Combined effects of gallic acid and propolis on beryllium‐induced hepatorenal toxicity

The combined effect of gallic acid (3,4,5‐trihydroxy benzoic acid; GA; 50 mg kg^?1 i.p.) and propolis (200 mg kg^?1 p.o.) was evaluated against beryllium‐induced biochemical and morphological alterations in the liver and kidney. Female albino rats were exposed to beryllium nitrate (1 mg kg^?1 i.p.) daily for 28 days followed by treatment with the above mentioned therapeutic agents either individually or in combination for five consecutive days. Exposure to beryllium increased its concentration in the serum, liver and kidney and caused significant alterations in cytochrome P450 enzymes, microsomal lipid peroxidation and protein contents. Beryllium administration significantly altered the aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ‐grutamy1 transpeptidase, bilirubin, creatinine and urea in serum, and the activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose‐6‐phophatase and succinic dehydrogenase, triglycerides, cholesterol, protein contents, glycogen contents, lipid peroxidation and glutathione level in the liver and kidney. Beryllium exposure induced severe alterations in hepatorenal morphology, revealing its toxic consequences at a cellular level. Individual administration of GA and propolis reduced the effects on the studied parameters to a degree. Interestingly, GA in conjunction with propolis reversed the alterations in all of the variables examined, highlighting the beneficial effects of combined therapy over monotherapy in the alleviation of beryllium‐induced systemic toxicity.     

Blood glutathione status and activity of glutathione‐metabolizing antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of young trotters in basic training

The aim of this study was to evaluate response of blood glutathione status and activity of glutathione‐metabolizing antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of young trotters in basic training. Nine untrained trotters (aged 16–20 months) were exposed to a 4‐month training program based on exercises at low‐to‐moderate intensity. The conditioning consisted of breaking the horses and running them on distances varying from 4 to 40 km a week. The workloads were increased on a 3‐week basis. Exercise intensity was monitored by measuring heart rate and blood lactate. Blood samples were collected at rest, before (RES0) and after (RESt) the conditioning period; moreover, on the latter occasion (on day 112 of training), the blood was also taken immediately after the routine exercise (EXE0) and 60 min thereafter (EXE60). The whole blood samples were analysed for the concentration of reduced, oxidized and total glutathione (GSH, GSSG and TGSH, respectively), while the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione‐disulfide reductase (GR) were determined in haemolysates. Additionally, the erythrocytic concentrations of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and its phosphate (NADP⁺) were measured. All investigated parameters except NAD⁺ and reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) changed during the training period. Following the effortm GPX, NADP⁺ and GSH/GSSG were significantly lower (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) while GSSG was markedly higher than at rest (RESt). The drop in NADP⁺, low GSH/GSSG and high GSSG concentration were sustained at EXE60. Glutathione‐disulfide reductase activity was higher after the workout but only at EXE60 the increase in activity was significant. Despite the activities of the GSH‐GSSG cycle, enzymes were considerably higher after the training period, the elevated concentration of GSSG and significantly lower GSH/GSSG ratio in the post‐exercise measurements suggest that production of reactive oxygen species possibly exceeds the capacity of antioxidative defenses of immature trotters. A more balanced diet with additional antioxidant supplementation and a revision of the basic training protocol used herein are advised.     

Effect of mercury chloride on oxidative stress and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 signalling molecule in liver and kidney of laying hens

This study investigated the effects of mercury chloride (HgCl₂) on the deposition of mercury (Hg), histopathology and oxidative stress in liver and kidney of laying hens. The gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)‐Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) were further studied to uncover the molecular mechanism. A total of 960 40‐week‐old Hyline brown laying hens were randomly allocated to five treatments with eight pens per treatment and 24 hens per pen. The hens were fed with five experimental diets containing graded levels of Hg at 0.270, 1.250, 3.315, 9.405 and 27.230 mg/kg respectively. Results revealed that both deposition of Hg and score of injury in liver and kidney were significantly increased as dietary Hg dosage up to 27.230 mg/kg diet. Deposition of Hg was positively related to score of injury in liver and kidney of laying hens. Besides, the activities of superoxidative dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and glutathione (GSH) content all significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased (p < 0.05) after Hg exposure in liver and kidney of laying hens. In addition, positive relationships occurred between antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant enzyme gene expressions except between SOD activity and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene expression in liver. Meanwhile, Nrf2 gene expression was positively related to antioxidant gene expressions and negatively connected with Keap1 gene expression. Negative relationships occurred between Nrf2 and Keap1 protein levels in liver and kidney. In conclusion, Hg could dose‐dependently damage liver and kidney and induced hepatic and renal oxidative stress by means of suppressing Nrf2‐Keap1 signalling molecule in laying hens.     

Effects of lycopene supplementation in both maternal and offspring diets on growth performance,antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters in chicks

This study investigated the effects of different supplementation ways of lycopene during pre‐hatch (from the diet of hens) and post‐hatch (from the diet of progeny) on production performance, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters in chicks. In total, 360 hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control group) or 40 mg lycopene/kg diet. From 28 to 34 days after the start of supplementation (30 weeks old), 650 qualified eggs were collected to artificial incubation. In this trial, 2 × 2 factorial designs were used. Male chicks hatched from hens fed with 0 or 40 mg lycopene/kg diet were fed a diet containing either 0 or 40 mg lycopene/kg diet. The results showed that, relative to control, in ovo‐deposited lycopene significantly increased chick birth body weight, improved liver total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH: GSSG), and significantly declined liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increased liver lycopene content during 0–14 days after hatching. On days 14 after hatching, dietary lycopene in diet began to take over gradually. Both supplementation ways of lycopene increased immune organ index, serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, villus length and villus/crypt in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Data in this study suggested lycopene supplementation could improve antioxidant capacity and immune function, and regulate lipid metabolism in chicks.     

Effects of dietary leucine on antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary leucine on antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant‐ and mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets. Three diets were formulated with different levels of supplemented leucine (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%). Results showed that supplementation of 0.25% leucine significantly increased antisuperoxide anion (ASA) and antihydroxyl radical (AHR) levels and activities of total superoxide dismutade (T‐SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) in serum, longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets as compared with the control group. The SOD2, catalase (CAT), GPx, GST, glutathione reductase (GR), and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were significantly increased by 0.25% leucine supplementation. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the mRNA level of Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) exhibited an opposite tendency. Additionally, supplementation of 0.25% leucine significantly increased the mRNA levels of mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets. Results suggested that supplementation of 0.25% leucine improved antioxidant activity and mitochondrial biogenesis and function of piglets, which was related to the increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and upregulation of expression of antioxidant‐ and mitochondrial‐related genes.     

滞育发动前家蚕滞育性与非滞育性卵的谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环状态分析

为了调查滞育和非滞育性家蚕卵的谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环在滞育发动前是否存在差异,利用分光光度法检测滞育发动前(25℃中蚕卵产下后0～24 h)滞育与非滞育蚕卵的谷胱甘肽含量和相关代谢酶活性。滞育发动前,滞育性家蚕卵中的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量、总谷胱甘肽(GSH+2GSSG)含量和GSH/GSSG比值变化不显著,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性变化不显著,但硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶(TPX)活性下降23%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高57%;非滞育性家蚕卵中的GSH含量及TPX和GST活性变化不显著,但GSSG含量升高61%,GSH+2GSSG含量升高41%,GSH/GSSG比值下降33%,GR活性下降16%。与非滞育性家蚕卵相比,滞育发动前滞育性家蚕卵中的GSH含量、GSSG含量和GSH+2GSSG含量较低,GSH/GSSG比值较高,TPX活性较低,GST活性无显著差异,GR活性较高。两种蚕卵中都未能检测到谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)活性。结果表明,滞育发动前滞育性家蚕卵中较低的TPX活性和较高的GR活性共同导致较高的GSH/GSSG比值,使其谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环处于相对还原态。     

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in a feline acetaminophen model of oxidative injury

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is reported to have hepatoprotective and antioxidant functions. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) was used to induce oxidative damage in cats, and to then determine the effect of SAMe treatment on erythrocyte morphology, PCV, liver histopathology, thiobarbituate reacting substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidised glutathione (GSSG).Cats receiving acetaminophen had a significant increase in methemoglobin and Heinz body production. A significant effect for the interaction of time and treatment was found for Heinz body production and changes in PCV. No significant changes were found in blood or hepatic TBARS. Blood GSH increased significantly in all cats, while the blood GSH:GSSG ratio tended to increase the most in cats given acetaminophen only. The hepatic GSH:GSSG ratio tended to increase in cats given SAMe and decrease in cats given acetaminophen, but this effect was not significant. SAMe protected erythrocytes from oxidative damage by limiting Heinz body formation and erythrocyte destruction and maybe useful in treating acetaminophen toxicity.     

Oxidative Stress and Neutrophil Function in Cats with Chronic Renal Failure

Background: Oxidative stress is an important component in the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) and neutrophil function may be impaired by oxidative stress. Hypothesis: Cats with CRF have increased oxidative stress and decreased neutrophil function compared with control cats. Animals: Twenty cats with previously diagnosed renal failure were compared with 10 age‐matched control cats. Methods: A biochemical profile, CBC, urinalysis, antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH : GSSG), and neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst were measured. Statistical comparisons (2‐tailed t‐test) were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The CRF cats had significantly higher serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations than control cats, and significantly lower PCV and urine specific gravity than control cats. The GSH : GSSG ratio was significantly higher in the CRF group (177.6 ± 197, 61.7 ± 33; P < .02) whereas the antioxidant capacity was significantly less in the CRF group (0.56 ± 0.21, 0.81 ± 0.13 Trolox units; P < .005). SOD activity was the same in control and CRF cats. Neutrophil oxidative burst after Escherichia coli phagocytosis, measured as an increase in mean fluorescence intensity, was significantly higher in CRF cats than controls (732 ± 253, 524 ± 54; P < .05). Conclusions: The higher GSH : GSSG ratio and lower antioxidant capacity in CRF cats is consistent with activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. It remains to be determined if supplementation with antioxidants such as SOD beyond the level of control cats would be of benefit in cats with CRF.     

GSH对铅胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗抗氧化系统的调控

本试验以12周龄的多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne ‘cuttle’）幼苗为试验材料,用铅（Lead,Pb）,Pb+还原型谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）和Pb+丁硫氨酸-亚砜亚胺（L-Buthionine-sulfoximine,BSO）处理1周,研究GSH对Pb胁迫下多年生黑麦草抗氧化系统的调控机理,寻求缓解植物Pb胁迫的有效措施。结果表明：Pb胁迫下,外源GSH能够显著提高多年生黑麦草Pb的吸收和转运,增加抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione peroxidase,GPX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione reductase,GR）活性,显著增加抗氧化剂GSH含量及GSH/氧化型谷胱甘肽（Oxidized glutathione,GSSG）比率,提高了植物的还原力。外源GSH也能够显著降低活性氧超氧阴离子（Superoxide anion,O₂^·-）和过氧化氢（Hydrogen peroxide,H₂O₂）的产生量、膜的相对透性（Relative electric conductivity,EC）和丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量,保持了细胞的稳定性,减轻了膜脂的过氧化程度。外源BSO作用基本上与GSH相反。相关分析表明：GSH可通过提高SOD和GPX等抗氧化酶的活性,促进GSSG和GSH的相互转化,降低活性氧产生量,提高植物抵抗逆境胁迫的能力。     

Effects of α-lipoic acid, vitamins E and C upon the heat stress in Japanese quails

Antioxidant vitamins are commonly used as colorant, preventive, sweetener, nutritive and antioxidant materials in food industry. Thus, many studies have been conducted in recent years. We have performed the present study to understand the effects of α-lipoic acid (ALA), vitamin C and E, added into rations of Japanese quails, on chronic heat stress. This study was carried out in five groups as: control, stress, ALA, vitamin E and vitamin C groups. Heat stress is applied to all groups except the control group. Superficial pectoral muscles tissues were used for biochemical determinations. During the research, it is found that heat stress exerted undesired effects such as increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO) level indicating oxidative stress in Japanese quails. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities and glutathione (GSH) amounts were studied to understand the behaviour of defence mechanism. While stress increased LPO ratio, it was determined that all antioxidant added into the ration decreases LPO significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that all of antioxidants added into ration effectively restored SOD activity and LPO ratio which heat stress affected negatively. Interestingly, vitamin C did not adjust GSH ratio in contrast to vitamin E and ALA, where vitamin E and C did not perform any positive effect on heat stress decreased CAT activity. Finally, it can be thought that antioxidant vitamins relatively ameliorated these undesired affects caused by stress factors given.     

不同水平脱脂米糠部分替代玉米对苏淮猪氧化还原状态和胆固醇代谢的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同水平脱脂米糠部分替代玉米对苏淮阉公猪氧化还原状态和胆固醇代谢的影响。试验选用21头体重[(62.90±1.12)kg]相近的健康苏淮阉公猪,随机分为对照组(试验Ⅰ组)、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验Ⅰ组猪饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组猪分别以14%和28%的脱脂米糠部分替代基础饲粮中的玉米,并使用豆粕、麸皮和豆油等物质调平基础饲粮与试验饲粮的消化能、粗蛋白质和氨基酸水平。预试期10 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:1)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组苏淮猪血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);与试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅲ组相比,试验Ⅱ组苏淮猪血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组苏淮猪血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn⁃SOD)活性最高,且与试验Ⅰ组相比差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组苏淮猪肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。2)与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅲ组苏淮猪血清总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL⁃C)含量显著升高(P<0.05);各组间肝脏TC和甘油三酯(TG)含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。3)脱脂米糠部分替代饲粮玉米对苏淮猪肝脏胆固醇-7α-羟化酶1(CYP7α1)和胆固醇-27α-羟化酶1(CYP27α1)mRNA表达量均无显著影响(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组苏淮猪肝脏3-羟-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)、固醇调节原件结合蛋白-2(SREBP⁃2)和清道夫受体BI(SR⁃BI)的mRNA表达量显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);此外,试验Ⅲ组苏淮猪肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)mRNA表达量最低,且与试验Ⅰ组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。4)将苏淮猪血清TC和LDL⁃C含量分别与血清和肝脏氧化标记物及抗氧化酶做相关性分析表明,同一个体血清TC含量与肝脏GSH含量以及GSH/GSSG呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而血清LDL⁃C含量与肝脏GSH含量以及GSH/GSSG极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,脱脂米糠部分替代饲粮中玉米可部分改变苏淮猪血清和肝脏氧化还原相关酶的活性,并在一定程度上影响机体胆固醇代谢和肝脏胆固醇代谢相关基因的表达。     

Ontogeny of glutathione and glutathione-related antioxidant enzymes in rat liver

We conducted a comprehensive characterization of the ontogeny of glutathione (GSH) and its related enzymes in rat liver. GSH content and activities of glutathione reductase (GR), cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in male rat livers (n = 4) at different developmental stages. Our results indicate total hepatic GSH content and GR, GST, and GPx activity were low in the perinatal period. GSH content remained relatively constant throughout postnatal development, but GR, GST, and GPx activity underwent significant increases to attain adult levels by late post-weaning. Whether the ontogenic pattern of GSH and its related enzymes explain, in part, the altered susceptibility of neonates to some toxicants requires further investigation. Our study provides fundamental biological information on the ontogeny of cytosolic antioxidant/detoxification enzymes in a relevant toxicological risk assessment species. Additional studies are needed to fully characterize the ontogeny of other xenobiotic detoxification enzymes to further promote the rat as a developmental toxicology model that can identify toxicokinetic reasons for differences in susceptibility to toxicity between the neonate and adult.     

Modulatory effects of vitamin C on biochemical and oxidative changes induced by acute exposure to diazinon in rat various tissues: Prophylactic and therapeutic roles

Diazinon (DZN) as an organophosphate pesticide may cause oxidative stress in different tissues. Antioxidants increase tissue protection from oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate prophylactic and therapeutic effects of vitamin C against oxidative stress caused by DZN in various tissues of male Wistar rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups: control group received corn oil as DZN solvent, DZN group received 100 mg/kg of DZN, C group received 200 mg/kg of vitamin C, C‐DZN and DZN‐C groups received vitamin C before and after DZN injection. Plasma and various tissues were prepared and evaluated for measurement of the biochemical parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers. Results showed that acute administration of DZN significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities and malondialdehyde level in all tissues, catalase (CAT) activity in liver, kidney and heart and some plasma biochemical indices, while it decreased cholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and glutathione content in all tissues. CAT activity in erythrocytes, brain and spleen was decreased in DZN‐exposed rats compared with the control group. Administration of vitamins C in both prophylactic and therapeutic groups ameliorated in these parameters, although all these tests in tissues did not return to the normal level. These data suggest that oxidative stress is an essential mechanism involved in DZN‐induced adversity effect, as evidenced by the altered activity of antioxidant enzymes, depleted GSH content and the enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation. Both the prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of rats to vitamin C have beneficial effects against oxidative stress and cholinergic hyperactivity induced by DZN in tissues especially in the brain tissue through free radical scavenging.     

Characteristics of Antioxidant Systems of Yellow Fraction of Red Deer's (Cervus elaphus L.) Semen During the Rutting Period

The objective of this study was to make the preliminary characterization of the antioxidant defence systems of the yellow fraction (YF) of red deer's (Cervus elaphus L.) semen during the rutting period. The semen was collected using artificial vagina (AV). The studies included spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). We also analysed the contents of low‐molecular antioxidants such as L‐glutathione (GSH + GSSG), L‐ascorbate (ASC) and total antioxidant status (TAS). Additionally, the samples were subjected to PAGE and stained for SOD and GPx activities. It was demonstrated that the yellow fraction exhibited activities of SOD and GPx, with the highest activities in September and October. CAT activity was not detected. Staining for the SOD and GPx activities confirmed three protein bands with SOD activity and one protein band with GPx activity. The content of GSH + GSSG was similar in trials dating from October to December contrary to the content of ASC which was high in samples from September and October. The stable rate of TAS was observed during the whole rutting period. The results of this study showed that the YF of red deer semen is equipped with basic battery of antioxidant enzymes comprising SOD and GPx, with the supporting role of GSH + GSSG and ASC. Moreover, the samples obtained at the peak of the rutting period occurring from September to October had the highest enzymatic activity in comparison with remaining months of the rutting period, which contributed to the high quality of the semen by preventing it from the formation of oxidative stress during the short period of intense sexual activity of male red deer. The better understanding of the mechanisms of antioxidant defence systems in the YF of deer's semen may contribute to the potential use of this fraction in technology of wild ruminant semen preservation.     

不同体质量建鲤血清和组织中抗氧化指标的变化

本试验旨在研究建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)幼鱼期(18～75 g)随体质量增加,机体和组织器官中抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物质含量以及抗超氧阴离子自由基能力(ASA)和抗羟自由基能力(AHA)的变化规律.试验选用均初体质量为(18.0±0.20)g的健康建鲤750尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾.所有试验鱼饲喂相同的试验饲料,每隔14d称重取样1次,称重后,分别取血液、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉组织测定抗氧化指标,共取5次.结果表明:血清、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉中丙二醛和蛋白质羰基含量随体质量增加而显著降低(P＜0.05),分别在体质量达31.4和58.6g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);ASA和AHA随体质量增加而显著增强(P＜0.05),均在体质量达40.1g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),均在体质量达40.1g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),均在体质量达31.4g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),分别在体质量达31.4、31.4、31.4和58.6g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05).综上所述,建鲤幼鱼随体质量增加,血清和组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和GST等抗氧化酶活性逐渐增强,低分子抗氧化物质GSH含量逐渐提高,从而使得ASA和AHA逐渐增强,脂质过氧化和蛋白质氧化产物含量逐渐降低,并最终达到稳态.     

43～63日龄黄羽肉鸡核黄素需要量研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平核黄素对43 ～ 63日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、血液和肝脏生化指标及肉质性状的影响,探讨43 ～ 63日龄黄羽肉鸡核黄素需要量.试验选用43日龄岭南黄羽肉公鸡1 200只,采用单因子随机分组试验设计,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1.5、3.0、6.0和12.0 mg/kg核黄素的试验饲粮,试验期21 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加3.0 mg/kg核黄素显著提高了试验鸡平均日增重(P＜0.05),各组间料重比差异不显著(P＞0.05).饲粮添加核黄素显著降低了血清氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,并提高了还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)值(P＜0.05),其中以3.0 mg/kg添加组GSH/GSSG值最高;添加6.0 mg/kg核黄素显著提高了试验鸡肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性(P＜0.05);试验鸡血浆核黄素含量随着饲粮核黄素添加水平的增加而呈递增趋势,当添加水平为12.0 mg/kg时与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).饲粮添加核黄素对试验鸡脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、胸腺指数、血液T淋巴细胞增殖效应以及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性影响均不显著(P＞0.05).饲粮添加3.0 mg/kg核黄素显著提高了胸肌红度值(P＜0.05),添加6.0 mg/kg核黄素则显著降低了胸肌亮度值(P＜0.05);添加核黄素对试验鸡胸肌pH、滴水损失及胸肌黄度值无显著影响(P＞0.05).综上所述,以平均日增重和抗氧化性能为评定指标,43 ～ 63日龄黄羽肉鸡核黄素适宜添加水平为3.0 mg/kg.     

饲粮添加吡咯喹啉醌对围产期母猪繁殖性能和抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在比较吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)与维生素E和有机硒对围产期母猪繁殖性能和抗氧化功能的影响。选用40头体重和背膘厚接近且妊娠90 d的第3胎大约克母猪,随机分为2组,每组20头。对照组在基础饲粮中添加60 mg/kg维生素E和0.20 mg/kg有机硒,试验组在基础饲粮中添加1 mg/kg PQQ。试验期为妊娠第90天至分娩后第7天。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲粮添加PQQ对母猪产程、产仔数、产活仔数及仔猪初生窝重、仔猪平均初生重以及产后7 d仔猪平均日增重均无显著影响(P0.05),但数值上有所升高;饲粮添加PQQ显著提高了初生仔猪和母猪血清总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性及还原型谷胱甘肽含量(P0.05),显著降低了血清丙二醛含量(P0.05),对血清过氧化氢酶活性、总抗氧化能力及氧化型谷胱甘肽含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。综合得出,围产期饲粮中添加PQQ较维生素E和有机硒对母猪繁殖性能无显著影响,能显著增强围产期母猪及初生仔猪的血清抗氧化功能。     

硒对汞致抗氧化系统损伤的拮抗作用

选用健康雏鸡250只作实验动物（对照组、中毒组、3个水平的硒保护组），研究汞对血液、组织中GSH－Px活性和LPO含量的影响以及硒与汞之间的相互作用效应。实验结果表明：汞可显著降低血清、组织中GSH－Px活性（P＜0.01），引起动物组织器官脂质过氧化，致使血清、组织中LPO含量显著增高（P＜0.01），且有时间－效应关系。从而说明汞能降低机体的抗氧化功能，损伤抗氧化系统；硒对汞致抗氧化系统的损伤具有拮抗作用。     

Antioxidant status and expression of inflammatory genes in gut and liver of piglets fed different dietary methionine concentrations

This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary concentrations of methionine (Met), as a precursor of cysteine which is a constituent of glutathione (GSH), affect tissue antioxidant concentrations and the antioxidant defence system in pigs. Forty‐five piglets (DanZucht × Pietrain) were allotted to three groups of similar mean body weight (11.0 ± 0.9 kg). The basal diet was composed of barley, wheat, corn starch, soybean oil, sucrose, cellulose and a mineral supplement with suboptimal concentrations of Met and was supplemented with dl ‐Met to reach 0.16%, 0.20% and 0.24% of dietary Met and 0.40%, 0.44% and 0.48% of dietary Met and cysteine in groups 0.16, 0.20 and 0.24 respectively. After 3 weeks, at slaughter, samples of liver, jejunum mucosa and plasma were collected. Feed intake and weight gains increased and feed:gain ratio decreased when dietary Met concentrations increased. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), concentrations of GSH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA‐RS) and the activity of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and jejunum mucosa were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). Relative mRNA concentrations of selected target genes of the nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of the antioxidant response, and of the nuclear factor ‘kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer’ of activated B‐cells (NF‐κB), the master regulator of inflammation, were largely unaffected both in jejunum and liver. In conclusion, inflammation‐ and oxidative stress‐related pathways on the molecular level, and concentrations of lipid peroxidation products, of antioxidants and of enzymes involved in the antioxidant defence system were mostly unaffected by dietary Met concentration in gut and liver. These findings suggest that suboptimal dietary Met concentrations did not influence the antioxidant defence system of gut and liver in healthy piglets.     

Effect of Total Flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn on Oxidative Stress in Mice Spleen Induced by PCV2

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (TFSD) on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) induced oxidative stress in mice spleen.70 Kunming mice were divided into 7 groups:Control group, TFSD group (100 mg/(kg·BW)), PCV2 group, PCV2+vitamin C (VC) group, and PCV2+various concentrations of TFSD groups (25, 50 and 100 mg/(kg·BW)). Mice were continuously treated with PCV2 via both intragastric administration and intraperitoneal injection for 3 d to establish oxidative stress models. From the 4th to 6th day, mice were intragastric administrated with saline, VC or TFSD, respectively, according to the grouping method. At the 7th day, the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the levels of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the ratio of GSH to GSSG in the mice spleen were analyzed. The results showed that PCV2 infection significantly upregulated the XOD and MPO activities and GSSG content(P <0.05), and dramatically downregulated the SOD activity, GSH level and the ratio of GSH to GSSG (P <0.05) in the mice spleen.Compared to PCV2 group, the SOD activity, GSH content and the ratio of GSH to GSSG in mice treated with TFSD were significantly increased (P <0.05), while the activities of XOD and MPO and the level of GSSG were significantly decreased (P <0.05), showing better performance in the inhibition of PCV2 induced changes of oxidative stress associated enzyme activities and moledule levels than VC.In conclusion,TFSD had regulative effect on the oxidative stress induced by PCV2 in mouse spleen.