Oral efficacy of Vero cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DR13 strain

A Vero cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain, DR13, was distinguished from wild-type PEDV using restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Cell attenuated DR13 was orally or intramuscularly (IM) administered to late-term pregnant sows, and mortality resulting from the highly virulent PEDV challenge was investigated in passively immunized suckling piglets of the two different groups. The mortality rate of the oral group (13%) was lower than that of the IM group (60%). In particular, the concentration of IgA against PEDV was higher in piglets of sows in the oral group, compared to the IM group. The attenuated DR13 virus remained safe, even after three backpassages in piglets. The findings of this study support the theory that the Vero cell attenuated DR13 virus may be applied as an oral vaccine for inducing specific immunity in late-term pregnant sows with a high margin of protection against PEDV infection.     

幼龄仔猪PEDV感染肠道损伤模型的建立

试验旨在建立猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）感染幼龄仔猪肠道损伤模型。试验选用16头7日龄健康幼龄仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为两个处理组：对照组和PEDV组,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期为10 d,试验期间两个处理组饲喂相同的基础日粮。于试验第7天晚上对PEDV组仔猪口腔灌服PEDV病毒（剂量为10^4.5 TCID₅₀）,对照组灌服等量的生理盐水。于试验第10天早上空腹灌服D-木糖（0.1 g/kg体重）,1 h后前腔静脉采血,屠宰取样,取十二指肠、空肠、回肠等组织样品,测定平均日增重（ADG）、腹泻率（DR）、肠道形态结构、肠道黏膜损伤相关基因mRNA水平。试验结果表明：①PEDV感染显著降低了仔猪ADG（P<0.05）,极显著提高了仔猪腹泻率（P<0.01）;②PEDV感染极显著降低了血浆D-木糖含量、空肠和回肠绒毛高度、十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值（P<0.01）,显著提高了十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度（P<0.05）;③PEDV感染极显著提高了仔猪空肠黏膜PEDV M基因的相对表达量（P<0.01）,极显著降低了肠绒毛蛋白（villin）和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白（i-FABP）基因的相对表达量（P<0.01）。以上结果表明,口腔灌服PEDV可以成功诱导建立幼龄仔猪肠道损伤模型。     

Impact of porcine group A rotavirus co-infection on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity in piglets

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine group A rotavirus (PGAR) are the main causative agents of acute diarrhea in piglets. In South Korea, PGAR is prevalent in piglets naturally infected with PEDV. Piglets naturally co-infected with PEDV and PGAR appeared to have severe and prolonged diarrhea that was distinct from that commonly observed. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of PGAR co-infection on PEDV pathogenicity in piglets. Thirty-six colostrum-deprived, one-day old, Large White-Duroc crossbred pigs were randomly divided into four equal groups: PEDV, PEDV/PGAR, PGAR, and control groups. The piglets were euthanized at 1, 2, or 3 days post-inoculation (DPI) to measure the villous height:crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio and to collect fecal samples for RT-PCR and virus isolation. No significant differences in mean VH:CD ratio and clinical symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and anorexia) were observed between the PEDV/PGAR-infected and PEDV-infected groups of piglets at 1, 2 and 3 DPI; however, at 2 and 3 DPI, PGAR was detected in all fecal samples by RT-PCR and virus isolation. These findings failed to detect any interaction between PEDV and porcine rotavirus in the small intestines of piglets, suggesting that concurrent infection of PGAR may not synergistically enhance intestinal villous atrophy of piglets with PEDV disease. We propose that the severe diarrhea exhibited in PEDV and PGAR co-infected piglets may be more associated with the immunity level of the host rather than to any synergistic effect of PGAR on PEDV enteritis.     

流行性腹泻病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪流行性腹泻(Porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED)是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)引起猪的高度接触性肠道传染病,感染PEDV的猪群主要表现为腹泻、呕吐、厌食、脱水等临床症状。PEDV可感染各个阶段的猪群,临床上PEDV主要造成7日龄以内的仔猪高发病率及高死亡率(可达100%)。PEDV的迅速传播给养猪行业造成了巨大的经济损失。本文针对PEDV的病原学、病毒编码蛋白及其生物学功能、感染细胞机制进行综述,以期为深入研究PEDV的致病机制提供参考。     

抗猪流行性腹泻病毒单克隆抗体的中和与被动保护试验

应用抗猪流行性腹泻病毒（ＰＥＤＶ）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）杂交瘤细胞株诱生腹水ＭｃＡｂ,将３株单抗混合,用于实验室防治试验。结果表明,其对病毒具有中和作用,可使病猪耐过ＰＥＤＶ的侵袭;用于生产场的发病猪,初步证明疗效显著,保护率达９１％,而未注抗体的对照发病猪全部死亡。上述结果表明,抗猪流行性腹泻病毒ＭｃＡｂ混合制剂确能缓解发病症状,减少新生猪的死亡。     

河南省南阳市某猪场一例猪流行性腹泻的实验室诊断

为对南阳市某猪场发生腹泻的病原进行鉴定,结合猪场发病情况、临床症状、剖检病理变化进行分析,并运用HE染色、RT-PCR等实验室技术综合判定。结果显示,某场新生仔猪发病率100%,临床表现为严重呕吐、腹泻且病死率较高,肠道组织切片发现空肠绒毛脱落、回肠细胞碱性粒子变多,RT-PCR结果显示猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)阳性,提示本次某猪场腹泻主要是由猪流行性腹泻病毒感染造成的。     

The first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada

In January, 2014, increased mortality was reported in piglets with acute diarrhea on an Ontario farm. Villus atrophy in affected piglets was confined to the small intestine. Samples of colon content were PCR-positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Other laboratory tests did not detect significant pathogens, confirming this was the first case of PED in Canada.     

Construction and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing S1 Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus(PEDV)

To evaluate the specific immune responses induced by recombinant Lactococcus lactis(L.lactis) which expresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) S1 protein through oral administration,the spike gene fragment of PEDV was amplified from PEDV SDLY strain to construct p MG36 e-S1 recombinant plasmid.The recombinant plasmid was then electro-transferred into competent cells of L.lactis MG1363,to prepare the recombinant L.lactis expressing S1 protein of PEDV.The expression of target protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot.New Zealand white rabbits were orally administered with the recombinant strain;the antibody titer in intestinal mucosa and serum was detected by neutralizing test;and the specific Ig G in serum was evaluated by indirect ELISA.The results showed that the recombinant L.lactis could effectively induce high level of Ig G in serum and high level of mucosal immune antibody.The recombinant L.lactis is qualified to be a potential oral vaccine because it could successfully stimulate both humoral and mucosal immune responses against PEDV.     

2016－2019年广西部分猪场仔猪病毒性腹泻的流行病学调查

本研究旨在了解引起仔猪腹泻的主要病毒性病原感染情况及流行特点,为有效防控广西仔猪腹泻提供科学依据。试验采用RT-PCR/PCR检测方法对2016年3月至2019年2月广西14个地级市366个规模猪场送检的914份仔猪腹泻病料样品进行猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）、猪轮状病毒（PoRV）、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）、猪Delta冠状病毒（PDCoV）、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）和猪伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）检测,并分析其阳性率在不同年份、季节、地区之间的差异及病原混合感染情况。调查结果显示,PEDV、PDCoV、PRRSV、PoRV、PCV2、CSFV、PRV均存在不同程度的感染,其样品平均阳性率分别为59.74%、8.32%、7.77%、4.92%、3.72%、3.28%和2.08%,未检测出TGEV;PEDV已无明显季节性,一年四季均高发,即使在炎热的夏季,在感染猪群中也持续存在,PDCoV有明显的季节性,多发生在冬春寒冷季节;广西仔猪腹泻PEDV阳性率高,单一感染高达50.55%,仔猪腹泻混合感染情况也较多,其中以二重感染情况较为常见,同时也存在四重感染现象。结果表明,广西腹泻仔猪存在7种病毒性病原不同程度感染情况,其中以PEDV导致的仔猪病毒性腹泻尤为严重,新发PDCoV阳性率仅次于PEDV,需重视并加强对新发PDCoV的防控。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒SD201604株的分离鉴定及致病性研究

本研究旨在获得猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）分离株,并对其致病性进行研究。应用Vero细胞从山东某猪场腹泻病料中进行病毒分离,通过细胞病变、免疫荧光试验、电镜观察和RT-RCR进行鉴定,并对分离株的S基因序列进行分析;应用10^3.5 TCID₅₀/mL分离株口服接种3日龄仔猪并观察临床症状和病理变化;用不同滴度的分离株分别口服接种3日龄仔猪（3 mL/只）,统计各组仔猪的死亡率,确定最小致死量。结果显示,成功分离到1株PEDV,命名为PEDV SD201604株。该分离毒株能在Vero细胞上增殖,产生细胞病变,传代至F6代时病毒滴度可达10^3.5 TCID₅₀/mL,免疫荧光试验和RT-RCR检测均为PEDV阳性。电镜观察可见直径大小约为100 nm的病毒粒子,有明显的囊膜和纤突,具有PEDV病毒粒子典型的形态特征,确定分离株为PEDV。S基因序列分析显示,分离株为国内流行的PEDV变异株。动物回归试验结果显示,口服感染该分离株的5头3日龄仔猪全部出现典型的PED临床症状和病理变化,其中3头死亡。最小致死量试验结果表明,口服感染3 mL病毒含量为10^4.5 TCID₅₀/mL的分离株可使仔猪全部死亡。本试验结果可为PEDV的分离鉴定及生物学研究提供参考与借鉴。     

猪场新生仔猪流行性腹泻防控措施

猪流行性腹泻主要侵害仔猪,尤其是7日龄以内的仔猪,发病率和病死率极高,严重影响养猪业的发展。文章分析了猪流行性腹泻的流行特点、防控难点及针对性防控措施。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒逃避宿主干扰素抗病毒作用机制的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒（porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV）是一种全球分布的α冠状病毒,能引起仔猪流行性腹泻,猪流行性腹泻一旦暴发会给养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。在病毒感染期间,Ⅰ型干扰素（type Ⅰ interferon,IFN-Ⅰ）是先天性抗病毒反应的关键介质。大多数冠状病毒通过限制IFN的产生和IFN应答的激活而产生一些策略以规避IFN应答。然而,PEDV颉颃IFN抗病毒作用的分子机制尚未完全清楚。猪感染PEDV后,机体的先天免疫不能有效抵抗PEDV的侵害,PEDV通过限制或阻断IFN的功能和隐藏自身的病原体相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP）两种途径逃逸宿主先天免疫。在此过程中,PEDV的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白及一些蛋白酶起到了关键作用,核衣壳（nucleocapsid,N）蛋白能抑制IFN-Ⅰ的产生,协助病毒逃避机体的抗病毒天然免疫,木瓜样蛋白酶通过去泛素化酶活性阻断天然免疫信号通路,PEDV也可通过阻断双链核糖核酸（double-stranded RNA,dsRNA）诱导IFN-Ⅰ的产生,以逃避宿主的先天免疫。这些研究为深入了解IFN在PEDV致病过程中的作用及PEDV逃避IFN抗病毒的机制提供了理论依据,并有助于深入了解病毒与宿主先天性免疫之间的关系,同时也为PEDV的防治及PEDV疫苗的研发提供参考。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒S蛋白纳米抗体的筛选与鉴定

猪流行性腹泻病（porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED）是一种高度接触性肠道传染性疫病,主要危害1周龄以内的仔猪,仔猪感染死亡率高达100%,是目前危害世界养猪业的主要疫病之一。本研究旨在制备针对猪流行性腹泻病毒S蛋白的特异性纳米抗体并鉴定其结合活性。作者原核表达并纯化PEDV S1蛋白,将纯化后的PEDV S1重组蛋白免疫双峰驼,第4次免疫后分离其外周血淋巴细胞,提取淋巴细胞RNA,反转录得到cDNA,通过巢式PCR扩增VHH片段,并构建至pCANTAB-5E载体中,电转化至TG1感受态细胞,得到VHH噬菌体抗体展示文库;随后,对构建的噬菌体抗体展示文库进行救援和3轮富集,利用噬菌体展示技术从中筛选针对PEDV S蛋白纳米抗体,通过ELISA验证筛选的纳米抗体的特异性和结合力。通过Western blot和间接免疫荧光验证纳米抗体与PEDV的结合活性。结果显示：成功表达并纯化PEDV S1蛋白,经4次免疫后,双峰驼血清中的特异性抗体效价达到了1∶256 000。构建的噬菌体展示文库的库容量为2.1×10⁷,阳性率85%;对噬菌体展示文库3轮的淘选富集后,最终筛选出6株氨基酸序列不同的纳米抗体,ELISA结果显示,6株纳米抗体均对PEDV S1重组蛋白具有良好的结合力与特异性。随后验证了Nb3能够与PEDV结合,表明其具有良好的活性。成功筛选到针对PEDV S1蛋白的特异性纳米抗体,所筛选纳米抗体有望用于PED的诊断和治疗,同时为PEDV的致病机制研究提供抗体材料。     

一株变异型猪流行性腹泻病毒的分离鉴定及其灭活疫苗的免疫效力试验

本研究旨在分离猪流行性腹泻病毒（porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV）变异株,通过悬浮培养工艺制备成高效价的PEDV灭活疫苗。2017年从中国多个规模化猪场采集腹泻病死仔猪的小肠及其内容物200份,通过RT-PCR方法进行PEDV检测并测序,筛选一株PEDV变异株,将其在2 L反应器里悬浮培养的Vero细胞上进行病毒分离与传代培养,收获的病毒液鉴定后测定TCID₅₀,经甲醛灭活后加入氢氧化铝胶佐剂配制成PEDV灭活疫苗,对其物理性状、稳定性、黏度、无菌等进行检验,检验合格后免疫妊娠母猪及所产仔猪,对其安全性和免疫效力进行研究。结果显示,200份病料中有86份为PEDV阳性,将筛选的PEDV变异株病料在Vero细胞上传至第5代时出现细胞病变,传至第10代收获病毒液,经鉴定后确定为PEDV变异毒株,并命名为PEDV-GF10株。收获的病毒液浓缩后测得病毒滴度可达1×10^8.0 TCID₅₀/mL。疫苗检验合格后在母猪产前40和25 d时试验组后海穴肌内注射4 mL疫苗,空白组不免疫,结果显示试验组与空白组母猪的生产情况无明显差异,所产3日龄仔猪分别免疫不同剂量后体温无显著差异,表明该疫苗对母猪和仔猪均安全性良好。随机挑选试验组与空白组母猪所产3日龄仔猪各20头,分别口服4 mL PEDV-F10病毒培养物,空白组母猪所产仔猪在攻毒24 h后PEDV发病率为100%,抗体均为阴性;试验组母猪所产仔猪只有10%出现了轻微的腹泻症状,仔猪获得了高达90%保护率,且仔猪被动免疫后抗体能持续至35 d以上。以上结果表明,PEDV-GF10变异株通过悬浮细胞培养后病毒滴度显著提高,研制的PEDV-GF10株灭活疫苗安全有效,能够对中国的PEDV变异株达到有效防控,为国内PED防控提供了理论依据。     

The Prevalence and Prevention of PEDV,TGEV and PoRV in Porcine Viral Diarrhea

PEDV,TGEV and PoRV are the main pathogenies of porcine viral diarrhea that endanger the healthy development of swine industry,which are characterized by vomiting,severe diarrhea and dehydration, the morbidity and mortality of suckling piglets is higher,and the incidence of diarrhea is lower in replacement gilts,sows or fattening pigs. Especially since 2010, the prevalence of PEDV mutant strains has had a serious impact on the global swine industry,but the control measures can not been able to cope with the new epidemic situation. In recent years, many new techniques or methods have been applied to the control of swine viral diarrhea caused by PEDV, TGEV and PoRV. Based on the analysis of genetic variation and epidemic status of three kinds of viruses,this paper reviewed the prevention and control measures from the aspects of feeding management,immunization prevention, traditional Chinese medicine therapy,interference therapy,specific therapy and return therapy.     

某规模化养殖场猪流行性腹泻急性病例报告

猪流行性腹泻是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的高度接触性肠道传染病,临床以仔猪呕吐、严重腹泻、高死亡率(产房仔猪达到100%)为主要特征,随着PEDV毒株的变异及其规模化猪场的扩张,猪场布局密度日益扩大,猪流行性腹泻在猪场已经成为常态化,尤其在冬春季节更为严重,对养殖场造成的损失严重,笔者处理了一起规模化猪场的的腹泻案例,在此分享供大家参考借鉴。     

Etiological Investigation of Diarrhea in Newborn Piglets and Molecular Characterization and Genetic Variation Analysis of ORF3 Gene of PEDV in North Guangdong

In order to understand the main pathogen of newborn piglets diarrhea in North Guangdong region, 31 diarrhea samples were collected from six pig farms in North Guangdong, the pathogen of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine rotavirus (PoRV) were detected by Real-time RT-PCR, meanwhile, ORF3 gene of PEDV amplified from positive samples were sequenced and analyzed. Pathogen detection results showed that 83.87%(26/31) samples were positive for PEDV, all herds and samples were negative for TGEV and PoRV. The sequence analysis revealed that the ORF3 gene of 5 epidemic strains of PEDV were all 675 bp, homologies of nucleotides were 98.7% to 100.0%, and homologies with reference sequences of nucleotides were 94.5% to 100.0%, and some gene mutation in common nucleotides site. The results of gene phylogenetic trees showed that PEDV could be divided into two groups, PEDV genetic relationship between field strains in North Guangdong and some regions in China, Southeast Asia, North America, Europe from 2013 to 2015 was closer, classed as a gene subgroup, from 2011 to 2012 main epidemic strains in our country and vaccine strains classed as other two gene subgroups. These results indicated that PEDV infection was the main pathogen of newborn piglets diarrhea in North Guangdong region, as time passed, the PEDV epidemic strains gene presented a tendency of evolution and variation.     

Isolation and Identification of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Immune Efficacy of Its Inactivated Vaccine

This study was aimed to isolate a mutant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and prepare a PEDV inactivated vaccine with high valence by suspension culture process for immunizing against PEDV effectively in China.200 small intestines and theirs contents of diarrhea piglets died of diarrhea,collected from many large-scale pig farms in China,were detected by RT-PCR and sequenced,a mutant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was selected and put on the suspension-cultured Vero cells in a 2 L reactor for virus isolation and continuous cell culture,the harvested virus suspension,which was identified and determined TCID₅₀,was inactivated by formaldehyde and mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant to prepare PEDV inactivated vaccine.After its physical behavior,stability viscosity,sterility test were checked out,the safety and immune efficacy were studied by immunizing the pregnant pigs and theirs piglets.The results were as follows:86 samples were detected positive in 200 samples,cytopathy occurred after the mutant strain samples screened were passaged to 5th generation,the virus suspension was harvested in 10th generation and identified as a mutant strain of PEDV,named PEDV-GF10 strain.The virus titer of harvested virus suspension was measured up to 1×10^8.0 TCID₅₀/mL after concentrated.After the vaccine was checked out,the sows,40 and 25 days before delivery in experimental groups,were injected into Xuehai acupoint with 4 mL vaccine and the pigs in blank group were free of immunifications.The results showed that there were no obvious differences in the production status of the sows in experimental groups and blank group and the temperature of theirs 3-day-old healthy piglets injected different doses of vaccine,and the vaccine was safe to the sows and piglets.Forty 3-day-old piglets producted by pregnant sows in experimental groups and blank group were randomly selected and taken 4 mL 1×10^8.0TCID₅₀/mL F10 virus culture.The PEDV morbidity of piglets in blank group was 100% after injection and the antibodies were negative;10% piglets in blank group had mild diarrhea symptoms,the protection rate was up to 90%,antibody of passive immunity in piglets lasted for more than 35 days.Virus titer of mutant strain of PEDV-GF10 improved a lot by suspension cell culture,the PEDV-GF10 inactivated vaccine was safe,and could effectively prevent and control the variation strain of PEDV in China.     

槲皮素对PEDV感染幼龄仔猪的生长性能、血液生化指标和肠道吸收与屏障功能的影响

【目的】 试验旨在探讨槲皮素在防治仔猪感染猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）中的作用。【方法】 选取18头体重相近、健康的7日龄仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为3组（对照组、PEDV组和PEDV+槲皮素组）,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期共11 d。经过3 d适应期后,于试验第4~10天给PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其他组仔猪口腔灌服等体积的人工乳,于试验第8天给PEDV组与PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服1×10^4.5TCID₅₀的PEDV,对照组灌服等体积的PBS溶液。试验第11天早上空腹称重,全部仔猪灌服D-木糖（0.1 g/kg BW）,1 h后经前腔静脉采血,检测血液生化指标、血浆二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性和D-木糖含量;将所有仔猪屠宰取空肠黏膜,检测肠道屏障相关基因,包括肠绒毛蛋白（villin）,紧密连接蛋白-1（claudin-1）,闭合蛋白（occludin）和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白（iFABP）的相对表达量。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪平均日增重显著下降（P<0.05）,粪便评分显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中高密度脂蛋白含量显著降低（P<0.05）,肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著提高（P<0.05）;血浆中D-木糖含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、iFABP基因的相对表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与PEDV组相比,PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪平均日增重和血浆D-木糖含量显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、villin和iFABP基因的相对表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。【结论】 10 mg/kg BW槲皮素可在一定程度上缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪生长抑制和肾功能损伤,增强肠道吸收与屏障功能。