the salt accumulation caused by the use of SAP in the remediation of mine spoil with high soluble salt contents.

     

土壤冻结、消融期水盐动态的初步研究

季节性冻土对土壤盐碱化的影响,主要是发生在半湿润、半干旱和干旱区的温带至亚寒带地区,它包括了我国三北(西北、华北及东北)多数平原区。在三北平原地区,一般季节性冻土平均最大冻结深度为0.5-4.0米,冻土存在历时长达4-8个月之久。     

稻麦轮作田改为保护地菜田土壤肥力质量的演变

野外调查与室内分析表明,位于长江三角洲嘉兴市的稻麦轮作田改为多年连作的蔬菜保护地后,土壤肥力质量已出现明显的酸化、次生盐积化、富营养化和非均衡化(氮磷超负荷累积和中微量元素缺乏)等演变趋势。与第二次土壤普查时的同类蔬菜地土壤相比,或与仍是稻麦(油)轮作的三类代表性水稻土相比,153个蔬菜保护地土壤样品pH平均下降约0 9单位。囊水型水稻土和爽水型水稻土大棚保护地的土壤pH下降严重,而漏水型水稻土大棚保护地只略有下降。84个蔬菜保护地土壤样品的可溶性盐平均为2.81g/kg,其中3.0g/kg占36.2%。囊水型土壤含盐量最高,达3.71g/kg,爽水型土壤与漏水型土壤分别为2.67和2.54g/kg。土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾均有大幅增加,尤其是速效磷超负荷累积:硝态氮(N)300mg/kg占调查样品的30.8%,速效磷(P)达90mg/kg以上。但中微量元素相对不足,缺钙、缺锌、缺硼等生理缺素病害时有发生。调查证明,蔬菜保护地土壤肥力质量急剧变化与过量施肥及多年大棚蔬菜连作有关。因此,退化土壤的修复必须从建立科学的平衡施肥制度和合理的轮作倒茬体系着手。     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: Ⅰ. Salt-Water Dynamics in Unsaturated Soils Under Stable Evaporation Condition

A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.     

灌溉灰钙土水盐动态之初步研究

宁夏南部气候干旱,淡水十分缺乏,但苦水资源尚丰,为了提高农业生产,势必发展苦水灌溉。该区为底层盐化灰钙土,苦水灌后大量盐分积累在上层土壤中,导致表土很快发生次生盐渍化,影响农业生产的进一步发展。土壤盐分随水分而运动,两者在行迹上是密切一致的。土壤的积盐和脱盐,就是土壤水分随着灌水及气候季节变化而运动的结果。     

初始湿度对覆膜开孔蒸发水盐运移的影响

为了解初始含水率(湿度)变化对覆膜开孔蒸发的盐分与蒸发量的定量关系,通过不同湿度土壤的室内蒸发实验,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下土壤水分和盐分的运动特征.结果表明,初始含水率越大,不同覆膜条件下累积蒸发量越大,单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量(E_R)随开孔率增大而急剧减小.不同初始湿度的ER与覆膜开孔率的关系可用乘幂表示;表土返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加;不同含水率土壤的盐分浓度削面分布趋势一致,含水率越大,表层盐分浓度越大,含水率较小的土壤.盐分浓度在表层最大.在盐分含量最低点附近达到最小值,表层以下4-13cm的盐分浓度均小于初始值;不同覆膜开孔率条件下不同含水率土体剖面盐分浓度与垂直位置之间可用幂函数表示.研究表明,初始湿度对土壤水盐运动的影响存在定性特征,而覆膜开孔率对水盐运动的影响有定量关系可循.     

Distribution patterns of soluble salts and gypsum in soils under large-scale irrigation agriculture in Central Asia

Abstract

Soil salinization is a serious problem in the arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. To address the problems, we analyzed the dynamics and distribution patterns of salts in both rice-based and cotton-based cropping fields in selected farms of southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan with special emphasis on the dynamics of gypsum, which had a lower solubility than Na salts, as an index of water-movement regimes in irrigated fields. Most of the rice-based plots and some of the cotton-based plots exhibited no surface accumulation of soluble salts or gypsum because of repeated washing by a huge amount of irrigation water in the former or comfortable drainage in the latter. These soils are probably free from the risk of secondary salinization under present conditions and management practices. In contrast, uncultivated plots near canals accumulate both soluble salts and gypsum in the surface soil layers, and these salts would not be leached out without a drastic change to a predominantly downward pattern of water movement. In the intermediate stages in terms of soil salinization, some soils accumulated substantial amounts of soluble salts in surface layers but relatively low amounts of gypsum. In this case, periodic irrigation could have washed out most of the gypsum and soluble salts in a downward direction and, consequently, it is possible to leach out the accumulated soluble salts by applying additional irrigation water if necessary. However, there were some cases in which soils accumulated large amounts of gypsum in surface layers as well as soluble salts, suggesting that irrigation/drainage is generally insufficient to remove gypsum with a lower solubility and that these profiles are dominated by an overall upward movement of water. For these soils, drainage facilities should be improved to ensure the efficient leaching of accumulated salts on cropping. Thus, the condition of irrigated plots in terms of the direction of water movement and resulting salt regimes can be well understood from the distribution patterns of both soluble salts (or cations) and gypsum.