水环境中Ni~(2+)对鲤鱼鳃和肝脏的组织损伤

为研究水环境中Ni~(2+)对鲤鱼鳃和肝脏的组织损伤,将鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)暴露在Ni~(2+)浓度为0、0.55、0.62、0.72、0.83、0.96、1.09、1.25mmol/L的水环境中进行急性毒性试验,并通过组织切片观察鳃和肝脏的组织病理变化。结果显示,Ni~(2+)对鲤鱼的96h半数致死浓度(LC_(50))为0.72 mmol/L,安全浓度(SC)为0.007 2 mmol/L。高浓度Ni~(2+)(1.25 mmol/L)试验组鲤鱼的鳃小片呼吸上皮细胞坏死、脱落,肝血窦淤血,肝细胞核固缩;中低浓度Ni~(2+)(0.72～1.09mmol/L)试验组鲤鱼的鳃小片呼吸上皮水肿浮离、细胞增生,血窦充血,肝细胞胞浆空泡化。表明水环境中的Ni~(2+)浓度高于0.007 2mmol/L时会对鲤鱼的鳃和肝脏造成急性毒性,导致鳃和肝脏出现明显的组织病理变化。     

A comparison between marine and terrestrial invertebrate meals for mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets: Impact on growth,haematology and health

Invertebrate meals (e.g. polychaetes and insects) present novel and sustainable high‐quality nutrient sources for use in fish feed formulations. To test this innovative source, an eleven‐week feeding trial was conducted evaluating the effects of replacing the fishmeal (FM) component as an example of a superior protein source (FM CTRL) with ragworm meal (RW, Nereis virens) and/or silkworm pupae (SWP, Bombyx mori) in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets. Three experimental diets with partial replacement of FM (diets: RW + FM, SWP + FM and RW + SWP + FM) were formulated. All diets were formulated to be iso‐nitrogenous, iso‐lipidic and iso‐energetic. Growth performance and feed utilization indices were assessed, and the feeding trial concluded with the analysis of haematological parameters to provide an indication of carp physiological and health status. Mean weight gain was greatest in mirror carp fed RW + FM (60.83 fish^?1 day^?1; P < 0.05 vs. all other diets) followed by SWP + FM (40.62 g fish^?1 day^?1; P < 0.05 vs. all other diets). The least weight gain was achieved in fish fed FM + SWP + RW+ and FM CTRL (34.34 and 33.96 g fish^?1 day^?1, respectively; not significantly different from each other). Fish fed on RW + FM diet had significantly lower plasma ammonia concentrations than any other dietary groups (P = 0.04). Mirror carp fed on SWP + FM diet (111.52 units mL^?1) were observed to have a marked enhancement in alternative complement activity than FM CTRL (79.21 units mL^?1, P = 0.041). Both ragworm and silkworm pupae meal present attractive sustainable functional feed component in carp diets, with benefits on enhancing growth performance and specific physiological parameters.     

添加葡萄籽等植物提取物对湘云金鲫生长性能及鱼体成分的影响

选用1344尾平均体重为105 g的健康湘云金鲫鱼种。随机分为4个处理,每个处理2个重复。Ⅰ组投喂基础饲料,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础饲料中分别添加4 m g/kg的黄酶素及10、20 g/kg葡萄籽等植物提取物。30 d后测定湘云金鲫的生长性能和鱼体成分。结果显示:Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组比较,增重率分别提高53.77%、45.43%、20.16%(P<0.05),饵料系数分别降低33.06%、31.02%、16.44%(P<0.05);鱼体蛋白质含量显著提高(P>0.05),体脂肪含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。因此,葡萄籽等植物提取物作为饲料添加剂能显著提高湘云金鲫的生长性能、降低饵料系数、改善鱼体品质,本试验条件下,其适宜添加量为10 g/kg。     

草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙和尼罗非鲫脂肪酶活性的比较研究

草鱼和鲤肝胰脏脂肪酶活性明显比肠道的高(P<0.025);鲢和鳙肝胰脏脂肪酶活性明显低于肠道的(P<0.025);尼罗非鲫肝胰脏和肠的脂肪酶活性几乎相等(P>0.05),而胃脂肪酶活性明显比肝胰脏和肠道的低(P<0.005)。五种鱼的肝胰脏脂肪酶活性由高到低的顺序为:草鱼>尼罗非鲫>鲤>鳙>鲢;肠脂肪酶活性由高到低的顺序为:鲢>鳙>尼罗非鲫>草鱼>鲤。结果表明:鱼类的食性与脂肪酶活性无明显相关。草鱼、鲢和鳙的肠脂肪酶活性,中肠略高于前肠和后肠;尼罗非鲫和鲤的肠脂肪酶活性由前往后逐渐下降。     

锦鲤暴发性出血症病原的研究

从患暴发性出症的锦鲤体内分离出2株细菌－052202和052203，应用细菌分离鉴定方法和法国Biomerieux FRC公司的API全自动微生物鉴定系统进行鉴定，结果显示：052202株为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),052203株为温和气单胞（菌（Aeromonas sobria)。生物毒性试验的结果表明，温和气单胞菌可使健康锦鲤死亡，引起体表出血，肝，肾，脾，胆囊发生病变，有致病性；而嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌不引起健康锦鲤死亡，无致病性，28例药物的药敏试验结果表明，温和气单胞菌对新霉素，卡那霉素，庆大霉素，头孢噻吩，头孢曲松的头孢他啶的敏感性强或较强。     

草鱼肾组织细胞系CIK的建立及其生物学特性

作者于1982年1月开始进行草鱼肾组织单层细胞培养，至今已连续培养32个月，传至120多代，建立了细胞系，定名为草鱼肾组织细胞系(CIK)。本文介绍了原代和传代培养、细胞形态、细胞生长速度和分裂指数、细胞的保存和对温度的适应性、细胞染色体分析以及细胞系对病毒敏感性的试验和研究结果。CIK生长迅速、适应性强、以20℃-38℃生长较好，28℃左右生长稳定，pH为6．5时仍能保持致密单层，染色体数为非整倍体，众数为55。对草鱼出血病左右病毒FRV具敏感性。     

Influence of nutrition on the lipid quality of pond fish: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca)

Like marine fish freshwater fish are an important source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition. However, the fatty acid composition of pond fish can vary considerably and strongly depends on that of the ingested food. Investigations on the fatty acid composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca) have shown that different methods of rearing and feeding cause substantial variations in the proportions of the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of these fish species. Carp reared on the basis of natural food in ponds exhibit high contents of n-6 as well as n-3 fatty acids in their muscle triacylglycerols. On the other hand carp fed supplementary wheat in ponds resulted in somewhat lower levels of these essential fatty acids. High amounts of n-3 fatty acids can be found in carp fed high-energy diets containing high levels of fish oil. Analogous results were obtained in experiments with tench reared under different nutritional conditions. While rearing on the basis of only natural food in ponds as well as feeding supplementary wheat yielded in similar levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher contents of n-3 fatty acids were recorded in tench fed pellets. High levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foodstuffs have positive effects on human health. Experiments with different cultured fish species proved that the fatty acid composition of the edible parts can be influenced by the diet. Therefore, a finishing diet with a suitable fatty acid profile can be used to improve the nutritional quality of fish products of farmed origin.     

鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)的研究进展

鲤春病毒血症病毒（SVCV）是一种能够引起鲤科鱼类急性传染性病毒病-鲤春病毒血症（SVC）的病原，一旦暴发会造成巨大的经济损失。该病主要在欧洲的鲤鱼养殖中广泛传播，主要症状为体内出血，腹膜炎及腹水。SVCV具有囊膜，暂时列为弹状病毒科水泡性病毒属。病毒基因组为线性单股不分段的负链RNA，长11019个核苷酸，主要包含5个基因，分别编码核蛋白N、磷蛋白P、基质蛋白M、糖蛋白G和RNA聚合酶L。日前，中国出入境检验检疫检测SVCV的行业标准是逆转录PCR法。本研究从病毒的生物学特征，感染的临床症状及流行特点，病毒基因组及其多肽特征，病毒的分类地位以及检测技术等方面对国内外研究的现状作一综述，以期为研究者提供理论参考。     

Growth patterns of reed (Phragmites australis): the development of reed stands in carp ponds

Reed stands exhibit apparent differences of stem diameter, shoot length, density, and invasiveness. In carp ponds, five characteristic growth patterns can be distinguished. These growth patterns are ontogenetic states of a time-dependent stand development. Invasive reeds with short shoots are found in newly occupied habitats. With continuing establishment of the stand, the shoots in the inner regions become taller and fewer, a growth pattern described as central reed. Later, only a few shoots with thick stems remain. Two alternative pathways of stand development exist: steep shore reed and reed tussocks. By mowing, the directional development of reed stands can be turned into a circulation of growth patterns. The growth patterns have implications for the selection of reed stand areas for conservation purposes.