水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆生长、体组成及肌纤维组织形态结构的影响

本实验设计6种等氮等脂的饲料,研究水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)生长、饲料利用、体组成和肌肉纤维组织形态结构的影响。实验设2个对照组,正对照组鱼粉为44%,负对照组鱼粉为22%;设4个实验组,PH18A组为22%的鱼粉和18%的水解鱼蛋白,PH4.5A组为22%的鱼粉和4.5%的水解鱼蛋白,PH4.5B组为17%的鱼粉和4.5%的水解鱼蛋白,PH18B组为0.5%的鱼粉和18%的水解鱼蛋白。研究结果表明,PH4.5A组和PH18B组的特定增长率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于PH4.5B组和负对照组(P<0.05),显著低于正对照组和PH18A组(P<0.05);PH18A组的特定生长率显著高于正对照组(P<0.05)。正对照组和PH18A组的饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率无显著差异(P>0.05),但依次显著高于PH18B组、PH4.5A组和负对照组(P<0.05);摄食率的变化趋势则相反。PH4.5B组和负对照组的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05),显著低于正对照组和PH18A组(P<0.05)。6个处理组的大菱鲆肌肉总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸均无显著差异(P>0.05)。PH18A组的肌纤维横截面积显著高于PH18B组、正对照组、PH4.5A组、负对照组和PH4.5B组(P<0.05),而PH18B组显著高于PH4.5B组(P<0.05)。PH18A组和PH18B组的肌纤维密度显著低于PH4.5B组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在高植物蛋白饲料中4.5%和18%的水解鱼蛋白,均可以提高大菱鲆的饲料效率和蛋白沉积率,促进大菱鲆的生长,且18%的水解鱼蛋白好于4.5%;同时,18%的水解鱼蛋白促进大菱鲆肌肉纤维横截面积的增加,促进大菱鲆的肌肉纤维密度的降低,而4.5%的水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆肌纤维的横截面积和肌纤维的密度均无显著的作用。     

栅藻B38营养成分分析及蛋白质营养价值评价

对栅藻B38的营养成分进行了全面分析,结果表明,栅藻藻粉中油脂含量14%,总糖含量13.86%,粗纤维3.52%,灰分4.28%,蛋白质49.0%,为高蛋白质类微藻。栅藻B38中含有23种脂肪酸。栅藻B38中氨基酸总量为852.58 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的47.45%,必需氨基酸指数为85.42%。两种模式的氨基酸比值系数分较接近,均在65以上;待评价物质的氨基酸品质与模式蛋白的贴近度接近1(0.93和0.88)。栅藻B38中共检测出23种矿物质元素,其中钠、钾、钙、镁、铁、铝含量较为丰富。重金属的含量均低于国家食品卫生标准。栅藻B38中维生素B3(106.02 mg/100 g)和维生素E(540.77 mg/100 g)的量较高。综上,栅藻B38的营养较丰富,可以进一步开发利用。     

施氏鲟鱼鳍营养成分的分析

对人工养殖的施氏鲟鱼鳍的营养成分综合分析的结果表明:施氏鲟鱼鳍的水分平均含量58.70%;灰分含量16.00%;总脂肪的平均含量0.70%;总糖含量0.53%;粗蛋白含量24.70%;纯蛋白含量15.90%。施氏鲟鱼鳍还含有丰富的氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的22.50%,蛋白质营养价高。鲟鱼鳍的矿物质含量丰富,特别是钠元素、锌元素和硒元素的含量,分别达到了154.4mg/kg、49.1mg/kg和0.21mg/kg,可作为富硒食品。因此施氏鲟鱼鳍具有较高的营养价值和开发产品的潜力。     

双低菜粕对异育银鲫和团头鲂鱼体组成的影响

以异育银鲫和团头鲂为生长实验对象,对照组Ⅰ以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源,Ⅱ～Ⅴ实验组分别用16.72%、33.45%、50.17%、66.89%的"华双3号"双低菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中的25%、50%、75%、100%豆粕蛋白,Ⅵ组以83.66%的菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中100%的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白。随着饲料中双低菜籽粕蛋白替代比例的提高,异育银鲫和团头鲂鱼体的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪含量呈下降趋势,但与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05),但当双低菜粕蛋白替代豆粕蛋白的比例为100%或替代饲料中全部的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白时,二者的脂肪含量显著下降,低于对照组;氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量随着双低菜籽粕蛋白替代比例的增加略有下降,但各实验组与对照组之间无显著差异(p>0.05)。     

发酵豆粕的营养特性及其在水产饲料中的应用研究

正近年来随着鱼粉产量严重受限、价格不断攀高,水产饲料中鱼粉的使用量受到极大影响,而植物蛋白来源广泛、资源量丰富,原料价格低廉,利用植物蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白一直是国内外水产饲料领域研究的热点。豆粕作为一种优质的植物蛋白饲料,因其蛋白质含量高,氨基酸种类和含量丰富,是目前饲料工业用于替代动物蛋白的一种主要优质蛋白原料。但由于多     

国外简讯

日本利用鱼粉开发生产鱼酱油　　日本已利用鱼粉开发生产鱼酱油。鱼酱油芳香鲜美 ,含盐量低(1 .5 4% ) ,无三甲胺等鱼臭成分 ,其中鲜味成分谷氨酸达 0 .95 % ,含有多量赖氨酸等 8种人体必需氨基酸 ,总氨基酸量达 5 .4% ,还含有鱼体中的生物活性物质牛磺酸 (72 mg/1 0 0ml)、钙 (79mg/1 0 0 ml) ,是营养保健酱油。所用原料是用全鱼加工的鱼粉 ,经蒸煮、压榨、脱水、脱脂 ,将固形物干燥成粒状 ,不加抗氧化剂。鱼粉中含粗蛋白 68.1 %、粗脂肪 9.1 %、灰分1 3 .3 %。鱼酱油生产过程是先制作鱼曲 ,再发酵熟化。1 .制鱼曲　　取蒸煮鱼粉、碾碎的小…     

低鱼粉饲料中添加低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响

以鱼粉水平为30%的饲料为高鱼粉饲料对照组,以豆粕替代高鱼粉饲料中50%鱼粉形成低鱼粉基础饲料,低鱼粉基础饲料添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%低分子水解鱼蛋白,配制 6种实验饲料,对初始体重为(0.44±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾进行48 d的养殖实验。实验结束后采集样品,测定肝胰腺酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并分析肠道先天免疫缺陷基因(IMD)、对虾素3a分子(Penaiedin 3a)、溶菌酶(LZM)和Crustin相关免疫基因的表达量,以探讨低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,在低鱼粉饲料中添加适宜水平的低分子水解鱼蛋白能够显著提高对虾肝胰腺T-SOD、AKP和ACP的活力,降低MDA的含量;且1.5%低分子水解鱼蛋白能增加IMD、Penaiedin 3a、LZM和Crustin基因表达量。综上,凡纳滨对虾非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力的降低可能是影响植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的关键原因之一,而在饲料中补充1.0%–1.5%的低分子水解鱼蛋白可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗病相关基因的表达量,增强其非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力。     

饲料中不同水解蛋白对鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼鱼体及组织脂肪含量的影响

本研究通过8周的摄食生长实验来探讨高植物蛋白饲料中添加不同类型的水解蛋白对鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼(初始平均体重为31.99 g)鱼体及组织脂肪含量的影响。实验设4个等氮等能的饲料处理组,对照组含有30%的鱼粉,通过在对照组饲料基础上分别添加水解猪血蛋白、水解豆粕蛋白和水解酵母蛋白替代10%的鱼粉来获得不同类型的实验组饲料,即水解猪血蛋白组、水解豆粕蛋白组和水解酵母蛋白组。养殖实验在近海浮式网箱中进行,每组饲料投喂3个重复的养殖网箱,每个网箱30尾鱼。实验结果显示,高植物蛋白饲料中水解猪血蛋白、水解豆粕蛋白及水解酵母蛋白并没有对鲈鱼幼鱼的鱼体、肝脏、肌肉和内脏的脂肪含量产生显著影响。但与对照组相比,添加水解酵母蛋白的处理组显著降低了鲈鱼幼鱼的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P0.05)。水解酵母蛋白替代鱼粉显著提高了鲈鱼幼鱼肌肉中C20∶1n-9的含量,而水解豆粕蛋白和水解酵母蛋白显著降低了肌肉中C22∶5n-3的含量(P0.05)。与对照组相比,水解酵母蛋白显著降低了血清中C20∶5n-3的含量(P0.05)。在腹部脂肪组织中,与对照组相比,猪血、豆粕及酵母蛋白水解物替代鱼粉极显著提高了饱和脂肪酸、十八碳及十六碳单不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸及亚麻酸的含量,而极显著降低了C20∶1n-9、C20∶4n-6、C22∶5n-3和C22∶6n-3的含量(P0.01)。本研究表明,高植物蛋白饲料中猪血、豆粕及酵母蛋白水解物替代10%的饲料鱼粉并未有效调节鲈鱼幼鱼鱼体、肝脏、肌肉及内脏的脂肪累积,但水解酵母蛋白在一定程度上改善了血清甘油三酯和胆固醇的代谢。水解蛋白对鲈鱼幼鱼脂肪酸组成的调节因水解蛋白的类型及鱼体组织类型而异。本研究是国内外首次系统研究不同类型水解蛋白对养殖鱼类脂肪累积的调节作用,对该领域相关研究具有重要借鉴和参考意义。     

绿壳蛋鸡果园林地人工饲养技术

<正>绿壳蛋鸡,其特征是五黑一绿(即黑毛、黑皮、黑肉、黑内脏,蛋壳为绿色),是一种天然黑色食品与绿色食品为一体的珍禽食品。绿壳鸡蛋蛋白浓厚,蛋黄呈桔黄色,含有大量的卵磷脂维生素A、B、E及微量元素碘、锌、硒含量丰富,属于高维生素、高微量元素、高氨基酸、低胆固醇、低脂肪的天然保健食品。鸡肉细嫩鲜美,口感极好,是     

大菱鲆利用水解鱼蛋白和牛蛙蛋白的差异

为探究大菱鲆对不同来源水解蛋白的利用效率,实验选取太平洋狭鳕和牛蛙下脚料为蛋白来源,分别制备水解鱼蛋白和水解牛蛙蛋白,以初始体重为(8.00±0.01) g的大菱鲆为研究对象,进行为期56 d的养殖实验。实验设2个对照组,正对照组(PC)鱼粉含量为35.0%,负对照组(NC)鱼粉含量为26.5%;设2个实验组,水解鱼组(FPH)为26.5%的鱼粉和8.0%的水解鱼蛋白,水解牛蛙组(BPH)为26.5%的鱼粉和9.5%的水解牛蛙蛋白。结果显示,FPH组的终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于BPH组和NC组,与PC组无显著差异。摄食6 h后,食糜必需氨基酸中赖氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸在BPH组的含量显著高于PC组;多数非必需氨基酸在BPH组含量最高,但无显著差异。质子偶联氨基酸转运载体PAT1和小肽转运载体PepT1的mRNA表达量分别在FPH组和BPH组都显著高于PC组和NC组;碱性氨基酸转运载体CAT1和y⁺L型氨基酸转运载体y⁺LAT2的mRNA表达量在各处理组中无显著差异。研究表明,在饲料中添加鳕和牛蛙蛋白水解物均能提高大菱鲆的生长性...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.