Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus circulating in South Korea, 1998-2010

We analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the G-L (glycoprotein-large protein) intergenic non-coding region of 33 strains of the rabies virus (RABV) isolated in South Korea in 1998-2010 and compared the sequences with those of previously reported non-Korean strains. The similarities of the nucleotide sequences of the G-L region among all Korean RABV isolates ranged from 97.1 to 100%. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the G-L region, the Korean RABV isolates were classified into three distinct subgroups with high similarity and were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025C isolate, which was isolated from a rabid raccoon dog in eastern China, suggesting that the Korean RABV isolates originate from a rabid raccoon dog in northeastern Asia. Our results indicated that G-L region, as a useful phylogenetic indicator, is equivalent to the nucleoprotein (N) or glycoprotein (G) gene for study of RABV molecular epidemiology and that the Korean RABV isolates showing a few substitutions in the G-L region are continuously circulating in South Korea.     

从流行毒株的系统发生看中国目前狂犬病流行的主要特征

以2006～2012年本实验室狂犬病病毒分离株核蛋白基因完整核苷酸序列和GenBank收录的主要数据为基础,通过构建系统发生树和比对病毒分离株相互间的同源性,对中国狂犬病流行特征进行分析.结果显示,目前涉及中国17个狂犬病主要流行省区的62个狂犬病病毒代表流行株,均为基因Ⅰ型,但在系统发生树上可分为i、ii、iii、iv、v共5个基因群,群内同源性91.4％～99.9％,群间同源性84.5％～90.1％.其中,i、ii群占国内新分离株的绝大多数,为2个主要流行基因群.i群遍布各主要流行省区,主要为来源于犬的分离株.ii群主要分布于南方省区,迄今分离到的多个鼬獾狂犬病病毒株在系统发生上也属于ii群.iii群仅见于广西壮族自治区、云南省两地,与东南亚国家狂犬病分离株同源性高达97.7％.iv群的地区分布不规律,在中国东北、中原、东南和西部地区均有零星报道,分离株较少.v群近年来仅偶见于内蒙东北部及黑龙江省与俄接壤地区,与俄罗斯远东及韩国流行株同源性高达98.5％.综上,中国狂犬病流行以犬间传播为主,野生动物狂犬病的流行日益严重,东北和西南地区存在境外狂犬病传入.犬等动物种群免疫覆盖率低应是狂犬病持续传播的主因.     

广西狂犬病野毒株L基因3'端的多态性分析

为了解狂犬病病毒(RV)的变异情况,本研究对广西不同地区的22个RV分离株的L基因3'端片段进行克隆和测序,与国内外发表的RV街毒、固定毒株及类RV株相应部分的多态性进行了比较分析.结果表明.所测定的22个广西RV野毒分离株属于基因I型,可分为3个群即I群、Ⅱ群和Ⅲ群.其中13株属于I群,其核苷酸同源性为96.9%～100.0%,氨基酸同源性为98.2%～100.0%;8株属于Ⅱ群,株核苷酸同源性为96.5%～99.7%.氨基酸同源性为97.8%～100.0%.仅1株属于Ⅲ群.22个RV分离株与RV固定毒株核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为79.5%～86.9%和85.8%～96.5%,与类RV核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为65.7%～70.3%和70.4%～76.5%.     

Determination and molecular analysis of the complete genome sequence of two wild-type rabies viruses isolated from a haematophagous bat and a frugivorous bat in Brazil

The complete genome sequences of two Brazilian wild-type rabies viruses (RABV), a BR-DR1 isolate from a haematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus) and a BR-AL1 isolate from a frugivorous bat (Artibeus lituratus), were determined. The genomes of the BR-DR1 and BR-AL1 had 11,923 and 11,922 nt, respectively, and both encoded the five standard genes of rhabdoviruses. The complete nucleotide sequence identity between the BR-DR1 and BR-AL1 isolates was 97%. The BR-DR1 and BR-AL1 isolates had some conserved functional sites revealed by the fixed isolates, whereas both isolates had unique amino acid substitutions in the antigenic region IV of the nucleocapsid gene. Therefore, it is speculated that both isolates were nearly identical in virologic character. According to our phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes, both isolates belonged to genotype 1, and to the previously defined "vampire bat-related RABV lineage" which consisted of mainly D. rotundus- and A. lituratus-isolates; however, a branch pattern with high bootstrap values suggested that BR-DR1 was more closely related to the 9001FRA isolate, which was collected from a dog bitten by a bat in French Guiana, than to BR-AL1. This result suggests that the vampire bat-related RABV lineage includes Brazilian vampire bat and Brazilian frugivorous bat RABV and is further divided into Brazilian vampire bat and Brazilian frugivorous bat RABV sub-lineages. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes was valuable in discriminating among very closely related isolates.     

Molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from Trinidad

Bovine rabies continues to be a serious problem facing the cattle industry in South and Central America. Although Trinidad played an important role in originally demonstrating the link between bats and bovine rabies, relatively little is known about rabies in Trinidad, an island 7miles off the coast of Venezuela. In order to obtain a more complete understanding of bovine rabies in the region, we report herein on a study undertaken in Trinidad to characterize isolates of rabies virus obtained from infected cattle. A portion of the nucleotide sequence of the nucleoprotein gene from six rabies virus isolates collected from bovine rabies from the years 1997, 1998 and 2000 was determined and compared both to themselves and the nucleotide sequence of other South American isolates. Results indicate that there are at least two independently evolving variants of rabies virus in Trinidad. The nucleotide sequence of either variant failed to match completely the sequence of South American isolates. However, the lack of South American isolates from coastal regions facing Trinidad leaves undetermined the question of South American influence on rabies in Trinidad. The results of this study helps complete the picture of bovine rabies in the South American region and provide basic information required locally for the creation of an effective rabies control and eradication strategy.     

Molecular characterization of Korean rabies virus isolates

The nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) of 11 Korean rabies virus (RABV) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. The similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the N gene among all Korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the G gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. Based on the nucleotide analysis of the N and G genes, the Korean RABV isolates were confirmed as genotype I of Lyssavirus and classified into four distinct subgroups with high similarity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean isolates were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025B and 857r strains, which were isolated from rabid raccoon dogs in Eastern China and Russia, respectively. These findings suggest that the Korean RABV isolates originated from a rabid raccoon dog in Northeastern Asia. Genetic analysis of the Korean RABV isolates revealed no substitutions at several antigenic sites, indicating that the isolates circulating in Korea may be pathogenic in several hosts.     

牛流行热病毒JB76H株G蛋白基因核苷酸序列分析

通过反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）,从中国北京分离株牛流行热病毒ＪＢ７６Ｈ基因组ＲＢＡ中扩增出主要保护性抗原糖蛋白Ｇ的cＤＮＡ。采用Ｓanger’s双脱氧末端终 止法测定cＤＮＡ片段的核苷酸序列,并推导出氨基酸序列。Ｇ基因全长为１８７２个碱基,单一的开放阅读框架阅读框架编码６２３个氨基酸的多肽。将测得的序列与澳大利亚六个分离株进行比较,发现我国分离株与渊大利亚分离株间同源性为９１％,低于澳大利亚各分     

山西猪瘟野毒株E_2基因序列测定与遗传变异多样性分析

为了解山西地区猪瘟病毒（CSFV）流行毒株的遗传变异情况,采用RT-PCR方法,2013年从山西部分地区分离出5株CSFV流行毒株,并进行了E2全基因扩增、克隆与序列测定,应用DNAStar分析软件对所测定的5株毒株与国内外参考毒株的相应序列进行了同源性分析,绘制系统发育进化树。结果表明：5株CSFV流行毒株之间E2基因核苷酸序列与所推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为81.4%~100%和87.9%~100%,与CSFV石门毒株（Shimen株）的核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为82.9%~94.8%和89.0%~94.9%,与CSFV兔化弱毒株（HCLV株）的核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为81.6%~99.6%和87.9%~99.5%,与17株来自各国不同地区的CSFV参考毒株的核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为81.5%~99.6%和86.3%~99.7%。经系统发育关系分析,4株属于基因2群,且705、713、725、729、734和738位氨基酸发生置换,另外1株属于基因1群。本研究揭示了山西猪瘟流行毒株的遗传变异多样性现状。     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of M Gene of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Guangxi Strain

According to the M gene nucleotide sequence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) published in GenBank,one pair of primers were designed,the M gene fragments of IBV isolated from Guangxi province were amplified by PCR.Then the amplified fragments were cloned into pMD18-T vector and the positive recombinant plasmids were sequenced.The results showed that M gene from all of the IBV isolates consisted of 678 bp,coding for 225 amino acids.Two glycosylated sites were located nearby the N-terminal,three transmembrane domains were located in the 23 to 98 peptide region.Variations within the hydrophilicity region were easier than that in the hydrophobicity region.Compared with that of other published IBV strains,the homologies of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the isolates were 83.6% to 92.5% and 82.7% to 95.1%,respectively.The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that it was closely related to SAIB20 and LX4,and clustered into one group;But it belonged to different branches with other reference strains,and had a distant relationship.These results suggested that the isolate was a new variant of IBV.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒广西株M基因的克隆与序列分析

参照GenBank中鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的核苷酸序列设计1对引物,利用 PCR 扩增IBV广西株的M基因片段,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中.序列分析结果表明,M基因全长为678 bp,编码225个氨基酸,近N端含有2个潜在的N-糖基化位点,3个跨膜区位于23—98肽段区,亲水区较疏水区更易变异.IBV广西株与国内外IBV参考毒株相比,核苷酸序列同源性为83.6%~92.5%,氨基酸序列同源性为82.7%~95.1%.系统进化分析结果显示IBV广西株与SAIB20和LX4两参考株位于同一个分支上,它们的亲缘关系较近,而与其他参考株属于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远.结果表明IBV广西株是1株新的IBV变异株.     

Phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from Carnivora in Brazil

The incidence of canine rabies has been widely reported in Brazil, and new rabies virus (RV) variants, genetically similar to canine RV, have recently been isolated from foxes. In order to derive the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian Carnivora RV, Brazilian RVs isolated from dogs, cats, and foxes were genetically analyzed. Brazilian Carnivora RV isolates were divided into 2 main lineages. The predominant lineage was found in dogs and cats, which included the Argentinean and Bolivian Carnivora RV isolates, and was extensively distributed throughout Brazil and surrounding countries. The other lineage consisted of three sublineages containing Brazilian dog and fox RV isolates, with the dog sublineages located on an internal branch of 2 fox sublineages, suggesting that RV transmission events might have occurred between foxes and dogs in the past. These results suggest that contact between dogs and wildlife has the potential to generate new rabies variants and that it is important to control RV infection cycles in both dogs and wildlife to prevent spread of rabies infection.     

Diversity of currently circulating rabies virus strains in Croatia

Sylvatic rabies has been present in Croatia for more than three decades, with the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as the main reservoir. The present epidemic of sylvatic rabies in Croatia started already in 1977 and in the past ten years the disease has become enzootic in the entire country and thus represents a considerable veterinary and public health threat. A genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolates (RABV) from Croatia was performed using panel of 32 selected rabies-positive brain samples from domestic and wild animals collected between 2008 and 2010. Based on the comparison of 367-nucleotide sequences of a conserved region of the nucleoprotein (N) gene (nucleotides 75-441), the phylogenetic analysis revealed a low genetic diversity of currently circulating RABV strains in Croatia. 18 RABV isolates mainly originating from Eastern Croatia clustered with the formerly established Eastern European (EE) lineage, and the rest (14) were identical with the West European (WE) group. Both phylogenetic groups seem to coincide in central regions on both sides along the Save River. A high sequence identity in the N gene of the RABV isolates from neighbouring countries was found.     

Molecular epidemiology of the rabies virus in Slovenia 1994-2010

A molecular epidemiology study was performed on a selection of 30 rabies-positive brain samples collected between 1994 and 2010 in Slovenia and originating from the red fox (n=19), badger (n=3), cattle (n=3), dog (n=2), cat (n=1), marten (n=1) and horse (n=1). Based on the comparison of 1092 and 672 nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (N) and partial glycoprotein (G) gene regions, a low genetic diversity of the circulating strains was detected, but both phylogenetic trees were consistent with the topology where partial nucleoprotein or glycoprotein genes were used. A high sequence identity in the N and G gene to rabies virus isolates from neighbouring countries was found. The Slovenian strains were clearly different from the vaccine strains SAD B19 and SAD Bern, which have been used in Slovenia since 1988.     

2012年河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒分离株S1基因遗传变异分析

We designed and synthesized two pairs of specific primers amplified S1 gene by RT-PCR method to investigate the variation in S1 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in 2012 in Henan.S1 genes of 5 PEDV strains were cloned and sequenced, and their phylogenetic trees were analyzed from different swine breeding farms. Sequences analysis showed that S1 genes shared 98.3% to 99.5% nucleotide identities and 97.1% to 98.9% amino acids homologies among five PEDV isolates. Compared with domestic landing PEDV from 2011, the nucleotide homologies were 88.6% to 98.0% and amino acid homologies were 85.3% to 98.7%. Compared with CV777, the nucleotide homologies were 88.7% to 89.1% and amino acid homologies were 87.3% to 88.4%. Homology analysis showed that S1 genes of 5 isolates shared the same genetic mutation, there were the same insertions and deletions. Compared with domestic mutant strains landed from 2011, there was no tendency. However, compared with CV777, there were three nucleotide insertions from 163 to 166 bp, nine nucleotide insertions from 173 to 174 bp, three nucleotide insertions from 405 to 406 bp and three nucleotide deletions from 463 to 464 bp. These insertions and deletions of nucleotides led to its corresponding changes in encoding amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S1 genes of 5 PEDV strains belonged to the third group. However compared with part of PEDV first group domestic mutant strains landed in 2011, the nucleotide homologies were 88.6% to 89.3% and amino acid homologies were 85.3% to 86.9%. CV777 was the second group. The results showed that S1 genes of PEDV prevalent strain exist in first and third groups, but mainly prevailing third group strains, the pathogenic and antigenic differences of these strains should be further studied.     

狂犬病病毒8202株糖蛋白膜外区真核表达载体的构建及其在DK细胞中的表达

为了研究狂犬病病毒(rabies virus,RV)糖蛋白(rgp)膜外区在以糖蛋白为免疫原的免疫应答中的作用,提取RV的RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增RV糖蛋白膜外区1375 bp的序列,将其克隆入pMD18-T载体中,经测序比对正确后,通过酶切将其亚克隆入pVAX1表达载体的多克隆酶切位点处,将酶切鉴定正确的阳性重组子命名为pVAX-rgp,构建表达狂犬病病毒糖蛋白膜外区的真核表达载体,在质脂体介导下转染DK细胞观察其表达情况。研究结果表明,经免疫荧光和Western blotting鉴定,有特异性荧光和60 ku条带产生,证明pVAX-rgp载体中的rgp可在DK细胞中表达。本研究通过成功构建狂犬病病毒8202株糖蛋白膜外区的真核表达载体,为下一步有关功能基因组的研究和基因疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Geographical distribution of vampire bat-related cattle rabies in Brazil

Seventy-seven rabies virus (RV) isolates originating from Brazilian cattle were genetically characterized. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences of these isolates were phylogenetically and geographically analyzed. Cattle isolates, which clustered with the vampire bat-related RV group, were further subdivided into nine genetic subgroups. These subgroups were distributed widely in lowland regions, with some subgroups separated from each other by mountain ranges. In addition, separation of the groups in mountainous regions was correlated with altitude. These results indicate that cattle rabies is derived from several regionally-defined variants, which suggests that its geographical distribution is related to that of the vampire bat population.     

Serological and genetic characterisation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) indicates that Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup: no evidence of a selective effect on the variability of G protein nucleotide sequence by prior cell culture adaption and passages in cell culture or calves

Danish isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were characterised by nucleotide sequencing of the G glycoprotein and by their reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Among the six Danish isolates, the overall sequence divergence ranged between 0 and 3% at the nucleotide level and between 0 and 5% at the amino acid level. Sequence divergences of 7–8%, 8–9% and 2–3% (nucleotide) and 9–11%, 12–16% and 4–6% (amino acid) were obtained in the comparison made between the group of Danish isolates and the previously sequenced 391-2USA, 127UK and 220-69Bel isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Danish isolates formed three lineages within a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree. Nevertheless, the Danish isolates were closely related to the 220-69Bel isolate, the prototype of the intermediate antigenic subgroup. The sequencing of the extracellular part of the G gene of additional 11 field BRSV viruses, processed directly from lung samples without prior adaption to cell culture growth, revealed sequence variabilities in the range obtained with the propagated virus. In addition, several passages in cell culture and in calves had no major impact on the nucleotide sequence of the G protein. These findings indicated that the previously established variabilities of the G protein of RS virus isolates were not attributable to mutations induced during the propagation of the virus. The reactivity of the Danish isolates with G protein-specific MAbs were similar to that of the 220-69Bel isolate. Furthermore, the sequence of the immunodominant region was completely conserved among the Danish isolates on one side and the 220-69Bel isolate on the other. When combined, these data strongly suggested that the Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup.     

Genetic analysis of phosphoprotein and matrix protein of rabies viruses isolated in Brazil

To investigate the genetic characteristics of phosphoprotein (P) and matrix protein (M) genes of variable rabies virus (RV) prevalent in Brazil, the authors genetically characterized the P and M genes from 30 Brazilian RV field isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the P and M genes revealed the presence of six RV variants that consisted primarily of three insectivorous bats, the vampire bat, dog and fox in Brazil. Specific amino acid substitutions corresponding to these phylogenetic lineages were observed, with Asp(42) and Glu(62) in the P protein found to be characteristic of Brazilian chiroptera- and carnivora-related RVs, respectively. Amino acid sequence motifs predicted to associate with a viral function in the P and M proteins were conserved among Brazilian RV variants.