4组生物饵料对中华绒螯蟹Z↓（4）到大眼幼体生长发育和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用卤幼(Artemia sp.)、强化卤幼、背刺胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)、背刺胸刺水蚤 日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)4组生物饵料投喂4组中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)Z4幼体,以大眼幼体的成活率、Z4→大眼幼体变态时间、头胸甲长度和大眼幼体中脂肪酸组成作为评价指标,探讨了4种生物饵料对大眼幼体生长发育及其脂类含量和脂肪酸组成的影响.结果表明:(1)背刺胸刺水蚤(C组)、背刺胸刺水蚤 日本新糠虾(D组)投喂组的中华绒螯蟹幼体可以获得较高的成活率(70%左右),幼体发育时间缩短1～2 d,大眼幼体头胸甲长度显著大于卤幼组(A组)和强化卤幼组(B组)(P＜0.01),各组大眼幼体头胸甲长度由大到小依次为C组、D组、B组、A组;(2)强化卤幼可以提高其总脂、磷脂及DHA含量,背刺胸刺水蚤和日本新糠虾具有较高的AA、DHA和HUFA含量;(3)各组大眼幼体中脂肪酸组成差异显著(P＜0.05),DHA和HUFA含量随着饵料中含量的上升而上升(n=9,P＜0.01),饵料中的DHA含量和大眼幼体的头胸甲长度呈显著正相关(n=9,P＜0.05).由此可见,背刺胸刺水蚤和日本新糠虾可以作为中华绒螯蟹Z4到大眼幼体阶段的优质活饵料,可以提高其成活率和头胸甲长度.     

不同饵料对中华虎头蟹幼体发育和存活率的影响

为探讨中华虎头蟹苗种繁育过程中饵料及投喂的影响,进行了不同饵料对中华虎头蟹溞状幼体和大眼幼体生长发育和存活的影响实验。实验结果,中华虎头蟹各期幼体生长发育效果较好的饵料为动物性饵料,Z1期以卤虫无节幼体为开口饵料,只投喂扁藻后期幼体发育较差;Z2以轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的搭配为好;Z3期则以轮虫为适宜饵料;M期投喂卤虫无节幼体效果相对较好。     

对虾仔虾期的代用饵料——糠虾

随着对虾苗种生产的发展,对动物性饵料——卤虫无节幼体的需要量也随之增加。主要产于河北、辽宁二省的卤虫冬卵供不应求。为解决卤虫无节幼体供应不足的问题,1986年我们在启东县海水养殖场对虾人工育苗中,试用新鲜糠虾代替卤虫无节幼体喂仔虾,取得了可喜的结果。该场共有对虾育苗池     

不同饵料搭配对脊尾白虾幼体发育的影响

通过脊尾白虾幼体饵料搭配的比较试验,研究了海水小球藻、中肋骨条藻分别与虾片和卤虫无节幼体搭配投喂对脊尾白虾幼体的变态速率、存活率及体长变化的影响。结果表明,单一使用虾片的育苗效果较差,幼体发育至2期溞状幼体后开始大量死亡,只有约30%的幼体变态成3期溞状幼体;投喂卤虫无节幼体与中肋骨条藻搭配组的脊尾白虾幼体组在第8d时有46%的幼体变态为仔虾,至第10d时幼体100%变态为仔虾;此外,卤虫无节幼体与中肋骨条藻搭配组幼体的存活率为92%,其幼体在1期仔虾平均体长为5.199mm,平均日增长达到0.3079mm/d。由此可见,卤虫无节幼体与中肋骨条藻搭配有利于脊尾白虾幼体的生长发育,可用于脊尾白虾育苗生产。     

卤虫的营养

卤虫(Arem ia)是水产经济动物苗种生产中重要的活饵料之一,卤虫营养价值的高低直接影响到苗种生产的成败与效益。笔者拟就卤虫的营养价值研究作一综述,供学者参考。1卤虫粗蛋白及氨基酸的研究卤虫一直被水产界认为是高蛋白的生物饵料。不同发育阶段、不同产地和不同投喂条件下的卤虫,其体内的粗蛋白含量不同。随着卤虫的生长,粗蛋白的含量有逐步增加的趋势。国内文献报道卤虫卵粗蛋白含量为45.44%[1],卤虫去壳卵的粗蛋白含量为43.03%~57%[1-3],以新疆巴里坤盐湖卤虫卵粗蛋白含量最高(57%),卤虫初孵无节幼体粗蛋白含量为54.61%~59.92%[2],养…     

单胞藻饵料强化对太平洋纺锤水蚤营养成分的影响

采用生化手段对舟山附近海域中浮游桡足类夏季优势种—太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)进行营养成分测定,比较分析两种单胞藻饵料小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)对其营养价值的影响。结果表明,太平洋纺锤水蚤在投喂三角褐指藻和投喂小球藻后,其体内粗蛋白湿重含量分别为(6.51±0.46)%和(5.21±0.98)%,比对照组(2.44±0.63)%显著上升(P0.05);投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤粗脂肪湿重含量(0.25±0.03)%显著上升(P0.05),投喂小球藻后粗脂肪湿重含量(0.15±0.03)%显著下降(P0.05);但总糖和灰分湿重含量变化不明显(P0.05)。本研究检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤体内共含17种氨基酸,其中鱼类必需氨基酸(EAA)9种,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)8种,对照组与投喂两种饵料后太平洋纺锤水蚤中EAA含量均较高,干重含量为(47.56±0.04)%~(49.84±0.07)%;检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤共含21种脂肪酸,投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤的DHA和EPA干重含量之和最高(28.00%),其次为投喂小球藻(21.51%),均高于对照组(9.77%),而对照组干重(9.77%)也仍高于强化后轮虫DHA和EPA干重含量(0.8%)和强化后卤虫DHA和EPA干重含量(8.40%)。通过本实验发现,自然状态下的太平洋纺锤水蚤DHA和EPA含量较高,营养价值高,而投喂后三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤营养价值明显增加,表明人工培养条件下太平洋纺锤水蚤具有作为水产经济动物活体开口饵料的潜在开发价值。     

淡水轮虫的饵料配方筛选

<正>轮虫是经济水生动物的开口饵料,其粗蛋白含量58.20%,个体大小正好作为水产动物开口饵料,其适口性、可得性、营养价值及饲养效果均优于其他饵料。在鱼、虾、蟹育苗生产中,大规模利用培养轮虫,以替代部分昂贵的卤虫无节幼体,是降低生产成本、提高育苗培育率的关键。近几年来,随着鱼、虾、蟹育苗业及养     

强壮藻钩虾食性分析及其对温度、盐度变化的响应

研究了强壮藻钩虾Am pithoe valida的食性及其对温度、盐度变化的响应.研究结果表明,1)强壮藻钩虾消化道内含物组成主要可分为有机物碎屑和大型藻类.2)强壮藻钩虾消化道中蛋白酶活力最高,脂肪酶活力次之,淀粉酶活力最低.3)使用不同饵料(对虾人工配合饲料、硬毛藻、小球藻、生物絮团和蛤蜊肉)饲养强壮藻钩虾,发现对虾人工配合饲料为其生长的最佳饵料.4)成体强壮藻钩虾比幼体强壮藻钩虾耐高温,且耐温能力与其生活水温有关,生活水温相对较高情况下耐温能力也相应提高.5)强壮藻钩虾为广盐种,在盐度4～40范围内均可正常存活.     

春季东海区近海浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子

研究了 2 0 0 3年春季东海区 (2 7°0 0′～ 34°0 0′N)禁渔线附近近海浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子。根据各站位浮游动物种类组成和丰度 ,用聚类分析法可将该海域的浮游动物分为 5个群落。群落Ⅰ的优势种为 :中华哲水蚤、强额拟哲水蚤、尖额唇角水蚤和强壮箭虫 ;群落Ⅱ的优势种为 :中华哲水蚤、小哲水蚤和小拟哲水蚤 ;群落Ⅲ的优势种为 :中华哲水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤、普通波水蚤 ;群落Ⅳ的优势种为 :中华哲水蚤和五角水母 ;群落Ⅴ的优势种为 :孔雀唇角水蚤、丹氏纺缍水蚤、中华哲水蚤和刺尾纺缍水蚤。另外 ,在春季影响该海域浮游动物分布的主要非生物因子的可集中体现在纬度因子方面。     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

Nutrient composition of fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae nauplii as live food and growth performance of giant freshwater prawn postlarvae

Nutritional efficacy of fairy shrimp (Streptocephalus sirindhornae) nauplii, as a live food, was studied for growth performance and survival rate of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae. A feeding experiment was designed with four different feeds: dry commercial feed, fairy shrimp nauplii, Artemia sp. nauplii and adult Moina macrocopa. Results from the nutritional composition revealed that fairy shrimp nauplii had protein and lipid contents of 54.58 ± 2.8 g kg^?1 and 255 ± 2.8 g kg^?1, respectively. The highest value for an individual amino acid in fairy shrimp was lysine (140.7 ± 1.6 g kg^?1). The essential amino acids content in the whole body of the larval prawns was in the range of 66.7–67.5 g kg^?1. Fairy shrimp nauplii had the highest essential amino acid ratio (A/E) of lysine, similarly, in musculature of prawn larvae. Weight gain and specific growth rate of the postlarvae fed with fairy shrimp nauplii were significantly higher than those fed with Artemia nauplii, adult Moina and dry commercial feed. The presented results suggest that S. sirindhornae nauplii can be used as a nutritionally adequate food for freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii postlarvae.     

养殖曼氏无针乌贼白色卵膜营养成分分析及评价

测定分析并评价了养殖曼氏无针乌贼（ Sepiella maindroni）白色卵膜（WEM）的营养成分。结果表明,WEM （鲜样）中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为92.34％、1.76％、5.28％和0.34％。WEM（干样）中氨基酸（AA）总量为55.53％,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）总量为19.85％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（NEAA）的比值为65.6％,构成比例符合 FAO/ WHO 规定的优质蛋白质标准;鲜味氨基酸（ DTAA）总量为29.53％。WEM的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸（Phe ＋ Tyr）,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为38.03。脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）占19.21％。矿物质含量丰富,尤其以磷（P）质量分数最高（1423.2 mg·kg -1）。结果表明,WEM 营养组分较为全面,与野生黑色卵膜（BEM）的营养成分进行对比分析发现,在氨基酸组成、必需氨基酸和无机元素质量分数等方面存在差异,这种差异是否是导致白化受精卵孵化率降低的关键因素有待进一步研究。     

云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交“云龙斑”肌肉营养成分分析及品质评价

对云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"肌肉营养成分进行分析和品质评价,为其种质营养学鉴定及配合饲料的研制提供基础数据资料。采用常规方法,依据国家标准,对3种石斑鱼肌肉中的水分、蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸和10种矿物元素的组成与含量进行了测定和评价。云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"石斑鱼肌肉中粗蛋白含量分别为19.6%、18.4%和19.4%;3种石斑鱼氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸指数、鲜味氨基酸总量分别为(15.54%、14.72%、15.99%)、(6.86%、6.41%、7.04%)、(75.19、74.93、77.96)和(5.57%、5.3%、5.73%)。3种石斑鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量分别为4.2%、10.1%和4.5%,脂肪酸种类丰富,并且含有大量的多不饱和脂肪酸,其比例符合理想脂肪酸的标准。3种石斑鱼肌肉中矿物元素种类丰富,5种常量元素K、Ca、Na、Mg、P和5种微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se均有检出,其中杂交"云龙斑"的Na、K、Cu含量略高,另外几种矿物元素含量居于父母本之间。研究表明,云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"氨基酸种类齐全、比例适宜,人体必需氨基酸含量较高,是优质的蛋白源,同时含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸,且矿物元素种类齐全,是具有较高食用价值的优良海水养殖品种。其中杂交"云龙斑"在一些营养指标中明显高于其父母本,显现出一定的杂交优势。     

星洲银罗非鱼肌肉营养品质评价

对星洲银罗非鱼(Oreochromis sp.)肌肉进行了营养成分测定,并对其营养价值进行了综合评价。结果显示:肌肉干样中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和无氮浸出物的含量分别为89.54%、3.59%、2.98%和3.89%;必需氨基酸含量为8.17%,占氨基酸总量的38.26%。氨基酸中含量最高的是谷氨酸(3.98%),最低的是半胱氨酸(0.027%);该鱼还富含钙、磷、锌、铁、镁等元素,每100 g肌肉中含量分别为:80、250、1.95、2.2和170.0 mg。结果表明星洲银罗非鱼是一种高蛋白、低脂肪并富含多种对人体有益矿质元素的优质水产品。     

Free amino acid and protein content in the planktonic copepod Temora longicornis compared to Artemia franciscana

Previous studies have indicated that natural zooplankton, the natural prey organisms of marine fish larvae, is superior to enriched Artemia spp. nauplii in supporting survival, growth and normal development of pigmentation and eye migration in Atlantic halibut larvae. The present study was designed to compare the amino acid dynamics in copepods harvested from a natural lagoon with that of enriched Artemia franciscana nauplii. The natural zooplankton in the present study was dominated by Temora longicornis, but varied in its developmental stage composition, apparent nutritional quality, amount and availability. The protein content in natural zooplankton varied from 31% to 54% of dry mass (DM) compared to 31% in enriched Artemia nauplii. The amount of free amino acids (FAA) in relation to protein was 14% in enriched Artemia nauplii and varied between 16% and 27% in zooplankton in two consecutive seasons. The FAA composition of zooplankton in 1996 was unaffected by stage and season, and showed a species-specific pattern. In response to starvation, two patterns in the amino acid dynamics of copepods were found. The first, exhibited by the major nonessential amino acids (NEAA), showed a continuous reduction in individual amount, while the second pattern, exhibited by the minor nonessential amino acids and all the essential FAA, had an initial increase followed by a reduction. It is suggested that the protein amount in DHA Selco™ (INVE)-enriched Artemia nauplii is too low in order to maximise the growth potential of some marine fish larvae as cod and halibut.     

双台子河口两种滩涂埋栖性贝类的营养价值及安全性分析评价

为全面评价文蛤和四角蛤蜊的营养价值和食用安全性,采用常规方法对这两种滩涂埋栖性贝类的一般营养成分和Cd、As、Cr及Hg等重金属含量进行了分析。结果显示,文蛤和四角蛤蜊的粗蛋白质含量均较高,分别为58.24和57.38 g/100 g;灰分含量分别为18.35和25.39 g/1 00 g;粗脂肪含量均较低。文蛤和四角蛤蜊氨基酸总量分别为44.87和37.20 g/100 g,其中必需氨基酸含量分别为18.39和15.16 g/100 g,呈味氨基酸含量分别为18.89和15.58 g/100 g。文蛤和四角蛤蜊中Cd的含量最高,Hg的含量最低。研究表明,文蛤及四角蛤蜊均为营养价值、经济价值较高的滩涂埋栖性贝类,且文蛤在蛋白质、氨基酸组成与含量方面更优。文蛤和四角蛤蜊中Cr、Hg符合我国《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》等卫生要求,而Cd、As含量超标。文蛤和四角蛤蜊中的重金属含量可能对人体存在一定的摄食健康风险。     

Nutritional evaluation of live food organisms and commercial dry feeds used for seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili

To improve the nutritional quality of live foods and dry feeds ordinarily used for the seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili, the nutrient contents of rotifers, Artemia nauplii and commercial feeds used in two larval production stations were evaluated. For comparison of the nutrient contents, artificially produced larvae, wild-caught juveniles and wild zooplankton samples were also analyzed. The proportions of 22∶6n-3 in the polar lipid of the cultured larvae increased by feeding the dry feeds. The taurine contents of the cultured larvae reflected the contents of their foods (rotifers<dry feed<Artemia nauplii). The taurine content and the proportion of 22∶6n-3 in Acartia spp. were higher than in foods fed to the larvae. These parameters in the wild juveniles were higher than the cultured ones. The A/E ratios [(each essential amino acid/total essential amino acids)×1000] of the total amino acids of the live foods and dry feeds were similar to those of the cultured larvae, except for the lower ratios of histidine, arginine, threonine and lysine in the live foods. The mucosal folds of the intestine of the cultured larvae did not show typical signs of dietary phospholipid deficiency. These results suggest that requirements of nutrients such as 22∶6n-3 and taurine should be determined for mass production of amberjack seeds.     

Biochemical and technical observations supporting the use of copepods as live feed organisms in marine larviculture

The use of live prey is still necessary for a large number of raised fish species. Small sized rotifers are usually used as live preys during the first days of feeding in small mouth fish. An alternative to this is the use of copepods as prey for first feeding. In this study, the sizes, weight and biochemical contents of two copepods and one rotifer species raised on similar algal food conditions were compared. Rotifers contained a higher proportion of essential amino acids in the free amino acid (FAA) fraction (43%) than copepods (30–32%). However, rotifers had lower levels of important fatty acids like DHA (7% compared with 23–32% in copepods) and their DHA/EPA ratio was lower than that in copepods (0.54 compared with 1.35–1.63 in copepods). The FAA pattern of the preys tended to be species‐specific and its implications from an aquaculture point of view is discussed. In contrast, the‐protein bound amino acids tended to be very conservative among the studied organisms. The second part of the work is focused on ‘the price’ of hatching in Acartia tonsa eggs before or after cold storage at 3°C. The fatty acid contents in A. tonsa tended to decrease with the storage time. It also decreased with hatching of the nauplii, but its proportion compared with the dry weight remained constant.     

养殖博氏鱼芒肉营养成分的分析及评价

采用国家标准方法测定湖北英山博氏(鱼芒)肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素含量.结果表明,博氏(鱼芒)肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的含量分别为75.36％±1.07％、17.90％±0.43％、5.13％±0.18％和0.98％±0.09％；18种氨基酸总量为(69.01±0.07) g/100 g(干重),其中5种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41.70％,8种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的48.68％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值为95.06％；粗脂肪中含24种脂肪酸,油酸含量38.41％±0.29％最高,单不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的42.68％±0.10％,n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值为1.48；矿物质元素中钾含量最高,为(1 118.51±30.67) mg/100 g(干重),微量元素中,铁、锌含量最高,分别为(1.19±0.10)和(1.18±0.05)mg/100 g(干重).与其它鱼类相比,博氏(鱼芒)肉蛋白质质量较高,氨基酸组成比例均衡,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,有较高的营养价值.