枯草芽孢杆菌B1对饲喂高脂饲粮小鼠抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌B1对饲喂高脂饲粮小鼠抗氧化功能的影响。将45只体重相近[(35±1)g]的普通ICR小鼠随机分为对照组(基础饲粮)、高脂组(高脂饲粮)、试验组[添加质量分数为0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌B1的高脂饲粮],每组3个重复,每个重复5只,饲养30 d。观察枯草芽孢杆菌B1对高脂饲粮小鼠肠黏膜、肝脏和血清的抗氧化能力、氧化应激状态的影响。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,高脂组小鼠的肠黏膜总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著减少了28.34%(P<0.01),肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶活性分别显著降低了22.91%(P<0.05)、37.35%(P<0.01)、47.47%(P<0.01)和36.42%(P<0.05);血清还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、GSH-Px和抗超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)活性分别显著下降了30.73%(P<0.01)、47.26%(P<0.01)和8.02%(P<0.01);肝脏8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OhdG)含量显著增加了67.87%(P<0.01)。2)与高脂组相比,试验组小鼠的肠黏膜T-AOC显著增加了32.44%(P<0.05),肝脏GSH含量和CAT活性分别显著上升了38.27%(P<0.05)和53.01%(P<0.05);血清T-AOC、GSH含量、GSH-Px和抗O2-.活性分别显著提高了10.72%(P<0.05)、38.01%(P<0.05)、51.98%(P<0.01)和13.45%(P<0.01);肝脏丙二醛、8-OHdG含量和黄嘌呤氧化酶活性分别显著下降了16.01%(P<0.05)、37.52%(P<0.01)和16.25%(P<0.05)。由此可见,高脂饲粮降低了小鼠肠黏膜、肝脏和血清的抗氧化功能;添加枯草芽孢杆菌B1对饲喂高脂饲粮小鼠的抗氧化功能具有一定的增强作用,并能减少机体的氧化应激状态,较好地保护组织细胞,免受氧化损伤。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B10对饲喂高脂日粮小鼠抗氧化功能的影响

将45只体质量（35±1）g的普通ICR小鼠随机分为对照组（基础日粮）、高脂组（高脂日粮）、处理组（添加0．1％芽孢杆菌B10的高脂日粮）。每组3个重复,每个重复5只。结果显示,高脂日粮组小鼠的试验末期体质量和平均日增重高于对照组和处理组。与对照组相比,高脂组小鼠肠黏膜总抗氧化能力显著降低了28．34％（P〈0．01）;肝脏中TrxR、SOD、GSH—Px和CAT活力分别降低了36．42％（P〈0．05）、22．91％（P〈0．05）、37．34％（P〈0．01）和47．47％（P〈0．01）,血清中抗超氧阴离子、GSH含量、GSH—Px活性分别下降8．206％（P〈0．05）、30．73％（P〈0．05）、47．26％（P〈0．01）。与高脂组相比,处理组肝脏的抗氧化能力显著改善,GSH—Px活力提高了141．35％（P〈0．01）,MDA含量降低了26．85％（P〈0．01）。血清中总抗氧化能力、GSH含量、GSH—Px活力分别提高9．46％（P〈0．05）、28．50％（P〈0．05）、39．95％（P〈0．01）。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B10能够显著提高不同组织中部分抗氧化酶活力,缓解高脂日粮引起的小鼠氧化应激,在肝脏组织中尤为明显。     

斜发沸石对苏淮育肥猪血液生化指标和肠道形态的影响

旨在研究基础日粮中添加不同水平的斜发沸石对苏淮育肥猪血液生化指标、肠道形态的影响,为斜发沸石在苏淮猪生产中的应用提供数据参考。选择体重(50±2)kg、健康的苏淮阉公猪40头,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组共4个处理组。试验预饲期10 d,所有猪自由采食对照组基础日粮;正试期64 d,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ至Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的斜发沸石。结果:随斜发沸石水平增加,血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、肠道黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白(sIgA)和肠道黏膜IgG含量升高。随斜发沸石水平增加,血清碱性磷酸酶含量升高;血清甘油三酯含量先升高后降低。随斜发沸石水平增加,平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度含量升高;红细胞分布宽度变异系数降低。随斜发沸石水平增加,十二指肠隐窝深度降低;空肠绒毛高度和空肠段绒毛高度/隐窝深度有升高的趋势。试验表明,在各组日粮消化能和粗蛋白均满足且一致的情况下,添加适宜比例斜发沸石对改善猪的机体血液及肠道免疫功能有积极作用。综合考虑以上检测指标变化规律及斜发沸石添加成本,建议斜发沸石的适宜添加比例为1.0%。     

Effects of L‐methionine on performance,gut morphology and antioxidant status in gut and liver of piglets in relation to DL‐methionine

This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of L‐methionine (L‐Met) in weaned piglets in relation to DL‐methionine (DL‐Met) results in a higher antioxidant status and lower need for antioxidant enzyme activation in intestinal epithelium and body tissues, and improves gut morphology and gut barrier function as well as performance. A total of 99 early‐weaned 21‐day old piglets were allotted to six groups and fed a semi‐synthetic wheat–barley‐based basal diet supplemented with 0.067%, 0.107% and 0.147% of either DL‐Met (MetAmino; Evonik, Hanau, Germany) or L‐Met (L‐Met100; CJ Europe, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany) to reach dietary Met concentrations of 0.16%, 0.20% and 0.24%, of which the latter met the requirements for maintenance and growth based on a pre‐experiment. Feed intake and body weights were recorded weekly, and samples of plasma, liver and duodenum and jejunum mucosa were collected after 3 weeks at slaughter. Plasma concentrations of L‐Met were similar, and those of D‐Met and total Met were higher in piglets fed DL‐Met in relation to those fed L‐Met. Feed intake, daily gains and feed:gain ratio, and the relative bio‐efficacy based on gains and feed:gain ratio were similar for both groups. Likewise, villi length, crypt depth, the villi length:crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum and gene expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum did not differ. Concentrations of antioxidants like glutathione and tocopherol, the total antioxidant capacity, the mRNA abundance or activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, markers for oxidative damage of lipids and the expression of inflammatory genes were similar in liver and jejunum mucosa. These data indicate that the effects of L‐Met and DL‐Met supplementation are comparable considering both piglet performance and parameters of gut health and function like gut morphology and the intestinal antioxidant status.     

硒和维生素E在硒缺乏动物自由基代谢中作用机制的研究

为阐明硒缺乏动物自由基代谢与硒缺乏症发病学的关系，以及硒和ＶＥ在自由基代谢中的作用采用低Ｓｅ日粮饲喂小鼠，并对血液、肝组织丙二醛、硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、相关向量元素及自由基水平进行了系统检测。     

Supplemental lipoic acid relieves post‐weaning diarrhoea by decreasing intestinal permeability in rats

Lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally existing substance which widely distributed in the cellular membranes and cytosol of animal cells. Its intracellular functions include quenching of free radicals and repairing oxidized proteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LA on post‐weaning diarrhoea using a rat model. Sixty weaned rats were fed either a basal diet or a LA‐supplemented diet, or a zinc oxide (ZnO)‐supplemented diet as a positive control. Rats in the LA and ZnO groups had better performance and reduced incidence of diarrhoea (p < 0.05). Both LA and ZnO treatments enhanced intestinal homeostatic and architecture, significantly decreased urinary lactulose to mannitol ratios (p < 0.05) and increased the expression of the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens protein‐1 (ZO‐1) (p < 0.05). LA significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced glutathione while decreasing the levels of oxidative glutathione and malondialdehyde in the intestinal mucosa (p < 0.05). Furthermore, an in vitro study indicated that supplementation with LA in IEC‐6 intestinal epithelial cells significantly enhanced the expression of OCLN and ZO‐1 under hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these results suggest that LA relieves post‐weaning diarrhoea by reducing intestinal permeability and improving antioxidant indices.     

合生素对樱桃谷肉鸭肌肉品质、机体抗氧化性能和免疫功能的影响

旨在研究合生素替代日粮中抗生素对樱桃谷肉鸭肌肉品质、血清生化指标、机体抗氧化能力以及免疫功能的影响。本研究选择1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只,分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）、基础日粮+40 mg·kg^-1杆菌肽锌（抗生素组）和基础日粮+1 000 mg·kg^-1合生素（合生素组）。试验期为42 d,分为前期（1~14 d）和后期（15~42 d）。于试验期第14和42天,分别从每重复中选取1只接近平均体重的公鸭进行称重、屠宰,采集血样、胸肌、腿肌、免疫器官以及肠道黏膜样品用于血清生化指标、肌肉品质、免疫器官指数、抗氧化指标、肠道免疫相关基因等的测定。试验结果表明：1）日粮中添加合生素和抗生素显著降低了樱桃谷肉鸭宰后24 h胸肌和腿肌的蒸煮损失（P<0.05）以及腿肌的亮度值（P<0.05）,显著提高了宰后24 h腿肌的红度值（P<0.05）。2）与对照组相比,除抗生素能够显著提高樱桃谷肉鸭42 d脾脏指数（P<0.05）,日粮中添加抗生素或合生素对樱桃谷肉鸭的血清生化指标和免疫器官指数均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）合生素组肉鸭14 d血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力显著高于抗生素组与对照组（P<0.05）,42 d空肠黏膜中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,14 d空肠黏膜中丙二醛含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;抗生素组和合生素组42 d空肠黏膜中GSH-Px活力均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;与对照组和合生素组相比,日粮中添加抗生素显著提高了14 d回肠黏膜中GSH-Px活力（P<0.05）。4）合生素组14 d空肠黏膜中Toll样受体3（TLR3） mRNA表达量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,但与抗生素组间无显著性差异（P>0.05）;14和42 d回肠黏膜中维甲酸诱导基因1（RIG-1） mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组和抗生素组（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,日粮中添加合生素和抗生素均能显著上调14 d回肠黏膜中TLR3和Toll样受体7（TLR7） mRNA相对表达量（P<0.05）。综合以上结果指出,合生素能够作为一种抗生素替代品改善樱桃谷肉鸭的肌肉品质和抗氧化性能,提高肠道黏膜中免疫相关基因的表达,增强机体免疫调节能力。     

小檗碱对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、抗氧化能力和肠道免疫功能的影响

【目的】 本试验旨在研究小檗碱对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、抗氧化能力和肠道免疫功能的影响。【方法】 选用1日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡360只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复20只。对照组（NC）饲喂基础饲粮;抗生素组（PC）饲喂基础饲粮+200 mg/kg土霉素钙+250 mg/kg那西肽;小檗碱组（BBR）饲喂基础饲粮+250 mg/kg小檗碱。在试验第21、42和63天,从每个重复中随机挑选1只接近平均体重的鸡,采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏和法氏囊分别称重,记录重量,计算其器官指数;刮取空肠黏膜,测定超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量;提取空肠黏膜总RNA,合成cDNA,测定紧密连接蛋白与炎症因子相关基因的mRNA表达量。【结果】 小檗碱对黄羽肉鸡器官指数无显著影响（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,在饲粮中添加小檗碱显著提高了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）,显著降低了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的丙二醛（MDA）含量（P<0.05）。抗生素组21日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的闭合蛋白（Occludin）和闭锁小带蛋白-1（ZO-1）的mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组和小檗碱组（P<0.05）。与对照组和抗生素组相比,小檗碱显著提高了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的跨膜蛋白-1（Claudin-1）的mRNA表达量（P<0.05）,显著降低了21、42与63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白1（NOD1）的mRNA表达量（P<0.05）;小檗碱组与抗生素组42日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的白介素-1β（IL-1β）和白介素-8（IL-8）的mRNA表达量均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,小檗碱显著降低了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、IL-1β、IL-8的mRNA表达量（P<0.05）。【结论】 饲粮中添加250 mg/kg小檗碱可增强63日龄黄羽肉鸡肠道抗氧化能力,改善肠道屏障,降低肠道炎性因子的表达,从而改善肠道免疫功能。     

Effect of excess selenium supplementation on the glutathione redox system in broiler chicken

Selenium, as part of selenocysteine, is the active centre of selenoenzymes. Excess amount of selenium generates oxygen free radicals and reacts with thiol compounds such as reduced glutathione, composing seleno-diglutathione. These reactions impair the amount and/or activity of the biological antioxidant defence system. In the present experiment the effects of two inorganic selenium sources (Na2SeO3, Na2SeO4) on lipid peroxidation and on the content and activity of some components of the antioxidant defence mechanism were studied in Ross 308 hybrid cockerels. In the tissues examined, the glutathione redox system was altered in different ways as an effect of excess selenium. The amount of glutathione and, consequently, glutathione peroxidase activity declined in the blood plasma and in the red blood cell haemolysate, while in the liver malondialdehyde concentration increased only at the end of the experimental period as a result of the boosted enzyme activity. The authors suppose that the cause of increased lipid peroxidation was the potential toxic effect of selenium accumulation above the actual demand.     

日粮添加多不饱和脂肪酸对肉仔鸡抗氧化指标的影响

本试验通过观察日粮中添加多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)与肉仔鸡抗氧化酶活性及过氧化产物的量的关系,研究PUFA对肉仔鸡抗氧化能力的影响.试验包括3个单因子试验,3个处理组日粮为玉米豆粕型日粮,分别添加4.5%的禽脂、玉米油和鱼油,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡.21日龄和42日龄分别检测脾脏、肠道抗氧化酶(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT))活性和脂质过氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)水平.综合本试验检测的抗氧化指标(GSH-Px、SOD、CAT和MDA)可知,日粮中添加鱼油和玉米油的肉仔鸡抗氧化酶活性较对照组均有不同程度的提高,而机体脂质过氧化产物(MDA)与对照组比较无显著性差异.这表明虽然添加PUFA易使机体发生过氧化反应,但由于机体抗氧化酶系(GSH-Px、SOD、CAT)功能的增强,可以抵消PUFA过氧化的不良作用.但是肉仔鸡抗氧化酶系功能的增强可能是PUFA具有直接调控机体抗氧化酶的作用,也可能是机体过氧化产物的反馈作用导致其功能代偿性增强.添加PUFA,脾脏CAT和SOD增强主要发生在21日龄;肠道CAT和SOD活性增强则主要发生在42日龄.由此可知,日粮中添加PUFA对肉仔鸡抗氧化酶活性的影响因生长阶段不同而存在组织器官特异性.     

Hepatic endogenous defense potential of propolis after mercury intoxication

Exposure to mercuric chloride (HgCl₂; 5 mg kg^?1 body weight; i.p.) induced oxidative stress in mice and substantially increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, decreased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and various antioxidant enzymes in liver and also increased the activities of liver marker enzymes in serum. Therapy with propolis extract, a resinous wax‐like beehive product (200 mg kg^?1 orally, after mercury administration), for 3 days inhibited LPO and the formation of GSSG and increased the level of GSH in the liver. Release of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly restored after propolis treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, that is, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, were also concomitantly restored towards normal levels after propolis administration. These observations clearly demonstrate that propolis treatment augments antioxidant defense against mercury‐induced toxicity and provide evidence that propolis has therapeutic potential as a hepatoprotective agent.     

地衣芽孢杆菌对脂多糖应激仔猪肠道形态、肠黏膜抗氧化能力和免疫力的影响

本试验旨在研究地衣芽孢杆菌对脂多糖(LPS)应激仔猪肠道形态、肠黏膜抗氧化能力和免疫力的影响。试验选用35日龄、平均体重为(10.0±0.5)kg的苏山猪90头,随机分成3组(对照组、LPS组和BL+LPS组),每组3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。其中,对照组和LPS组仔猪均饲喂基础饲粮;BL+LPS组仔猪饲喂添加500 mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌的基础饲粮。预试期3 d,正试期21 d,于正试期第21天从每个重复中选2头仔猪腹腔注射LPS(LPS组和BL+LPS组)或等量的灭菌生理盐水(对照组),注射24 h后屠宰取样。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,LPS应激显著降低了仔猪十二指肠二胺氧化酶(DAO)、空肠一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性及空肠一氧化氮(NO)含量(P<0.05),显著提高了血浆中NO含量和NOS活性(P<0.05);显著降低了空肠绒毛高度和绒隐比、回肠绒隐比(P<0.05);显著降低了十二指肠、空肠和回肠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH⁃Px)、十二指肠和回肠超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05);显著降低了空肠上皮细胞中淋巴细胞、空肠和回肠上皮细胞中杯状细胞数量(P<0.05);显著降低了血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量,提高了回肠黏膜白细胞介素-6(IL⁃6)和白细胞介素-1β(IL⁃1β)含量(P<0.05)。2)与LPS组相比,饲粮添加地衣芽孢杆菌显著提高了LPS应激仔猪回肠DAO和NOS活性(P<0.05);显著提高了空肠黏膜GSH⁃Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),显著降低了十二指肠黏膜丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05);显著提高了血清IgG含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,LPS应激导致仔猪肠黏膜损伤,在饲粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可提高LPS应激仔猪的肠黏膜抗氧化能力和免疫力,一定程度上促进肠道形态的修复,减缓LPS应激导致的肠道损伤。     

Antioxidant status and expression of inflammatory genes in gut and liver of piglets fed different dietary methionine concentrations

This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary concentrations of methionine (Met), as a precursor of cysteine which is a constituent of glutathione (GSH), affect tissue antioxidant concentrations and the antioxidant defence system in pigs. Forty‐five piglets (DanZucht × Pietrain) were allotted to three groups of similar mean body weight (11.0 ± 0.9 kg). The basal diet was composed of barley, wheat, corn starch, soybean oil, sucrose, cellulose and a mineral supplement with suboptimal concentrations of Met and was supplemented with dl ‐Met to reach 0.16%, 0.20% and 0.24% of dietary Met and 0.40%, 0.44% and 0.48% of dietary Met and cysteine in groups 0.16, 0.20 and 0.24 respectively. After 3 weeks, at slaughter, samples of liver, jejunum mucosa and plasma were collected. Feed intake and weight gains increased and feed:gain ratio decreased when dietary Met concentrations increased. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), concentrations of GSH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA‐RS) and the activity of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and jejunum mucosa were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). Relative mRNA concentrations of selected target genes of the nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of the antioxidant response, and of the nuclear factor ‘kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer’ of activated B‐cells (NF‐κB), the master regulator of inflammation, were largely unaffected both in jejunum and liver. In conclusion, inflammation‐ and oxidative stress‐related pathways on the molecular level, and concentrations of lipid peroxidation products, of antioxidants and of enzymes involved in the antioxidant defence system were mostly unaffected by dietary Met concentration in gut and liver. These findings suggest that suboptimal dietary Met concentrations did not influence the antioxidant defence system of gut and liver in healthy piglets.     

Effect of level of alimentation on visceral organ mass and the morphology and Na+, K+ adenosinetriphosphatase activity of intestinal mucosa in lambs

Changes in ovine visceral organ mass and small intestinal mucosa morphology and metabolism due to short-term and prolonged modifications in level of alimentation were studied. Thirty-six lambs were fed for 21 d at either 100 or 50% ad libitum levels of intake. For the next 5 d, lambs either remained on the same intake levels or were switched from 100 or 50% or from 50 to 100% ad libitum intake levels and were subsequently slaughtered. Levels of alimentation the last 5 d before slaughter had a significant effect on weights of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach complex and liver, while only the weight of the liver was affected by 21-d adaptation period. Weights of the heart, lungs, carcass and visceral fat were not affected by level of alimentation. Villus height and mucosal mass at a constant intestinal tissue weight were modified by level of alimentation 5 d before slaughter but static to the previous 21-d nutritional plane. Activity of Na+, K+ ATPase of jejunal mucosa was not influenced by level of alimentation 5 d before slaughter, but was influenced by 21-d adapted level of alimentation. Results from this study are interpreted to indicate that weights of the liver and alimentary tract and small intestinal mucosa development are highly sensitive to changes in level of alimentation.     

Effect of dietary microbially produced gamma‐linolenic acid and plant extracts on enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants in various broiler chicken organs

Plant extracts and fungal fermented feed with gamma‐linolenic acid‐rich microbial oils are perspective additives for use in animal nutrition as appetite and digestion stimulants, stimulants of physiological functions, for the prevention and treatment for certain pathological conditions, and as antioxidants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of reduced glutathione were measured in the plasma and in liver, heart and kidney mitochondria after 42 days of feeding broiler chickens both regular and combination diets. These were selected based on our previous experience. The administration of agrimony and gamma‐linolenic acid resulted in a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in all four bodies in contrast to plant extracts. We conclude that the decrease in activity is due to decreased production, and hence dismutation, of superoxide radicals to peroxides followed by lower activity of glutathione peroxidase, which was not seen in the case of only plant extract administration. Generally, higher glutathione reductase activity would be in response to increased demands on reduced glutathione as a cofactor for the reaction catalysed by glutathione peroxidase and the utilization of glutathione itself. However, measured levels of reduced glutathione showed no change. The results argue against any oxidative stress conditions. The application of agrimony extract appears to be suitable for the antioxidant effect against peroxidation of gamma‐linolenic acid. As the efficacy of measuring the effects of diets on the oxidative stability of meat caused by selected antioxidant enzymes is rather low, additional data from the experiment will be processed to clearly assess the influence of this combination of diets.     

Effects on blood concentrations of certain serum fat-soluble vitamins of long-term feeding of dairy cows on a diet supplemented with clinoptilolite

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite (a natural zeolite) supplementation in the ration of dairy cows on serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E concentrations. Fifty-two clinically healthy Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to their age and parity. The first group (group A, n = 17), was offered a concentrate feed supplemented with 1.25% clinoptilolite. The second group (group B, n = 17), was offered a concentrate feed supplemented with 2.5% clinoptilolite. The third group (group C, n = 18), which served as controls, was offered the same concentrate feed without clinoptilolite supplementation. All cows were fed the above concentrates continuously starting 30 days before the expected parturition up to the end of lactation. Blood samples from individual animals were collected just before the start of experiment, at the day of calving and, thereafter, at monthly intervals. All samples were tested for serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E concentrations. The results showed that the 1.25 and 2.5% supplementation of clinoptilolite had no adverse effect on serum concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamins A and E.     

Effects of dietary leucine on antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary leucine on antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant‐ and mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets. Three diets were formulated with different levels of supplemented leucine (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%). Results showed that supplementation of 0.25% leucine significantly increased antisuperoxide anion (ASA) and antihydroxyl radical (AHR) levels and activities of total superoxide dismutade (T‐SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) in serum, longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets as compared with the control group. The SOD2, catalase (CAT), GPx, GST, glutathione reductase (GR), and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were significantly increased by 0.25% leucine supplementation. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the mRNA level of Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) exhibited an opposite tendency. Additionally, supplementation of 0.25% leucine significantly increased the mRNA levels of mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets. Results suggested that supplementation of 0.25% leucine improved antioxidant activity and mitochondrial biogenesis and function of piglets, which was related to the increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and upregulation of expression of antioxidant‐ and mitochondrial‐related genes.     

Lysozyme in calves

Relatively high lysozyme concentrations, depending on age, were recorded from intestinal content, spleen, liver, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, and mucosa of calves. Yet, only minor quantities of lysozyme were found in blood serum or plasma and in granulocytes. Physicochemical characterisation, precipitation, using polyclonal antisera, and crosswise neutralisation of lysis reaction were likely to suggest occurrence of immunological relationship reactions as well as differences between organ lysozymes, on the one hand, and intestinal lysozymes, on the other.     

女贞子、五味子与寡糖配伍对肉鸡抗氧化功能和血液生化指标的影响

试验研究了中草药女贞子、五味子以及女贞子、五味子与甘露寡糖(MOS)配伍对肉鸡抗氧化功能和血液生化指标的影响。通过测定肉鸡血清、心脏、肝脏和肾脏组织中过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量以及血清生化指标,研究上述添加剂对肉鸡抗氧化机能与血清生化指标的影响。结果显示,中草药添加剂能够增强肉鸡抗氧化功能。