黄河鲤谷胱甘肽对氨氮胁迫的生理响应

[目的]研究氨氮对鲤幼鱼肝组织谷胱甘肽及其酶系的影响,阐析谷胱甘肽对环境胁迫的抗氧化防御机理.[方法]将黄河鲤在对照组(0 mg/L)和低(10 mg/L)、中(20 mg/L)、高(30 mg/L)3个氨氮处理组中染毒,研究氨氮胁迫6、24和48h后对肝组织中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性的影响.[结果]氨氮胁迫诱导黄河鲤幼鱼肝组织中GSH含量、GSH-Px和GST活性迅速升高,并在氨氮胁迫24h达到最大值,从而抵御氨氮造成的氧化胁迫.随着氨氮胁迫时间的延长,肝组织中GSH含量、GSH-Px和GST活性降低,抗氧化能力减弱.[结论]氨氮胁迫诱导黄河鲤幼鱼肝组织中谷胱甘肽含量及其酶系活性改变,以有效清除细胞中的活性氧和有毒代谢物,提高鱼类对环境的适应性.     

高寒鲤含肉率及肌肉营养成份的分析

本对高寒鲤含肉率、肌肉营养成份及氨基酸含量进行了测定，为制定出高寒鲤种质标准，提供参数。高寒鲤含肉率为61．70％，肌肉营养成份中水分为77．24％，蛋白质为17．59％，脂肪为2．58％，灰份为1．25％。用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了18种氨基酸含量，结果是：18种氨基酸总量为17．38％，8种必需氨基酸及2种半必需氨基酸总量为8．46％，4种鲜味氨基酸总量为7．03％。并与兴国红鲤、青鱼、青草、鲢鱼、鳙鱼、虹鳟的肌肉营养物质含量进行对比分析，结果表明：高寒鲤肌肉脂肪、灰份低于虹鳟鱼，高于其他几种鱼；水份高于虹鳟鱼，低于其他几种鱼。     

Computer-assisted image analysis in the evaluation of fish wounding by cormorant [Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (L.)] attacks

Fish that have escaped from a cormorant’s (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (L.)) grasp and/or which could not be swallowed due to their size suffer from various injuries resulting in consecutive infections and subsequent increased mortality. Computer-assisted image analysis was applied to describe the extent of such injuries. Two-year-old mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (TL 200–300 mm, W 200–300 g) showed injuries ranging over approximately 10% of the total body surface. Immediately after wounding, the damaged epithelium (scars) cover 5–35%, and deeper subdermal wounds caused by the beak tip pervading into muscle tissue cover an area of 1–2% of the total body surface. On the side impacted by the cormorant’s lower mandible, extensive areas of epidermal contusions (scars) occur. As time progresses, these ratios change—deeper necroses represent up to 10% of the total body surface and healing epithelial scars comprise just 1–2%. In wounded silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val. (300–400 mm, W 500–700 g), the share of subdermal wounds usually does not exceed 0.5% due to their compact scaly cover. During pond draining due to fish harvesting, the size spectrum of wounded fish increases and may also often include bigger fish (e.g., European catfish, Silurus glanis L.) up to 2.2 kg.     

Production economics of the emerging private fish farming industry in Bulgaria

The production economics of the emerging Bulgarian private carp and trout farming industry were assessed by surveying a representative sample of 20 private and state-controlled farms as well as visiting the National Fresh Water Fish Research Institute, the state-owned fish feed production plant and a fish processing plant.The major constraints for the development of profitable fish farming were found to be the lack of capital and the insecurity of tenure, which nonetheless, do not serve to discourage new entrants into the industry. The expected gross margin per tonne of carp produced in reservoirs or earth ponds is USD 487, while a tonne of trout farmed in concrete raceways shows a gross margin figure of USD 525. State-owned trout farms are only available for outright purchase at auctions, whereas carp farms may be rented, but only for a short term.Fish farmers could benefit from organizing themselves into producer groups in order to improve marketing and secure quality inputs. In particular, there is scope to source quality dry fish diets on both economic and environmental grounds.An extension advisory service is needed to support inexperienced new entrants and researchers should urgently evaluate what seem to be the most cost-effective methods of production.     

Fluctuations in gonadotropin and ovarian steroids during the annual cycle and spawning of the common carp

The main objective of the paper is to describe the annual changes in hormones associated with reproduction in the female carp under the conditions prevailing in the Israeli fish culture. Fish were sampled monthly throughout 1984; gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated and the diameter of ovarian follicles was measured. Gonadotropin (GTH) content in the pituitary and the circulating GTH, estradiol, testosterone and 17, 20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17, 20-P) were determined by specific radioimmunoassays. GTH, estradiol and testosterone showed a bimodal annual pattern. The late summer peak was associated with initial vitellogenesis while the peak in spring occurred just before spawning, which took place in April-May. A resting phase in ovarian activity was noted in June and July. The levels of 17, 20-P were very low compared with those occurring during spawning induction. The paper summarizes a previous study by our laboratory on the changes in circulating hormones, as related to oocyte stages, in female carp induced to spawn by a GTH-calibrated pituitary extract. This study associates the short but prominent peak in 17, 20-P with the presence of follicles with maturing oocytes in the ovary. A correlation was found between the percentage of oocytes with eccentric germinal vesicle initially present in ovarian biopsies of females carp and their spawning success after hypophysation. The paper describes simple means to ensure successful induction of spawning in carp by utilizing a calibrated pituitary extract and prior selection of females that would respond to the induction treatment.     

草鱼出血病的组织病理研究

草鱼出血病是由呼肠孤病毒引起的一种急性传染病。病鱼全身出血，鱼的红细胞、白细胞及血红蛋白都明显地低于健康鱼。病毒侵袭草鱼后，小血管的内皮广泛受损，引起弥漫性血管内凝血，从而大量消耗了血液中的凝血因子，引起广泛性出血。由于循环血量减少和小血管阻塞，导致大多数组织和器官缺氧而变性和坏死；尤其是造血组织的坏死，更加速病鱼死亡。此外，还在草鱼血液中首次发现嗜碱粒细胞，查明了草鱼出血病同草鱼肠炎病的肠道组织病变之间的差异。     

EM对建鲤血液指标及耗氧率的影响

用微生态制剂ＥＭ作为饲料添加剂饲养建鲤，经４５天的实验，结果表明：实验组建鲤和生长比对照组快，红细胞数和血红蛋白含量均高于对照组，而耗氧率低于对照组。     

牛生长激素基因向“缩骨鲫”受精卵转移的初步研究

用显微注射方法,将带有小鼠重金属结合蛋白基因启动子的牛生长激素基因导入“缩骨鲫”受精卵。分析了外源基因在受体胚胎发育过程中的行为及在仔鱼体内的整合。初步结果显示了外源基因对受体的加速生长效应。     

鱼类特异性代谢物对草鱼、鳙和尼罗非鲫耗氧率的影响

以草鱼、鳙和尼罗非鲫互为供体和受体,研究其特异性代谢物对耗氧率的影响。结果表明：①在草鱼“代谢水”中,草鱼耗氧率显著下降（P＜0．001）,鳙和尼罗非鲫耗氧率均显著上升（P＜0．001）;②鳙“代谢水”中,鳙耗氧率显著下降（P＜0．001）,草鱼耗氧率无显著变动（P＞0．05）;③在尼罗非鲫“代谢水”中,3种鱼的耗氧率均无显著变动（P＞0.05）。实验揭示了鱼类特异性代谢物对代谢影响的存在,且这种影响因种而异。     

虾青素对锦鲤血液及抗氧化指标的影响

以初始体重为(7.31±0.12)g的红白锦鲤幼鱼为试验对象,研究虾青素不同添加量(0、100、400、700、1 000、1 300、1 600 mg.kg-1)对锦鲤血液和免疫指标的影响。每组设3个平行,每个平行饲养10尾鱼,表观饱食投喂60 d。结果表明,在饲料中添加700~1 600 mg.kg-1(X3~X6组)虾青素,可显著提高锦鲤血红蛋白含量和红细胞数,在此范围对谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力无显著影响,添加700 mg.kg-1(X3组)虾青素,可以显著提高锦鲤血糖(GLU)含量,同时,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力在虾青素添加量为400 mg.kg-(1X2组)时,显著低于对照组和除100 mg.kg-(1X1组)外的其他试验组(P<0.05)。添加虾青素没有对锦鲤乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)产生影响。上述研究说明,在饲料中添加虾青素可提高锦鲤免疫功能,综合经济效益角度建议,饲料中虾青素的适宜添加量为700 mg.kg-1。