茶汤中儿茶素与生物碱测定的HPLC法及其优化

目的:建立茶汤内含物质儿茶素和生物碱检测方法体系,为研究茶汤滋味物质做基础。方法:以X-select-T3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm,美国waters)为色谱柱,流动相A:2%甲酸;流动相B:甲醇;甲醇洗脱方式:0 min(83%A,17%B)-9 min(73%A,27%B)-15 min(58%A,42%B)-18 min(83%A,17%B),检测波长275 nm,流速1 m L·min~(-1),柱温30℃。利用保留时间和光谱图定性,外标法定量,分析茶汤滋味物质儿茶素组分和生物碱类物质。结果:儿茶素组分和生物碱回归方程相关性系数都在0.999 0以上,有良好的线性关系,各组分加样回收率为103.68%~82.94%,RSD为0.23%~3.31%。结论:该方法操作简单、快速、准确,可用于茶汤滋味物质儿茶素组分及生物碱的含量测定。     

罗汉果果实采后呼吸生理特性的研究

研究了常温贮藏过程中,罗汉果鲜果的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量变化及其与贮藏时间的关系,结果表明:常温下,罗汉果鲜果自然贮藏期限为5~8d。青皮果贮藏的第1~5天,呼吸强度和乙烯释放量随着时间的延长而逐渐增高,至第5天,两者都达到最高峰,随后开始下降。红毛果则与青皮果不同,从第1~5天,呼吸强度变化不大,乙烯释放量则逐渐增高;第5天后,乙烯释放量达到最高峰,呼吸强度则急剧下降。当乙烯释放量达到最高峰后,果实腐烂则很快出现。说明罗汉果果实的衰老与乙烯关系十分密切。     

基于果实质地参数的葡萄贮藏特性评价

为探讨葡萄品种间贮藏特性差异,采用质地多面分析和整果穿刺法对6个葡萄品种(红玛斯卡特、亚历山大、夏黑、红地球、金手指、红宝石无核)的质地参数进行测定分析。结果表明,葡萄不同品种间质地差异显著,夏黑果肉硬度、咀嚼性最大,果肉弹性、内聚性、回复性和果皮韧性均最小;亚历山大果皮强度和果皮韧性均最大;红玛斯卡特果肉内聚性和回复性最大。贮藏过程中葡萄果肉硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性、回复性和果皮强度逐渐下降,而果皮韧性则呈上升趋势。贮藏14 d时,夏黑果肉硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性和果皮韧性降幅显著大于其他品种;贮藏35 d时,红玛斯卡特果肉弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性、果皮强度、果皮韧性均变幅较小,金手指果肉硬度、咀嚼性、果皮强度变幅较大。综合分析认为,6个葡萄品种中夏黑可短期贮藏,红玛斯卡特更耐贮藏,金手指较不耐贮藏,其他3个品种贮藏特性居中。本研究通过比较6个葡萄品种贮藏过程中质地参数变化差异,为葡萄品种筛选及新品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

冬枣采后果皮成分及氧化酶活性变化与乙醇积累机理的研究

乙醇积累是冬枣果实贮藏期间导致变质的主要原因之一。该文研究了不同成熟度的冬枣果肉和果皮成分及氧化酶活性变化与乙醇积累的关系。试验结果表明，冬枣果实由点红转至半红、进而全红到酒软的过程中，随着成熟度的增加，果肉的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性逐渐上升，酒化后活性都下降，并且都显著低于果皮的；而冬枣果肉的抗坏血酸氧化酶活性却显著高于果皮，并也呈逐渐增加趋势；果皮木质素和纤维素含量逐渐增加，并且显著高于果肉的，而果肉的木质素和纤维素含量变化不大。随着成熟度的增加，果肉乙醇积累增高，酒化时达最高；乙醛含量在全红时达到最高，酒化时下降。该文对果实乙醇积累与果皮木质素含量及氧化酶活性变化的相关性进行了讨论。     

钙、硼营养对黄冠梨品质和果面褐斑病发生的影响

为探讨钙、硼营养对黄冠梨品质和褐斑病的影响,于幼果套袋之前进行叶面喷施0.3% H3BO4 (B)、0.5% CaCl2(Ca)、0.3% H3BO4＋0.5% CaCl2 (B＋Ca) 3次,每次间隔7d的试验。结果表明,3种处理均能显著降低果实贮藏前期果皮多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、提高过氧化物酶（POD）活性和冷藏期间果皮褐斑指数;其中B+Ca处理效果最明显,并显著提高采收时单果重、果皮中Ca含量、Ca/Mg和Ca/K;Ca、B+Ca处理能降低果皮中可溶性酚含量;B处理显著提高果皮和果肉中的硼含量。这说明B+Ca处理能明显改善黄冠梨果实采收品质和贮藏性能。     

柑橘果实发育中果胶酸钙、草酸钙和果胶动态的研究

以单性结实的龟井蜜柑和自花结实的鄂柑1号橘为试材,对整个果实发育期的子房(幼果)、果皮和果肉的果胶酸钙、草酸钙和果胶含量变化进行了测定。结果表明,1)两品种子房(幼果)果胶酸钙含量呈类似的下降趋势;草酸钙则相反,龟井花后趋下降,而鄂柑1号却明显上升;而且鄂柑1号子房(幼果)果胶酸钙、草酸钙和果胶含量均相对较高。2)在果实增大期内,两品种果皮和果肉的果胶酸钙含量均出现显著上升,对应果皮草酸钙含量虽有波动但居相对较高水平,而果肉草酸钙则趋明显下降。3)两品种果皮和果肉水溶性果胶含量均在增大期内呈显著上升,对应原果胶含量均相对较高,进入增大后期均明显下降。     

不同番茄品种中类黄酮和咖啡酰奎尼酸含量测定及与抗氧化能力相关分析

为了研究番茄不同遗传种质资源中类黄酮和咖啡酰奎尼酸的含量差别及其与抗氧化能力的相关性,应用HPLC方法分别测定了23个番茄品种的果皮和果肉中芦丁、山奈酚芸香苷、绿原酸、1,5-二咖啡酰奎尼酸和3,4,5-三咖啡酰奎尼酸的含量,并与其抗氧化能力进行了相关性分析。结果表明,在不同品种的番茄果实中类黄酮和咖啡酰奎尼酸的含量差异显著,在同一番茄品种的果皮和果肉中其含量也有较大差别。此外,相关性分析的结果表明,多数所测物质的含量与抗氧化能力均具有一定的相关性。     

杀菌剂在荔枝贮藏过程中的残留动态及安全管控研究

以荔枝上常使用的几种主要杀菌剂(多菌灵、抑霉唑、咪鲜胺)为试验对象,研究其在荔枝采后低温贮藏中的残留动态变化规律及其对荔枝的保鲜效果。结果表明,3种杀菌剂在荔枝果实中的残留物主要存在于果皮中,贮藏期间果皮中的杀菌剂会向果肉渗透转移;果皮和果肉中残留量受药液处理浓度的影响,高浓度药液处理的荔枝果皮和果肉中3种杀菌剂残留量均明显高于低浓度处理的荔枝中的残留量,质量安全风险也增加。试验研究为3种杀菌剂在荔枝防腐保鲜上的安全使用提供了科学依据,并提出了安全合理使用的管控措施。     

~(14)C-葡萄糖在椪柑果实粒化枯水过程中的转移和转化

碰柑贮藏中期,囊辦注射~(14)C-葡萄糖后,在枯水果和正常果的果皮和非标记囊辦均出现放射性活度,并以标记囊辦及其对应果皮为中心,向周围递减,这可能是物理扩散的结果。初枯果果皮放射性活度显著低于正常果,而其不溶物的放射性活度和呼吸强度与对照相比均无显著差异;~(14)C-葡萄糖在初枯果果皮之间或囊辦之间的扩散显著比正常果容易。这说明枯水的起因并非果肉营养物向果皮转移,而可能与衰老有关。在枯水发展过程中,全枯果果肉有24.65%的~(14)C-葡萄糖转化为不溶性物质,显著高于正常果的6.41%;中枯果和全枯果的呼吸强度分别为17.18ml/h·kg 和23.64ml/h·kg,显著高于正常果的11.03ml/h·kR。因此,我们认为椪柑在枯水过程中,果肉可溶性营养物消失的主要原因是转化为不溶性物质向果皮转移和呼吸消耗。     

应用钴—60γ射线辐射荔枝保鲜试验(第二报)

(1) “桂味”荔枝以5千～5万伦(即伦琴)照射量处理,于4℃冷藏,结合自发气调贮藏36天,对维生素C含量并无影响。 (2) 在5千～5万伦照射量处理后,果肉蔗糖酶活性受到抑制。 (3) 果皮的多酚氧化酶在上述贮藏条件下,经5千伦照射的有所抑制。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.