鱼类的体色及其变化

各种鱼类都具有各自的体色，但是在一般情况下，热带水域鱼类体色的色彩比寒带鱼类绚丽多彩。鱼类的体色是由皮肤真皮层和鳞片上、下两面的大量有色细胞形成的，这类细胞分为色素细胞和光彩细胞(Iridocyte)两种。色素细胞是分枝状的结缔组织细胞，细胞里含有色素，它的颜色成分是红、橙、黄等其它色调的脂色素、     

养殖鱼类体色改良研究进展

鱼类在不同的生态及生理条件下会呈现不同的颜色,并且在自然界中都会呈现自己特定的体色。鱼体真皮层中含有4种色素细胞：黑色素细胞、黄色素细胞、红色素细胞及鸟粪素细胞。前3种色素细胞内的色素颗粒在神经及体液调节下,产生位移或数量的增减,及色素细胞数量的变化,加上鸟粪素细胞的特殊反光作用,使鱼体呈现不同的颜色。     

鱼类体色成因及其调控技术研究进展(下)

2 鱼类体色变化的成因及调控 2.1 鱼类体色变化 鱼类的体色和斑纹是由鱼体色素细胞的多少、分布的区域、色素细胞内色素颗粒的状态以及虹彩细胞中反光体的反光能力强弱等决定的[9].     

鱼类色素细胞及体色调控

介绍了近年来国内外有关鱼类体色方面的研究成果,阐述了色素细胞的种类与形态、鱼类体色变化的内在生理机制以及外部影响因素(包括类胡萝卜素、维生素、光照等),并从基因水平揭示了鱼类体色的形成机制.     

不同颜色品系暹罗斗鱼色素细胞的观察

为了解暹罗斗鱼多彩体色的成因,为斗鱼的体色选育提供科学依据,对红色系、蓝色系和金属色系暹罗斗鱼背部鳞片的色素细胞进行了研究。通过显微观察,确定了组成斗鱼鳞片的色素细胞有黑色素细胞、红色素细胞、黄色素细胞、鸟粪素细胞等4种,分布于鳞片的上下两层。研究结果表明,不同颜色品系间鳞片色素细胞的组成、分布、形状不同,是形成暹罗斗鱼多彩体色的重要原因。红色系斗鱼没有鸟粪素细胞,而蓝色系和金属色系斗鱼均有鸟粪素细胞,只分布于鳞片的下层。除了蓝色系铁锈蓝色斗鱼外,蓝色系其它颜色斗鱼和金属色斗鱼鳞片的上下层均有黑色素细胞、红色素细胞、黄色素细胞这3种色素细胞。红色系不同颜色斗鱼的色素细胞组成不同,超红色斗鱼有黑色素细胞、红色素细胞,柬红色斗鱼只有红色素细胞,橘红色斗鱼有红色素细胞和黄色素细胞,黄色斗鱼有黄色素细胞和黑色素细胞,分布于鳞片的上下层。     

虾蟹类动物色素细胞的研究进展

综述了虾蟹类动物体色形成的色素细胞种类和调控机制。虾蟹类动物体色主要由色素细胞构成,具有躲避天敌等重要功能。虾蟹类动物的体色具有一定的遗传能力,与虾蟹类动物特有的甲壳蓝蛋白基因有直接联系。甲壳蓝蛋白主要分布在外骨骼中,与虾青素结合形成不同类型的色素细胞。虾蟹类动物的载色体转运色素颗粒,受激素调控,可通过细胞内外钙离子的运动以及cGMP信号的级联来诱导,两类肌球蛋白参与了色素转运。     

鱼溶浆、酶解鱼溶浆(粉)对黄颡鱼体色的影响

正黄颡鱼隶属鲇形目、鲿科、黄颡鱼属。在中国,黄颡鱼是一种优质名贵的经济鱼类,因为市场价格高,可获得更高的经济效益,在很多地区养殖量逐年增长。人工养殖条件下黄颡鱼的体色易变,会影响商品价值。影响养殖鱼类体色的因素很多,饲料色素不足是主要因素之一,水质、疾病、饲料等也能导致黄颡鱼体色发生变化。养殖鱼类体色变化分为黑色和黄色等鲜艳体色的变化,鱼类黑色体色的形成主要依赖于皮肤、鳞片中成熟的黑色素细胞数量、分布,以及黑色素颗     

不同体色血鹦鹉鱼的色素细胞种类、数量及色素含量

用显微镜观察了体长7.0~10.0cm的黑、黑黄、黄、红4种体色血鹦鹉鱼色素细胞的形态结构,用紫外分光光度计法测定了其总类胡萝卜素含量。结果显示,(1)黑色血鹦鹉鱼通体分布树突状和圆点状两种形态的黑色素细胞,内含大量黑色素颗粒,黄色素细胞较少,颜色较浅;(2)黑黄色血鹦鹉鱼体上的树突状黑色素细胞的中心胞体扩散,分枝细长,黑色素颗粒为棕色,聚集能力弱,黄色素细胞大颜色深且数量较多;(3)黄色血鹦鹉鱼体上的黑色素细胞数量很少,黄色素细胞遍体分布,颜色深,有少量圆点状的红色素细胞,形状小,颜色浅;(4)红色血鹦鹉鱼体的黑色素细胞稀少,有少量的黄色素细胞,红色素细胞遍体分布。(5)红色血鹦鹉鱼的肉、鳞片、鳍条和皮肤的类胡萝卜素含量与其他3种体色的鱼相比差异均极显著(P0.01);黑、黑黄、黄3种体色的血鹦鹉鱼的上述4个部位的类胡萝卜素含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。本试验结果为深入探究色素细胞的发育机制提供了参考。     

鱼类体色成因及其调控技术研究进展(上)

针对近年来我国养殖鱼类体色变异越来越普遍的现象,总结了国内外有关鱼类体色方面的研究成果,分别从鱼体色素细胞的种类、色素体的合成与代谢、体色变化的内在生理调控机制(基因、神经和内分泌凋节)以及营养、光照、水温、重金属、饵料等诸多外部因子方面,探讨了鱼类体色的成因以及上述因素对鱼体体色的影响,以期为后续对鱼类体色变异进行合理人工调控的研究和实践提供参考.     

（♀鲫早×墨龙鲤♂）F1三组合的体色表现及黑色素细胞表达规律的观

鱼类的体色多彩多样，有青灰色、红色、黄色以及这些体色在一个个体上的多样组合表现。组成鱼类体色的基本色素细胞有：黑色素、黄色素、红色素和鸟粪类色素细胞等4种。野生鱼类的体色大都是青灰色，而鱼类家养后青灰色体色基因发生突变，于是出现了红色、黄色、蓝色、黑色、红白、红黑等不同体色类型。     

锦鲤墨蝶呤还原酶基因的克隆、表达和定位分析

为探究SPR在锦鲤体色形成中的作用,实验利用RACE技术获得spr cDNA全长序列,并分析其时空表达模式,同时利用Western blot和免疫组织化学方法检测SPR蛋白在皮肤、鳍条和鳞片中的分布和表达情况。结果显示,spr cDNA全长879 bp,包含132 bp和134 bp的5′和3′非编码区,开放阅读框510 bp,编码170个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化树分析显示,锦鲤SPR具有保守的adh_short_C2结构域,与金鱼相似性高达97.7%。spr在各组织中均有表达,其中皮肤的表达量最高。spr在锦鲤个体发育的4个阶段表现为先降后升。纯红、纯白及红白3种体色锦鲤皮肤、鳞片和鳍条中spr mRNA和蛋白表达水平基本一致,在纯红锦鲤皮肤中表达量最高,红白锦鲤白色皮肤、鳞片和鳍条的表达量最低。SPR组织定位分析显示,红色锦鲤和白色锦鲤皮肤中均检测到阳性信号,其中红色皮肤阳性信号强度高于白色皮肤。研究表明,spr可能与锦鲤红/黄色素细胞的分化和形成具有一定相关性,参与了锦鲤体色的形成。     

Dietary carotenoids and skin melanin content influence the coloration of farmed red porgy (Pagrus pagrus)

The present study investigates the effects of dietary carotenoid sources on the coloration of the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus. Red porgies (131.9 ± 16.2 g; mean ± SD) were fed for 12 weeks on five different diets supplemented with red carotenoids (mainly astaxanthin esters) supplied from Haematococcus pluvialis algae and yellow carotenoids (mainly β‐carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) supplied from Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. and Spirulina, Spirulina pacifica. The carotenoid‐supplemented diets did not have any marked effect on the growth rate, the feed conversion ratio, the daily feeding rate, or the hepatosomatic index of red porgy. The biochemical indices measured in plasma including cholesterol, total proteins, glucose, lactate, phospholipids, non‐esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and thyroid hormones did not differ significantly among groups. Diet did not affect significantly the melanophore‐area coverage, the melanin skin concentration and skin lightness. Carotenoid‐supplemented diets affected significantly the carotenoid deposition in the skin, the presence and distribution of erythorphores and xanthophores, and skin hue and chroma. Overall, data have shown the efficacy of Haematococcus algae in promoting a reddish coloration in red porgy.     

Modeling optimal dietary pigmentation strategies in farmed Atlantic salmon: Application of mixed-integer non-linear mathematical programming techniques

The most important visual quality characteristic of Atlantic salmon is the red/pink flesh color. The primary source of this coloration in salmon is caused by deposition of relatively large amounts of pigments, such as astaxanthin, obtained from their diet. Astaxanthin is expensive, and in commercial farming practice, dietary color pigments comprises about 15-20% of the total feed cost. One important operational process in commercial fish farms is therefore to minimize pigment costs. Based on recent models on the effects of dietary pigment concentration and fish size on visual color perception of Atlantic salmon, this study has built a mathematical programming model designed to optimize dietary astaxanthin concentrations throughout the grow-out period that results in well-pigmented fish at minimum cost. We have applied a mixed-integer non-linear programming algorithm to solve this problem. Various managerial implications of applying optimization models in product quality management of farmed salmon are discussed.     

Effects of Various Dietary Carotenoid Pigments on Fillet Appearance and Pigment Absorption in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of various carotenoids on skin and fillet coloration and fillet carotenoid concentration in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. For 12 wk, juvenile catfish were fed one of six experimental diets containing no supplemental carotenoid or 100 mg/kg of one of following carotenoid additions: β‐carotene (BCA), lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), canthaxanthin (CAN), and astaxanthin (AST). Visual yellow color intensity score was highest for fish fed LUT, followed by ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Skin and tissue Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage yellowness value was the highest in fish fed LUT, followed by fish fed ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Fish accumulated the supplemental carotenoids in muscle tissues, but concentrations of different carotenoids in the tissue varied greatly. Approximately 30% of the LUT added was converted to echineone; no conversion was observed among other supplemental carotenoids. Results from the present study indicate that channel catfish can accumulate yellow pigments LUT and ZEA and red or pink pigments CAN and AST in the flesh, resulting in yellow coloration. The yellow pigment BCA does not appear to deposit in skin or flesh at levels sufficient to alter the coloration.     

硬骨鱼类虹彩细胞的研究进展

虹彩细胞是硬骨鱼中一类常见的色素细胞,含有大量的虹彩小体,其内含有由鸟嘌呤晶体构成的高折射率的反射小板,反射小板与低折射率的细胞质交替排列形成交替层的结构,光被交替层反射后通过多层薄膜干涉,使细胞呈现出彩虹般的颜色。虹彩细胞能在激素、交感神经系统或外界环境刺激的作用下通过改变反射小板的间距来实现颜色的变化。鸟嘌呤是虹彩细胞呈色和颜色变化的基础,其合成途径已被详细解析。虹彩细胞由多能的神经嵴细胞分化而来,从神经嵴细胞分化为成熟的虹彩细胞的谱系特化过程受到多个基因的调控,目前已在模式生物斑马鱼中发现了一些关键基因,并通过对这些基因间相互作用的研究初步解析了控制虹彩细胞特化的核心基因调控网络,同时也发现了其他影响虹彩细胞特化、分化及存活的基因和信号通路。本文综述了硬骨鱼类虹彩细胞呈色及颜色变化的机制、鸟嘌呤合成途径及调控基因以及影响虹彩细胞发育和存活的基因和信号通路的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,期望能对虹彩细胞有更深入的认识,并为研究虹彩细胞发育过程的基因调控提供参考。     

Reflected‐light Influences the Coloration of the Peppermint Shrimp,Lysmata boggessi (Decapoda: Caridea)

One alternative to contribute to the reduction of the pressure on coral reef ecosystems brought about by an increasing demand for marine aquarium ornamentals is to improve and further develop the culture of desirable species for trade. Peppermint shrimp from the genus Lysmata are among the most intensively traded decapod in the trade and while several studies have been conducted to improve its culture, individuals obtained from culture facilities are generally paler than those collected from the wild. Because color is a fundamental component of the price tag on most marine ornamental live species, poorly colored animals command a lower price, reducing competitiveness. In this study, we evaluate the influence of tank background color (reflected light) on the morphological coloration change of Lysmata boggessi. In a 15‐d experiment, 30 individuals were exposed either to reflected‐red or white light and the relative change of coloration between initial and final moments was quantified with photography (RGB color model). At the end of the experimental period, shrimp exposed to red‐reflected light presented a more intense red coloration than those exposed to white‐reflected light. These results demonstrate that a simple change in background tank color can enhance shrimp external coloration. Such a cheap‐to‐implement procedure can support the culture of more colorful, hence more valuable ornamental shrimp that can compete with those captured from the wild.     

Dual appearance of xanthophores,and ontogenetic changes in other pigment cells during early development of Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

Flatfishes display a left–right asymmetry that is unique in the animal kingdom. In order to clarify the mechanisms of the asymmetrical development of pigment cells, changes in pigment cell densities were examined in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. During development from symmetrical larvae to asymmetrical juveniles, pigment cell densities were monitored on the skin on both the left side (ocular side in juvenile; eventually has two eyes) and the right side (blind side in juvenile; eventually has no eyes). A symmetrical and constant decrease was observed in leucophores and larval type melanophores. A mostly symmetrical (slightly delayed on the blind side) and constant increase in iridophores from metamorphosis was observed. Adult-type melanophores appeared and then increased only after metamorphosis on the ocular side. However, the pattern of xanthophores was complicated: they first existed symmetrically and decreased symmetrically until metamorphosis, and they later increased only on the ocular side. The dual appearance of the xanthophores, as well as the differences between their depths and sizes on the ocular and blind sides, may suggest the presence of two types of xanthophores—just as melanophores are well known to exhibit two types. The ontogenetic study of pigment cells described here is likely to help to elucidate the process of abnormal pigmentation in flatfishes.     

圆斑星鲽仔稚鱼色素细胞发育和体色变化

为研究圆斑星鲽早期发育过程中色素细胞的形态和分布,实验对1~72日龄的圆斑星鲽鱼苗进行了连续的显微观察,并绘制了早期发育生长曲线。结果显示,圆斑星鲽从20日龄开始进入快速的增长期,在水温12~19.5°C时完成变态发育需要50 d,黑色素细胞最早出现,数量最多,黄色素细胞次之,虹彩细胞最后发育,数量最少。变态前黑色素细胞密度先升高后降低,在9日龄密度最大为1390个/mm~2,色素细胞逐渐密集鱼体两侧对称分布;变态开始后鱼体两侧色素不对称,有眼侧体表黑色素细胞逐渐溶解消退,由成体黑色素细胞代替,体色变深,黑色素细胞密度稳定在150个/mm~2;无眼侧黑色素细胞逐渐消溶退化,体色逐渐变白。白化个体在变态开始后出现,有眼侧不能形成成体黑色素细胞,形成白化。     

乌苏里江大麻哈鱼（♀）婚姻色差异的生态指征意义

黑龙江大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus keta）繁殖群体由鄂霍次克海经俄罗斯境内的黑龙江干流洄游至我国境内即分成黑龙江和乌苏里江两个地理群体。过去大麻哈鱼洄游至我国时婚姻色均较浓艳,但近十年来发现洄游至乌苏里江的大麻哈鱼部分个体婚姻色浓艳,部分婚姻色很浅或无色。为了揭示婚姻色浓淡差异的原因及其对大麻哈鱼繁殖适应性的指征作用,笔者于2011年9月20～29日,对乌苏里江大麻哈鱼回归繁殖群体进行了调查,共采集样品94尾,将其划分为婚姻色浓艳个体组（红色度a＋值〉13）和浅淡个体组（红色度a赤〈7）,进行了两群组间的繁殖生态学参数比较分析。结果表明,浅淡个体的成熟系数（CSI）、卵径、卵重、年龄、体长和体质量均小于浓艳个体,且差异极显著（P〈0．01）;婚姻色浅淡个体的绝对繁殖力显著小于浓艳个体（P〈0．05）;但二者的肥满度指数差异不显著。两群组间各繁殖生态参数间相关关系的差异分析表明,婚姻色浅淡个体性腺发育落后于浓艳个体,表明婚姻色浅淡个体的繁殖适合度低于婚姻色浓艳个体。     

ATP depletion inhibits retraction of chromatophores induced by GABA in cephalopod Todarodes pacificus

Color changes in cephalopods are generated by the expansion or retraction of chromatophores located under the dermis. The behavior of the chromatophores is regulated by neurotransmitters; l-glutamate (l-Glu) is an excitatory transmitter that causes the chromatophores to expand. To date, serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is the only neurotransmitter known to stimulate retraction of chromatophores. We found that the chromatophores in the Japanese squid Todarodes pacificus were regulated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and that GABA caused expanded chromatophores to retract. We also found that adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in skin samples remained stable at their initial values for more than 24 h after the death of each squid; therefore, the chromatophores could respond to both l-Glu and GABA during that period. Furthermore, we attempted to reduce the levels of ATP by storing skin sample in sodium azide solution. The chromatophores in sodium azide-treated skin samples were induced to expand by l-Glu, but these expanded chromatophores could not be induced to retract by GABA. Based on these observations, we conclude that ATP is essential for retraction, but not expansion, of chromatophores.