绿玉树茎皮脂溶性成分及其抗氧化活性研究

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对绿玉树茎皮脂溶性成分进行分析，为绿玉树的综合利用提供科学依据及数据支持。应用色谱峰面积归一化法定量分析各成分的相对百分含量，共分离鉴定出32个化合物，占其总量的96.01％。含量较高的分别是羊毛甾醇（29.86％）、13, 27-环乌苏-3-酮（8.45％）、9, 19-环羊毛甾-7-烯-3-醇（5.31％）。并运用DPPH法对绿玉树茎皮脂溶性成分进行抗氧化活性测定结果表明：其具一定的抗氧化活性，IC50为263.70 μg/mL。     

牛筋果脂溶性成分及其抗氧化活性的研究

应用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对牛筋果[Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merrill)]果实的石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分进行了初步研究。结果显示,石油醚萃取部分共鉴定了29种脂溶性成分,占总峰面积的69.67%,并确定其相对含量;其中含量较高的成分依次是顺-9,12-十八碳二烯醇(12.35%)、棕榈酸(9.67%)、Z-9,17-十八碳烯醛(8.97%)、亚油酸(7.97%)、油酸乙酯(5.81%)、β-谷甾醇(4.88%)、亚油酸乙酯(4.10%)。在此基础上,采用清除DPPH自由基能力的方法测定了醇提物、乙酸乙酯萃取物及石油醚萃取物的抗氧化活性,结果均显示出较强的抗氧化活性,其IC50值分别为40、22和288 μg/mL,由于石油醚萃取物的抗氧化活性远远大于其它萃取物,因此笔者等先行对其进行了研究。     

猪屎豆种子脂溶性成分及其抗氧化活性研究

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对猪屎豆种子中脂溶性成分进行分析,应用色谱峰面积归一化法定量分析各成分的相对百分含量,共分离鉴定出37个化合物,占其总量的70.52%。同时采用清除DPPH自由基能力的方法对猪屎豆种子中的脂溶性成分进行抗氧化活性测定,结果显示一定的抗氧化活性,其IC50为560.3μg/mL。     

茸果鹧鸪花不同部位脂溶性成分研究

为研究茸果鹧鸪花[Trichilia sinensis Bentv.]叶与根的脂溶性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行分离分析,通过Nist2008和Wiley275质谱库检索分别鉴定各化学成分;经面积归一化法测定各样品中化学成分的相对百分含量;用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定其抗菌活性。结果分别从茸果鹧鸪花叶、根的脂溶性成分中分离出22、41个化合物,分别鉴定了其中的20、41个化合物,所鉴定的化合物其相对含量分别占各脂溶性成分总量的86.99%、91.33%。抗菌活性结果表明:其脂溶性成分对金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用。     

油绿苦瓜种质种子脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

以农艺性状差异显著的2份油绿苦瓜种质(Y41和Y63)为材料,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其种子脂溶性成分和相对含量进行分析。结果表明,2份苦瓜种质分别鉴定出14和19种脂溶性化学成分,脂溶性成分主要为γ-生育酚、环阿屯醇、维生素E、Ela甾醇、β-香树素、24-亚甲基环木菠萝烷醇、钝叶醇。其中2种脂溶性化学成分为Y41特有,7种脂溶性化学成分为Y63特有,γ-生育酚在2份苦瓜材料中含量均较高,分别为18.388%和22.240%。可见,不同苦瓜材料间种子脂溶性成分及含量存在一定程度的差异。     

海南产木薯茎和叶挥发油的化学成分及其生物活性(英文)

为研究木薯茎和叶的挥发油成分,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用方法对其化学成分进行分析,鉴定了茎的挥发油中25个成分和叶挥发油中22个成分,分别占总挥发油含量的83.53%和83.46%。其中茎挥发油主要成分为棕榈酸(31.39%)、油酸(8.94%)、亚油酸(5.57%),叶挥发油主要成分为棕榈酸(16.85%)、植醇(15.02%)、异植醇(11.21%)。用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定茎和叶挥发油的抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性和抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MASA)活性,结果表明:茎的挥发油具有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性;叶的挥发油具有抗MASA活性。细胞毒活性结果表明,茎的挥发油对人慢性髓原白血病细胞K562有显著细胞毒活性,其IC50值为7.0μg/mL。     

漳州柠檬香茅精油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从福建漳州产柠檬香茅草中提取精油,利用气相色谱——质谱(GC-MS)技术对挥发油的化学成分进行分析鉴定,鉴定出84个成分,占挥发油色谱总馏出峰面积的99.94%以上,其中含量最高的2个成分是(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(21.49%)和(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(20.88%)。     

黄牛木叶脂溶性成分研究

首次采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术GC-MS对黄牛木[Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.)Bl.]叶的脂溶性成分进行分析,从中鉴定出25个化合物,占其总量的76.32%。在已鉴定的25个化学成分中,含量较高的成分依次为α-D-乙基葡萄糖苷(18.93%)、2-羟基-2-环戊烯-1-酮(16.77%)、棕榈酸(9.27%)、棕榈酸乙酯(5.18%)、儿茶酚(4.27%)、软木三萜酮(3.11%)等。     

金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分分析

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术对金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分进行分析。结果表明：从金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分中共鉴定出54种化合物，占色谱峰的76.23%。金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分主要为醇类、酯类、萜类、烃类、酸类等，其中含量较高的成分依次为叶绿醇(11.90%)、穿贝海绵甾醇(5.99%)、十烷烃(4.58%)、棕榈酸乙酯(4.14%)、蒲公英醇(3.75%)、三十烷(3.05%)、异丁基邻苯二甲酸(2.84%)、豆甾醇(2.11%)、十八烷二醇(2.11%)、正癸酸(2.07%)、生育酚(2.00%)，说明金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分中确实含有具有化感作用的化学物质。此研究为金钟藤的化感成分研究提供依据。     

牛大力藤叶脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱一质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对牛大力藤叶片脂溶性成分进行分析测定,并结合计算机检索技术对其成分进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量.结果显示,共鉴定了41个化学成分(除豆甾醇外,其余40个化学成分在该植物中属首次报道),其相对含量为81.22%.其中含量较高的成分依次为维生素E(11.52%)、亚麻酸乙酯(10.26%)、γ-谷甾醇(8.53%)、棕榈酸乙酯(8.23%)、叶绿醇(7.00%)、亚麻酸甲酯(5.04%)、亚油酸乙酯(4.13%)、亚油酸(4.09%)和植二烯(3.89%).     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.