新农药介绍

中文通用名称:绿僵菌英文通用名称:Metarhizium anisopliae(拉丁文)农药登记名称及商品名:100亿孢子/毫升绿僵菌油悬浮剂(克洛卡)理化性质:该药的有效成分为金龟子绿僵菌的分生孢子。金龟子绿僵菌是由重庆缙山自然保护区黄脊竹蝗僵虫体内分离出的,菌株编号为CQ102。经鉴定该菌株CQ102属于菌物界、丰知菌亚门、丝孢纲、绿僵菌属、金龟子绿僵菌(异名:黄绿绿僵菌)。其菌落特征:在SDA(萨氏葡萄糖)培养基上菌落初期为白色茸状,产孢时灰绿色至橄榄绿色,自菌落中心由里向外长出成丛的绿色分生孢子堆。分生孢子梗单生或聚集或紧密排列,帚状分枝…     

金龟子绿僵菌fluG基因的敲除及对产孢的影响

丝状真菌的fluG基因参与调控分生孢子的生成,然而在昆虫病原真菌金龟子绿僵菌中fluG的作用鲜有研究报道。本研究利用DNA同源重组方法,构建敲除fluG的金龟子绿僵菌突变株,分析突变株的产孢特性。以苯菌灵抗性基因ben作为筛选标记,fluG基因侧翼序列作为同源臂,构建了打靶载体pDHt/sk-fluG-Ben。利用PEG介导将打靶载体转化金龟子绿僵菌的原生质体,获得了苯菌灵抗性转化子。根据靶基因和标记基因检验,确定获得了敲除fluG的金龟子绿僵菌突变株。表型分析显示,fluG突变株继代培养5代仍保持苯菌灵抗性,菌落呈疏松毛絮状,生长相较野生型明显缓慢,不能或者仅能产生极少量分生孢子。说明fluG基因的敲除影响了菌株生长发育,并阻止了分生孢子形成,是金龟子绿僵菌产孢调节的重要基因。本研究为阐述金龟子绿僵菌产孢调控机制提供依据。     

新农药介绍

中文通用名称:金龟子绿僵菌英文通用名称:Metarriziumanisopliae(拉丁名)农药登记名称:5亿孢子/克百澳克杀蟑饵剂理化性质:5亿孢子/克百澳克杀蟑饵剂外观为浅绿色粗粉粒,有油脂香味。该饵剂含孢子量为每克金龟子绿僵菌孢子≥5亿个。该产品是用生物发酵法生产绿僵菌活孢子,再与相关助剂及填料加工而成的饵剂。其菌株是从贵州土样中筛选出对蜚蠊有效的绿僵菌,经鉴定,该菌株与金龟子绿僵菌在形态特征和培养特征上十分相似,其形态特征:菌株的菌落扩展较慢,菌丝体有隔、分枝,子梗直、有分枝、形成分生孢子梗联合成分生孢子座;瓶状小梗单生,有时…     

布氏白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌两变种的生长性状及其对蛴螬的毒力测定

以蛴螬病原真菌--布氏白僵菌、绿僵菌小孢变种作参照菌,研究了新分离鉴定的绿僵菌大孢变种的生物学特性,测定了不同温度、不同培养基条件下各菌株对蛴螬的致病能力.结果表明：绿僵菌大孢变种与两种参照菌的培养条件接近,最适宜生长的温度为25℃,所试的3种培养基中,最适宜的培养基为PPDA,其次为SDAY;绿僵菌大孢变种在偏低温（10～20℃）的环境下对蛴螬的毒杀能力比布氏白僵菌强,土壤处理和喷雾处理后,累计僵虫率分别达88.23%和76.47%,有很好的田间应用前景.两种真菌的拌土处理效果高于直接喷雾.鉴于绿僵菌Ma1的致病力较强,在生产上可用该菌进行土壤处理,防治蛴螬等地下害虫.     

对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫高毒力绿僵菌菌株的筛选及分子鉴定

绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae是一类对多种害虫具有高活性的病原真菌。本研究以华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita 1龄幼虫为对象,从4株绿僵菌中筛选出1株毒力较高的菌株,命名为M7-9。采用浸渍法对华北大黑鳃金龟1龄幼虫进行毒力测定,结果表明,绿僵菌M7-9的致死率为96.67%,僵虫率为96.67%,致死中时为2.82 d;致死中浓度为1.29×106孢子/m L;绿僵菌M7-9 ITS序列分子鉴定表明该株绿僵菌为金龟子绿僵菌。     

绿僵菌与椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲的协同控制作用

在室内条件下,研究了金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae侵染和椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum寄生两种生防措施之间的相互影响,并对两种措施协同控制椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima的效果进行了评价。结果表明,绿僵菌菌株HK4对椰甲截脉姬小蜂成虫安全;但绿僵菌侵染使姬小蜂对椰心叶甲的寄生率显著降低。在先接种绿僵菌后接入姬小蜂的情况下,椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲的寄生率仅为10.23%,显著低于其单独寄生的寄生率79.55%;绿僵菌对椰心叶甲的侵染率为96.59%,高于绿僵菌单独处理的侵染率84.09%,但不显著。而在先接蜂后接种绿僵菌的处理中,绿僵菌对椰心叶甲的侵染率仅为69.09%,显著低于绿僵菌单独处理。对椰心叶甲的生测结果显示,先接种绿僵菌再接入姬小蜂、先姬小蜂寄生再接种绿僵菌、同时接种绿僵菌和接入姬小蜂3种处理的校正死亡率分别为100%、100%、98.86%,显著高于绿僵菌单独侵染和姬小蜂单独寄生。     

松墨天牛病原菌及其致病性研究

对华东地区松材线虫病疫区和松墨天牛主要发生的13个地区随机抽样调查,共获松墨天牛病原真菌9属12种,病原细菌2属2种。其中,我国首次报道的松墨天牛病原菌新种类有：金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种Metarhizium anisopliae var.anisopliae、粉拟青霉Paecilomyces farinosus、尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum、蜡蚧轮枝霉Verticillum lecanii、青霉Penicillium spp.、黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus、曲霉Aspergillus spp.、木霉Trichoderma spp.和粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens。经致病性测定表明,球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种、粉拟青霉对松墨天牛有较强的致病力,处理后16d的致死率分别为100%、100%和70%。     

线虫生防真菌淡紫紫孢菌PLHN鉴定及其生物学特性

从为害海南省茄子的根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)雌虫体内分离获得一株对根结线虫具致病性的真菌菌株PLHN,研究了该菌株的培养特性和形态特征。同时,克隆分析其r DNA-ITS区序列,并测定该菌株的生物学特性。结果表明,菌株PLHN在PDA上菌落呈淡粉紫色,富生粉质状分生孢子,菌落背面中心呈炒米黄色;分生孢子梗上轮生2～6个瓶梗,大小为(2.81±0.43)μm×(6.27±1.18)μm;分生孢子近圆形,无色,大小为(2.60±0.40)μm×(2.63±0.38)μm。该菌株rDNA-ITS区序列与Genbank中多个淡紫紫孢菌(淡紫拟青霉)菌株的对应序列相似性均达99%～100%。因此,将PLHN菌株鉴定为淡紫紫孢菌(Purpureocillium lilacinum)。该菌株最适培养基为PDA,菌落生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适pH均为7.0,最适培养温度均为28℃,黑暗有利于该菌生长、产孢及孢子萌发。     

一株淡剑灰翅夜蛾病原性真菌莱氏绿僵菌的多基因序列鉴定

为明确从草坪害虫淡剑灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera depravata(Butler)罹病虫体分离得到的病原性真菌菌株DT2011N7的分类地位,通过形态学观察、BLAST序列比对以及基于ITS、β-tubulin和rpb2a的单基因序列分析和3个基因联合的多基因序列分析对菌株进行了鉴定。结果显示,菌株DT2011N7在萨氏麦芽糖酵母浸粉培养基上培养时,菌落初期呈白色,产孢后表面密布孢子呈淡绿色;分生孢子为椭圆形,大小为3.5~5.5μm×2.0~2.8μm。BLAST序列比对结果显示菌株DT2011N7与莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium rileyi一致性最高,达99%~100%;在3个单基因及多基因系统进化树中,该菌株均与莱氏绿僵菌聚在同一进化分支中,自展值达99~100。结合形态学特征、同源性比对结果及系统进化树分析,将菌株DT2011N7鉴定为莱氏绿僵菌M.rileyi。     

矮化核桃枝枯病病原菌的形态与分子鉴定

为了明确河南省洛阳地区核桃枝条一种新病害的病原种类,对采自田间的典型症状枝条进行了常规组织分离,对单孢菌株进行了形态鉴定、rDNA ITS序列分析及致病性测定。结果表明,病原菌在PDA培养基上菌落初为白色,随着色素的积累,由中心向边缘变为灰绿色,再变成墨绿色,最终全部变成黑色;气生菌丝棉絮毛状,菌落边缘不整齐,近圆形或不规则形。分生孢子器散生或聚生,呈黑色小粒状,分生孢子器球形或近球形,深褐色,具孔口;分生孢子梗短缺,无色,杆状,末端产生分生孢子;分生孢子梭形、纺锤形,无色,无隔,基部钝圆,顶部稍尖,单孢(24.5～29.0)μm×(4.8～7.5)μm。离体枝条接种结果表明,该菌能侵染核桃枝条引起与田间相同的症状。据此将分离物鉴定为葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea。     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

Assessment of Cyfluthrin commercial formulation on growth, photosynthesis and catalase activity of green algae

Aquatic environments of the pampasic region of Argentina are severely affected by agricultural contamination due to an increase in a glyphosate tolerant transgenic variety of soybean crops. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of a commonly used Cyfluthrin commercial formulation (CCF) on growth, some physiological and biochemical parameter of four species of green algae. Significant inhibition of algal growth was observed from 0.1 mg Cyf/l. 96 h IC₅₀ were between 0.92 and 4.85 mg Cyf/l. CCF caused algicidal effects. Photosynthesis was stimulated by 50% in Scenedesmus quadricauda cultures exposed to the lowest concentration (hormesis). Algal photosynthesis inhibition was observed at higher concentrations with IC₅₀ values between 1.7 and 8.9 mg Cyf/l. Similar toxicity endpoints were found as a consequence of applying the traditional methodology of short-term chronic toxicity test of 96 h of exposition and the methodology developed using the Clark type photosynthetic oxygen evolution method. CAT activity was significantly increased between 23% and 33% considering the four species, at a lower concentration than those affecting algal growth and photosynthesis, indicating a potential biomarker. Taking into account that the extent of the soybean crops in the region is about fourteen million hectares, the improvement and extension of environmental tools for early detection of the action of pesticides on this essential group of organisms are discussed.     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。