金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分分析

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术对金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分进行分析。结果表明：从金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分中共鉴定出54种化合物，占色谱峰的76.23%。金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分主要为醇类、酯类、萜类、烃类、酸类等，其中含量较高的成分依次为叶绿醇(11.90%)、穿贝海绵甾醇(5.99%)、十烷烃(4.58%)、棕榈酸乙酯(4.14%)、蒲公英醇(3.75%)、三十烷(3.05%)、异丁基邻苯二甲酸(2.84%)、豆甾醇(2.11%)、十八烷二醇(2.11%)、正癸酸(2.07%)、生育酚(2.00%)，说明金钟藤叶石油醚萃取部分脂溶性成分中确实含有具有化感作用的化学物质。此研究为金钟藤的化感成分研究提供依据。     

牛大力藤叶脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱一质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对牛大力藤叶片脂溶性成分进行分析测定,并结合计算机检索技术对其成分进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量.结果显示,共鉴定了41个化学成分(除豆甾醇外,其余40个化学成分在该植物中属首次报道),其相对含量为81.22%.其中含量较高的成分依次为维生素E(11.52%)、亚麻酸乙酯(10.26%)、γ-谷甾醇(8.53%)、棕榈酸乙酯(8.23%)、叶绿醇(7.00%)、亚麻酸甲酯(5.04%)、亚油酸乙酯(4.13%)、亚油酸(4.09%)和植二烯(3.89%).     

橡胶紫茉莉地上部分脂溶性成分化学分析

采用石油醚萃取橡胶紫茉莉(Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Brown)地上部分(茎秆、叶片、花瓣、果实)中的脂溶性成分,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行鉴定,峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量.共检测出52种化合物,鉴定出其中44种.结果显示,橡胶紫茉莉地上部分脂溶性化学...     

蕊木茎皮脂溶性成分及抗氧化活性研究

首次运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对蕊木(Kopsia lancibracteolata Merr.)茎皮脂溶性成分进行分析，应用色谱峰面积归一化法定量分析各成分的相对百分含量，共分离鉴定出43个化合物，占其总量的80.45%。含量较高的分别是反式-2-癸烯醛(10.29%)、β-香树脂醇(10.04%)、2-十一烯醛(8.61%)、异大戟二烯醇(5.49%)、软脂酸(5.30%)等。同时采用清除DPPH自由基能力的方法对蕊木茎皮脂溶性成分进行抗氧化活性测定，结果显示一定的抗氧化活性，其IC50值为0.83 mg/mL。     

猪屎豆种子脂溶性成分及其抗氧化活性研究

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对猪屎豆种子中脂溶性成分进行分析,应用色谱峰面积归一化法定量分析各成分的相对百分含量,共分离鉴定出37个化合物,占其总量的70.52%。同时采用清除DPPH自由基能力的方法对猪屎豆种子中的脂溶性成分进行抗氧化活性测定,结果显示一定的抗氧化活性,其IC50为560.3μg/mL。     

一株香蕉内生细菌挥发油成分及抑菌活性研究

测定一株香蕉内生细菌BEB99发酵液的石油醚和乙酸乙酯粗提物对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的(FOC4)菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,并测定粗提物中的主要成分。研究结果表明：其发酵液的石油醚和乙酸乙酯粗提物对香蕉枯萎病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均具有明显抑制作用,可造成病菌菌丝的畸形,抗菌物质浓度为1.67 mg/mL时,其孢子萌发抑制率分别达到92.99%和82.96%。GC/MS分析从粗提物中鉴定到18个成分,其中主要成分包括油酸(14.98%)、油酸乙酯(11.38%)、亚麻油酸乙酯(14.86%)、亚油酸(13.20%)、棕榈酸(11.36%)和棕榈酸乙酯(11.26%),及一个未知化学成分。     

不同产地火麻籽油脂溶性活性成分研究

选取20个产地的火麻籽油,分析了脂肪酸、甘油三酯、植物甾醇及生育酚等脂溶性活性成分的组成及含量。火麻籽油主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸五种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量89.4%~91.8%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量73.8%~80.5%;火麻籽油含有28种甘油三酯结构,含量最多的为三亚油酸甘油酯(LLL)、二亚油酸亚麻酸甘油酯(LLLn)、二亚油酸油酸甘油酯(OLL)三种甘油三酯。火麻籽油含有菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、岩藻甾醇、α-1谷甾醇、环阿廷醇等6种植物甾醇,总甾醇含量为92.5~590.4 mg/100g,其中β-谷甾醇含量最高,占总甾醇含量的60%左右;火麻籽油含有α-、β-、γ-、ζ-四种生育酚,总的生育酚含量27.7~91.2mg/100g,其中γ-生育酚含量最高,占生育酚总量的90%左右。根据脂溶性活性成分含量差异,通过聚类分析将20个产地的火麻籽油分成5大类。     

基于灰色关联度的叠鞘石斛叶抗氧化部位的筛选

以不同浓度乙醇对叠鞘石斛[Dendrobium aurantiacum Rchb. f. var. denneanum (Kerr.) Z. H. Tsi. ]叶进行提取,再用不同极性溶剂对抗氧化活性较高的60%乙醇粗提取物进行萃取,分别得到石油醚层、二氯甲烷层、乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层和水层,采用超高效液相色谱法（ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC）和紫外-分光光度法对各部位进行成分分析,以DPPH自由基清除活性为指标,利用灰色关联度进行相关性分析,筛选主要的抗氧化活性部位。其中,总黄酮在正丁醇层最高（24.89%）;多糖在水层最高（0.23%）;各萃取层均有抗氧化活性,DPPH自由基清除能力强弱顺序为水层>正丁醇层>乙酸乙酯层>二氯甲烷层>石油醚层。筛选出正丁醇层、水层为抗氧化主要活性部位,其抗氧化活性是黄酮类、多糖等成分协同作用的结果,为进一步提取抗氧化活性化合物,开发天然抗氧化剂提供一定的指导。     

茸果鹧鸪花不同部位脂溶性成分研究

为研究茸果鹧鸪花[Trichilia sinensis Bentv.]叶与根的脂溶性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行分离分析,通过Nist2008和Wiley275质谱库检索分别鉴定各化学成分;经面积归一化法测定各样品中化学成分的相对百分含量;用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定其抗菌活性。结果分别从茸果鹧鸪花叶、根的脂溶性成分中分离出22、41个化合物,分别鉴定了其中的20、41个化合物,所鉴定的化合物其相对含量分别占各脂溶性成分总量的86.99%、91.33%。抗菌活性结果表明:其脂溶性成分对金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用。     

微波超声协同萃取香草兰净油工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

为优化香草兰净油超声微波协同萃取工艺条件,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对香草兰净油得率进行探讨,并进行气相色谱-质谱鉴定.结果表明:最佳萃取条件为萃取时间6.91 min,萃取功率253W,萃取溶液石油醚:正己烷=2.8:1(V:V),得率5.18％.匹配度达90以上的化合物有25种,其中脂肪酸、醛类及酯类含量较高,主要有亚油酸(23.17％)、月桂酸(0.07％)、肉豆蔻酸(0.24％)、十五烷酸(0.28％)、n-十六烷酸(5.43％)、9,12-十八烷二烯酸乙酯(5.30％)、棕榈酸甲酯(0.09％)、香兰素(12.6％)等.该净油具有浓郁独特的香味,优选得到的工艺可提高香草兰净油得率.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.