营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

卤虫的营养强化及其对罗氏沼虾幼体培育的影响

用小球藻强化培育卤虫，研究不同时间后卤虫体内脂肪酸的变化，并用此卤虫投喂罗氏沼虾幼体，研究其对罗氏沼虾幼体发育及成活的影响。实验结果表明，卤虫在强化12h后EPA及HUEA含量最高，强化时间延长至24h，EPA和HUFA含量反而下降。卤虫经营养强化可明显地促进罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育并提高育苗成活率，而且在24h内随着强化时间的延长，效果越明显。     

饲喂富硒酵母强化卤虫无节幼体对大口黑鲈仔鱼的生长、成活率、脂肪酸组成、肝肠组织结构及抗逆性的影响

为探究饲喂富硒酵母强化卤虫无节幼体对大口黑鲈仔鱼的生长、存活率、脂肪酸组成、肝肠组织结构以及抗逆性的影响，设置了0 (Y-se0)、5 (Y-se5)、10 (Y-se10)、15 (Yse15)、20 mg/L (Y-se20)酵母硒添加浓度对卤虫无节幼体进行硒营养强化，并使用强化后的卤虫饲喂养殖在玻璃缸中的3 000尾大口黑鲈仔鱼(2.1 mg/尾，200尾/缸) 20 d。饲养实验结束后，将每缸10尾仔鱼放入35°C恒温水浴缸中进行急性温度胁迫试验。结果显示：(1) Y-se15组的存活率、终末体重、体长以及特定生长率均显著高于对照组，肥满度(CF)在各组间无显著差异。(2) Y-se5组EPA含量显著低于对照组，Y-se5及Y-se15组DHA/EPA值显著高于对照组。(3) Y-se10、Y-se15和Y-se20组肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组，所有处理组肝脏中，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组，丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组，处理组和对照组间总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性无显著差异。(4) Y-se15组肝脏组织空泡化现象较轻，酵...     

牛磺酸对卤虫无节幼体体成分的营养强化作用

为探讨牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体对其体成分的影响,试验分别以0、10、100、1 000mg/L浓度的牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h和24h后,采用国标法检测卤虫无节幼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量。试验结果显示:100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h能显著提高其粗蛋白(P0.05)、粗脂肪、钙和磷的含量,显著降低其粗灰分含量(P0.05);10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白和钙的含量(P0.05),显著降低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05);100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白、钙和磷的含量(P0.05),显著减低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05)。表明:本试验条件下10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著改善卤虫无节幼体的体成分。     

不同强化饵料对卤虫必需脂肪酸组成的影响

在实验室内以发酵米粉为主饲料培养卤虫,分别用小球藻、等鞭金藻、新月菱形藻、螺旋藻粉和强化剂V对7日龄拟成虫期卤虫[体长(4.10±0.69)mm]强化6 h和12 h。试验结果表明:发酵米粉养殖的卤虫脂肪酸组成中有DHA。强化剂V可极显著提高卤虫DHA、EPA和5种必需脂肪酸总量(ΣEFA),强化6 h增幅分别为70.7%、27.3%和15.6%。用等鞭金藻强化12 h,可极显著地提高卤虫亚麻酸和ΣEFA含量,增幅分别为149%和4.1%。用新月菱形藻强化12 h,可极显著地提高EPA和ΣEFA含量,增幅分别为35.2%和7.2%。用螺旋藻粉强化可提高卤虫亚油酸含量,增幅为7.1%。而小球藻对卤虫HUFA基本无强化效果。     

史氏鲟南移驯养及生物学的研究:Ⅲ.仔鱼的开口摄食

用单一的水蚯蚓、卤虫无节幼体、池塘浮游动物、人工配合饲料投喂及先卤虫无节幼体后人工配合饲料混合投喂等五种方式培育史氏鲟仔鱼。结果为：卤虫无节幼体是史氏鲟最好的开口饵料,可获得高的成活率和生长率;开口摄食后３－５天,即可开始投喂人工饵料进行食性驯化,２０日龄的鱼苗可获得满意的饵料驯化效果。     

卤虫无节幼体的活体消毒试验

卤虫无节幼体是培育海水苗种食物链的重要一环,针对卤虫卵孵化中高温、高密度造成的无节幼体细菌微生物含量过高从而影响育苗成活率这一问题,进行了杀菌试验,结果表明:随着杀菌时间延长到60 min,使用二氧化氯和复合硖杀菌的卤虫无节幼体活力下降,使用紫外线的卤虫无节幼体活力正常;紫外线照射对卤虫无节幼体暂养水的细菌菌落杀灭效果...     

5种饵料动物的营养成分分析及评价

对5种饵料动物(卤虫无节幼体、强化后的卤虫幼体、中华哲水蚤、短额刺糠虾、强壮藻钩虾)的营养成分进行了分析,旨在对其营养价值进行评价。采用生化分析手段对5种动物饵料的水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和氨基酸、脂肪酸进行分析。结果显示:5种动物饵料水分含量为87.83%~92.89%,灰分含量为1.69%~4.12%,粗脂肪含量为0.55%~1.36%,其中卤虫无节幼体含量最高(1.36%湿重);粗蛋白质为4.25%~8.74%,含量以短额刺糠虾最高(8.74%湿重)。均含有20种氨基酸,结构较为合理,必需氨基酸含量丰富,综合氨基酸含量及评价来看,5种饵料动物中营养价值最高是短额刺糠虾,然后依次是卤虫无节幼体、强化后的卤虫幼体、中华哲水蚤、强壮藻钩虾。检测到23种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占脂肪酸总量的23.21%~41.03%,中华哲水蚤短额刺糠虾强壮藻钩虾卤虫无节幼体强化后的卤虫幼体(P0.05);其中EPA和DHA,除卤虫无节幼体含量较少(3.96%、0.22%)外,其他4种饵料中含量丰富,其中中华哲水蚤(13.89%、21.88%)和短额刺糠虾(17.79%、15.97%)最为丰富。由此可见,5种饵料动物富含蛋白质、脂肪,均符合作为饵料动物的基本营养需求,其中中华哲水蚤和短额刺糠虾营养价值最佳。     

卤虫蛋白粉及其开发途径

卤虫(Artemia)在我国沿海盐田和内陆盐湖均有分布,是广温、广布,耐高盐生物。由于卤虫休眠卵的初孵无节幼体干重含蛋白约60％,含脂肪20％,卤虫成虫干重含蛋白质约57.6％,脂肪约18.11％,并含有各种必须氨基酸、高级不饱和脂肪酸,大量的微量元素和丰富的β-胡罗卜素、核黄素、血球蛋白及一些激素类物质。所以卤虫资源的合理开发利用在水产养殖业中占有重要地位。     

卤虫（Aricmia salina）形态习性的初步观察

卤虫(Aricmia salina)，也叫盐水丰年虫，是一种极耐高盐的水生动物，生活在盐湖和盐田等高盐水体中。卤虫的休眠卵即“冬卵”所孵出的无节幼虫(或称六肢幼体)，乃是海产仔、幼鱼以及其他水生动物幼体理想的活饵料。最早为鲍林(R.L.Bolin)所采用。     

不同饵料对中华绒螯蟹幼体发育和存活的影响

采用高度不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ）营养强化的轮虫、轮虫与卤虫组织投喂中华绒螯蟹幼体,以各项幼体的存活率为评判指标,对不同饵料及其组合的投喂效果进行了探讨。研究结果表明：轮虫是中华绒螯解早期幼体（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）的适口饵料,幼体存活率随轮虫密度的增加而逐渐上升,但当轮虫数量超过最适密度时,幼体存活率反而有所下降。其中,未强化的轮虫达投喂密度为６０ｉｎｄ．ｍＬ＾－１,强化轮虫最适密度为４０ｉｎｄ．ｍＬ＾－１。Ｚａｏ状Ⅰ、Ⅱ期投喂４０ｉｎｄ．ｍＬ＾－１轮虫,从Ⅲ期开始投喂１０ｉｎｇ．ｍＬ＾－１卤虫无节幼体,能较好地满足中华绒螯蟹幼体发育的营养需求,提高大眼幼体的存活率。表明强化幼体饵料ＨＵＦＡ特别是ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ能有效地促进幼体的发育与存活和脱壳率。     

The effect of vitamins C and E in (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids-enriched Artemia nauplii on growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of enriching Artemia nauplii with vitamin C (ascorbyl-6 palmitate) or vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate), 20% w/w, together with a mixture of concentrated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) on the growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Either cod liver oil (CLO) or EPA/DHA ethyl esters concentrate was used as lipid sources in the Artemia enrichment. Walleye larvae were fed ad libitum for 40 days. At day 40, submersion in salt water (25 g L⁻¹) was performed to evaluate larvae resistance to stress. EPA and DHA levels in walleye juveniles fed EPA/DHA-enriched Artemia increased significantly, by an average of 650% compared with fish fed non-enriched Artemia . A significant increase was found for vitamins C (71.8 ± 1.0 and 42.7 ± 1.2 μg g⁻¹ wet weight (WW)) and E (17.0 ± 3.7 and 6.5 ± 0.9 μg g⁻¹WW) concentrations in fish fed enriched and unenriched Artemia , respectively. Growth was comparable throughout treatments, whereas survival was significantly higher in fish fed CLO-enriched Artemia nauplii compared with fish fed Artemia nauplii enriched with EPA/DHA concentrate. The addition of vitamin C increased fish survival by 1.4-fold compared with fish fed Artemia enriched with only EPA/DHA concentrate. The survival of the latter was similar to control fish ( Artemia without enrichment). The supplementation of vitamin E did not affect fish survival significantly. Stress tests revealed that the resistance of walleye larvae to salinity changes increased when Artemia enrichment was supplemented with vitamin C. However, walleye larvae fed CLO-enriched Artemia had the best performances in the stress test.     

Comparison between α-LNA and DHA in early developmental stages of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Takifugu obscurus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Takifugu rubripes</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Rearing experiments were conducted to investigate the essential fatty acid requirements in the early developmental stages of river puffer Takifugu obscurus and tiger puffer T. rubripes using two n-3 series unsaturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, α-LNA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), under salinity of 30 and 18.5–20.3°C. River and tiger puffer larvae used in this study were 15 and 14 days old after hatching, and their average body weights were 30.1 and 20.8 mg, respectively. The results on fatty acid requirements of these two species were evaluated from fish growth, survival, fatty acid composition of the fish body and activity test results. The DHA groups of both river and tiger puffer exhibited better survival and weight gain. However, there was no difference in the mean final body weights of river puffer between two dietary groups. Also, the DHA group of tiger puffer showed better results in the recovery test from anesthetic condition than that obtained in the LNA group. In an examination of the fatty acid compositions of the whole body, the LNA group containing no dietary DHA resulted in 0.5% DHA in tiger puffer and 1.1% DHA in river puffer . These results suggest that α-LNA from Artemia converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and to DHA successively by their fatty acid metabolism. Symptoms following essential fatty acid deficiency were not observed in any experimental groups. As river puffer did not represent a significant difference in the dietary effects between α-LNA and DHA treatment groups, its essential fatty acid requirement was assumed to be somewhat closer to that of the freshwater fishes in comparison with that of marine fishes, including tiger puffer.     

Rhodovulum sulfidophilum,a phototrophic bacterium,grown in palm oil mill effluent improves the larval survival of marble goby Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker)

Survival of marble goby larvae fed either Rhodovulum sulfidophilum, a phototrophic bacterium cultured from palm oil mill effluent (pPB), or microalgae ( Nannochloropsis sp.) was evaluated at two salinities. Larvae directly fed pPB had survival of 0–29% at 5 g L^?1 salinity and 0–19% at 10 g L^?1 salinity, whereas larvae directly fed microalgae suffered complete mortality after 20 days of culture at both salinities. However, larvae indirectly fed pPB or microalgae, i.e. via rotifers (Days 1–30) and Artemia nauplii (Days 21–30) cultured solely from pPB or microalgae, showed improved survival of 35–55% or 44–49% at 5 g L^?1 salinity respectively. In all experiments, fish larvae reared at 5 g L^?1 salinity showed significantly higher (P < 0.01) mean survival than those reared at 10 g L^?1 salinity. The survival of larvae fed the bacterial‐based diet was higher compared with microalgal diet used in previous studies. The pPB had higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than the microalgae, which had very high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Larvae with very high ratios of DHA/EPA (>11) or/and ARA (arachidonic acid)/EPA (>5), attributable to their given diet, however suffered the highest mortality.     

微粒饲料中以微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼生长存活和脂肪酸组成的影响

以18日龄的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼为研究对象,通过11 d 的生长实验,研究了添加不同比例的微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼生长、存活率和脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油组(FO)为对照组,以裂壶藻粉(Schizochytrium sp.)、微绿球藻粉(Nannochloropsis sp.)和橄榄油替代不同比例的鱼油,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别命名为鱼油组(FO),50%混合替代组(M50)、100%混合替代组(M100)、100%裂壶藻橄榄油替代组(S100)、100%微绿球藻橄榄油替代组(N100)。结果显示,微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼的生长无显著影响;含有裂壶藻的各饲料组(M50、M100、S100)成活率显著高于 FO 组和 N100组(P?0.05);微藻粉替代鱼油不影响牙鲆稚鱼主要脂肪酸的组成;Person相关性分析发现,C14：0、C16：1n-7、C18：2n-6、C20：0、C18：3n-3、C22：0、C20：4n-3、EPA、C22：5n-6和 DHA 的百分含量均与其饲料中的百分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量以及 DHA/EPA 比率均与其饲料组成表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,微藻作为脂肪源替代鱼油完全可以满足牙鲆稚鱼的生长和发育,各种脂肪酸均可以被牙鲆稚鱼充分消化和吸收,并且添加两种微藻后提高了稚鱼的 DHA 含量和 DHA/EPA 比率,与鱼油对照组相比显著提高了牙鲆稚鱼的成活率。因此,以微藻替代鱼油在牙鲆稚鱼的培育中是可行的。     

Effects of Food and Temperature on Survival and Development in the Peppermint Shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni

Abstract— The effects of four kinds of foods ( Artemia nauplii, rotifer, and microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis and Isochrysis galbana ) and four temperature regimes on survival and development of larval Lysmata wurdemanni , a marine ornamental shrimp, were determined. The larvae fed with Chaetoceros or Isochrysis only survived for a maximum of 17 d, before developing to zoea IV. The survivorship of the larvae fed with Artemia nauplii or rotifer from zoea II to post-larvae was 66.7% and 68.9%. respectively, without significant difference ( P > 0.05). But larvae fed with Artemia nauplii grew significantly ( P < 0.05) faster than those fed with rotifer. Larvae fed with Artemia nauplii reached postlarvae in 29–32 d, compared with 32–36 d in the rotifer treatment. Artemia nauplii are also suitable food for the postlarvae and juveniles of L. wurdemanni . The 30 postlarvae fed on Artemia nauplii all survived to reach sexual maturity in 50 to 70 d, growing from about 7 to 28 mm in total length. The effects of four temperature regimes on larval development of L. wurdemanni was also investigated. The duration (mean ± SD d) to the postlarvae at temperatures of 26 C (37.4 ± 5.4) and of 26–30 C daily (40.2 ± 5.8) was significantly ( P < 0.05) longer than that at 28.5 C (29.3 ± 4.8) and at 27–29 C daily (28.7 ± 3.5).     

Effect of different algae used for enrichment of rotifers on growth, survival, and swim bladder inflation of larval amberjack Seriola dumerili

The effect of algae with different DHA contents used for the enrichment of rotifers on the growth performance, survival, and swim bladder inflation of larval amberjack Seriola dumerili was investigated. Rotifers were enriched with freshwater Chlorella vulgaris containing three levels of DHA (rotifer containing DHA 0.04, 0.60, 1.32?g DHA 100?g^?1 DM) and Nannochloropsis (0.04?g DHA 100?g^?1 DM; 2.54?g EPA 100?g^?1DM). The larvae were fed the enriched rotifers in triplicate from 3?days post-hatch for 7?days in static condition. The same algae used for rotifer enrichment were supplied to the larval tanks. Growth and survival rate of fish fed the rotifers enriched with Nannochloropsis were higher than those of fish fed the rotifers enriched with all three Chlorella treatments. Swim bladder inflation was lowest in fish fed the rotifers enriched with Nannochloropsis. The proportion of EPA was higher in fish fed the rotifers enriched with Nannochloropsis, while that of DHA increased proportionally with the DHA levels in the rotifers enriched with Chlorella. These results suggest that rotifers enriched with Nannochloropsis (EPA-rich rotifers) are effective to enhance growth and survival, but DHA instead of EPA is essential to improve the swim bladder inflation in amberjack larvae.     

Embryonic development and influence of egg density on early veliger larvae and effects of dietary microalgae on growth of brown mussel Perna perna (L. 1758) larvae under laboratory conditions

The effect of egg density on embryonic development and larval quality as well as the lipid and fatty acid contents (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) of cultured microalgae fed to Perna perna larvae was studied under controlled conditions to provide information needed for development of an experimental hatchery. Embryonic development followed the common sequence exhibited by other bivalves. d-larva stage was attained 40–44 h post-fertilisation at 21 ± 1 °C. The umbo-stage was reached in 11 days, and pediveliger larvae were observed 26 days post-fertilisation. Low egg density (range 20–100 eggs cm^?2) produced high proportions of normal d-larvae. Larval development showed two growth phases: 1st—the mixotrophic stage and 2nd—the exotrophic stage where the composition of diets had significant effects on larval growth with higher rates in larvae fed with the mixed microalgae (Isochrysis galbana + Chaetoceros calcitrans, I. galbana + Phaeodactylum tricornutum and I. galbana + Skeletonema costatum) in comparison with the monospecific diet (I. galbana). Fatty acid analysis showed that larval growth and survival were strongly influenced by proportions of dietary DHA and EPA. These results indicate that DHA and EPA are the key factors in determining larval performance, considerably more than the total amount of other fatty acids.     

The effect of dietary n-3 HUFA levels and DHA/EPA ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis larvae

The effect of varying levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Eriocheir sinensis zoea larvae was studied in two separate experiments. In experiment I, larvae were fed rotifers and Artemia enriched with ICES emulsions with 0, 30 and 50% total n-3 HUFA levels but with the same DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6. In experiment II, larvae were fed different combinations of enriched rotifers and Artemia, in which, rotifers were enriched with emulsions containing 30% total n-3 HUFA, but different DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6, 2 and 4; while Artemia were enriched with the same emulsions, but DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6 and 4. In both experiments, un-enriched rotifers cultured on baker's yeast and newly-hatched Artemia nauplii were used as control diets. Larvae were fed rotifers at zoea 1 and zoea 2 stages; upon reaching zoea 3 stage, Artemia was introduced.Experiment I revealed no significant effect of prey enrichment on the survival of megalopa among treatments, but higher total n-3 HUFA levels significantly enhanced larval development (larval stage index, LSI) and resulted in higher individual dry body weight of megalopa. Furthermore higher dietary n-3 HUFA levels also resulted in better tolerance to salinity stress. Experiment II indicated that at the same total n-3 HUFA level, larvae continuously receiving a low dietary DHA/EPA ratio had significantly lower survival at the megalopa stage and inferior individual body weight at the megalopa stage, but no negative effect was observed on larval development (LSI). The ability to endure salinity stress of zoea 3, zoea 5 and megalopa fed diets with higher DHA/EPA ratio was also improved.