Assessment of the effect of the climatic parameters on the distribution of the Al-Fe-humus horizons in the soils of the Russian planes

A comparative-ecological approach for studying the general regularities of soil ecology on the basis of geoinformation systems is suggested. It has been applied to analyze the distribution of Al-Fe-humus horizons. The quantitative climatic parameters of soils with Al-Fe-humus horizons have been estimated, and the relationships between them have been established. The applicability of this approach for assessing the general regularities of soil ecology is shown.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。     

Measuring the costs of improving the quality of the environment in the United States

The analysis in this paper is directed at comparing the relative effectiveness of meeting the objectives outlined in the recently passed Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 through taxation and through regulation. The analytical vehicle used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 12 producing sectors, 13 consuming sectors, 6 household categories classified by income, a foreign sector and a government. We find first that, irrespective of what type of strategy is followed, both output and consumption decline. Hence, there is an identifiable and quantifiable tradeoff between economic activity (economic growth) and the quality of the environment. Beyond this, the aggregate loss in production and economic welfare (measured by consumption expenditures and utility) is less under a policy which stresses reliance on alternative fuels than through one that requires the installation of pollution abatement devices.     

跟踪学科前沿，引导学科发展——《农业工程学报》的发展探索

论述了《农业工程学报》跟踪农业工程学科发展的成功经验，详细分析了未来《农业工程学报》跟踪学科各个专业的报道方向。指出随着学科的发展及时调整学术期刊的报道方向是科技学术期刊的任务和职责，是使期刊保证及时反映相关学科的发展，保持在学科发展中应有的促进作用，在众多期刊的竞争中立于不败之地的保证。在充分分析中国学术期刊面临的形势和问题、机遇与挑战的基础上，提出了学术期刊如何规避不利因素等应对策略，为中国科技学术期刊的发展提供参考。     

Peculiar properties of the composition of the organic matter of the original forest Phaeozems soils of the northeast of Kostroma oblast

The composition of the organic matter of the forest Phaeozem soil of Kostroma oblast, which is unusual in its genesis, was investigated by the method of physical fractionation. The Phaeozems were formed in an automorphic position on loamy sediments of Triasic age. The carbon distribution in fractions of organic substance (OS) is the evidence of the hydromorphic nature of the OS origin. A hypothesis about the cause of the formation of the modern organic profile of the soil during evolution is discussed.     

内蒙古农村地区网络普及对生活方式影响的研究

通过对内蒙古东部农村地区网络普及现状的调查,发现内蒙古农村地区使用家庭电脑的居民逐渐增多,但是多数以娱乐为主,没有运用到农业生产流通等领域。通过对内蒙古农村居民购买电脑和网络意识的分析,进一步探讨了内蒙古农村地区网络普及对于生活方式所带来的影响。     

Effect of the Substrates upon the Regeneration of the Engrafted Cuttings and the Yield of Engrafted Rooted Vines

Engrafted cuttings of the variety Rkaciteli on stocks B?×?R Cober 5BB and R?×?R 101-14, having endured open and covered stratification on different substrates, were planted in a polyethylene glasshouse on four artificial substrates after the postplanting preparation. The complex effect of the stock variety was examined, as well as the effects of the stratification methods and the substrates on the yield of engrafted vines. The characteristics of the regeneration of the engrafted cuttings during the stratification were established. The optimal substrates for stratification of the transplants and the growing of engrafted vines in glasshouses were defined.     

Spatial variability of the soil properties of the uneven-aged pine forest stands of the landscape garden of the Arkhangelsk Estate

The objects of the study are lime-pine and pine-lime park communities of different age at the Arkhangelsk Estate situated near Moscow. In this research, we study spatial variability of the soil properties depending on the type of studied soil cover parcels and with regard to areas under the crowns and near the trunks. The article shows the influence of the grass cover parcel structure on the properties of the soil. The humidity, the content of carbon and nitrogen, and basal and substrate-induced soil respiration are higher in the 120-year-old pine forest stand than in the 80-year-old one. This is explained by the fact that with the increasing age of the pine phytocenoses, we can observe an increase in diversity of species composition, complication of volumetric-spatial structure due to the overgrowth of undergrowth and understory, changes in the volume of the crown, and dying out of old trees.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

影响多媒体课件教学效果的因素分析

随着多媒体技术的发展,多媒体技术对教育改革起了很大的推进作用。本文通过在学生中对多媒体课件教学效果的调查,从多媒体教学课件在教学中的作用和地位、制作的过程以及使用者的出发点等方面,对影响到多媒体教学效果的因素进行了分析并提出了自己的解决方法。     

Development of an ELISA for the detection of the residues of the fungicide iprovalicarb

A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the fungicide iprovalicarb, using a polyclonal antibody produced against a hapten conjugated through the carboxyl group on the benzene ring to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Under an optimized condition using a heterologous format, an IC(50) of 3.51 ng/mL and the lowest detection limit of 0.065 ng/mL were obtained. When the isopropoxy group was removed from the iprovalicarb structure for the synthesis of a hapten, the resulting hapten was not successful as an immunogen, indicating that the isopropyl moiety was an important epitope, as evidenced by the cross-reactivities of some structurally related compounds. When applied to the real crop and water samples, the recoveries were in the range of 80.52-144.70% (n = 4) and 72.11-100.43% (n = 4), respectively. Accordingly, this ELISA can be used as a useful method for monitoring iprovalicarb residues in crop and water samples.     

Use of the enantiomeric composition for the assessment of the authenticity of fruit beverages

Enantiomeric compositions of chiral terpenes in commercial fruit beverages were examined by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC). Optimization of the method was accomplished on the basis of some parameters involved in the extraction, such as heating temperature and extraction time, that provided the highest peak areas, 60 degrees C and 2 min being the optimal values. With the proposed method relative standard deviation (RSD) values from three replicates ranging from 2 to 12% were obtained. The enantiomeric distribution of some terpenes remained constant, whereas other terpenes (linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha-terpineol) exhibited a considerable variation among samples. This can be indicative of the eventual addition of aromas to some fruit beverages.     

互联网冲击下的图书馆差异化功能定位

互联网对图书馆的持续发展既是机遇也是挑战。图书馆利用互联网扩大了服务范围,图书馆以往简单阅读、快速阅读的作用在减弱。因此,图书馆需要针对读者群的特点进行差异化定位,聚焦读者严肃阅读的需求,成为更专业、可靠和高效的信息源。     

华北平原农村能源综合开发与农村经济发展的相关分析--以河间县为例

河北省河间县是“七五”国家科技攻关项目“12个农村能源综合试点”之一。是华北平原区的代表性县。本文详述了该县的农村能源综合开发模式及效益，并用关联分析方法，分析计算出农村能源综合开发与促进经济发展和生态环境改善的关联度。结果表明，在商品能源的供应不能满足需求情况下，农村能源综合开发已成为农村经济持续发展的动力。     

硅基材料包膜肥对红壤区双季稻生长和土壤肥力的影响

选择了高肥力田、低肥力田,通过早、晚双季稻连续2年4季的大田试验,研究了施用硅基材料包膜肥对双季稻动态生长、产量、土壤肥力、微生物量、酶活性的影响。结果表明:不论是高肥力田还是低肥力田,与传统施肥相比,一次性基施硅基材料包膜肥能提高双季稻的最大分蘖数3~6枝·兜~(-1),提高成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量,提高成熟期双季稻的生物产量7.8%~22.4%,提高年均产量3.0%~14.7%,并且在低肥力田上效果显著。与传统施肥处理相比较,施硅基材料包膜肥可以显著提高双季稻成熟期土壤中的矿质态氮含量,提高幅度为28.3%~37.7%。包膜肥对土壤中微生物群落没有影响,在低肥力田施用80%的包膜肥其土壤酶活性综合指数最高。由此可见,施用硅基材料包膜肥在南方水稻上完全可以替代分次施用常规肥料,并且在高肥力田减少20%肥料用量的情况下仍然等效,达到了减肥增效和节本省工的目的。     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Development of the concept of the ecological functions of the soil cover and other geospheres

The concept of the ecological functions of soils and geospheres is discussed, and soil functions in biogeocenoses and in society-nature systems are analyzed. The major ecological functions of the interrelated surface spheres of the Earth are specified. Urgent problems of the further development of the theory of ecological functions of soils and geospheres are discussed. It is argued that the study of ecological soil functions is particularly important in the context of the soil conservation policy. The system of soil conservation and preservation of pedodiversity is one of the key issues in nature management. Considerable attention has been paid to this problem in Russia. A series of Red Data soil books for the particular regions of Russia and for the entire country have been published in the recent decades.     

Investigation of the correlation of the acrylamide content and the antioxidant activity of model cookies

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the acrylamide (AA) content and the antioxidant activity (AOA) of self-prepared cookies. Cookies were baked in the laboratory under defined conditions following four different recipes. The parameters of investigation were the influence of the type and relative content of sugar (glucose and fructose) and the baking time on the AA content as well as AOA of the final products. Parameters depending on the recipe and baking conditions such as the moisture content, the total nitrogen concentration, and the color of the products were evaluated for all samples as well. To prove the transferability of the findings gained with model cookies to samples from industry, the same measurements were performed on seven different types/brands of cookies that were purchased in local markets. A direct correlation was found between the concentration of AA and the AOA. With increasing baking time, the moisture content of the cookies decreased. The latter parameter correlated well with the AA concentration and AOA. The use of fructose enhanced the concentration of AA and the AOA of the final products, when compared with the use of sucrose. However, a simple model for the prediction of acrylamide contents and the AOA of samples from the baking time, color, protein, or moisture content of the samples was not found.     

Soils of the subtaiga landscapes on the northern spurs of the Tsagan-Daban Ridge in the Selenga Mountains

The soil cover patterns in the subtaiga landscapes on the northern spurs of the Tsagan-Daban Ridge in the Selenga Mountains have been studied. Gray-humus lithozems and bedrock outcrops are typical of the steep south-facing slopes under herbaceous pine forests. Soddy iron-illuvial podburs are formed under forest vegetation on gentle slopes of northern and western aspects with a thick mantle of loose colluvial deposits. Dark-humus metamorphic soils occur on the slopes of western and northwestern aspects below 700 m a.s.l. under secondary forb-grassy communities that replaced the initial herbaceous pine forests. Windblown hollows (yardangs) are occupied by humus psammozems under steppe pine forests. The morphological and physicochemical characteristics of these soils are discussed in the paper.