Studies on the macromolecular components of nonwood available in Bangladesh

The structural feature of macromolecular component of dhaincha, cotton stalks, jute fiber, rice straw and wheat straw, which are commonly used in paper pulp production in forest deficient countries, was thoroughly studied. Lignin was isolated by classical Bjorkman method and characterized by elemental and methoxyl analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The C₉ formulas for cotton stalks, jute fiber, dhaincha, rice straw and wheat straw were C₉H_8.95O_3.53(OCH₃)_1.00, C₉H_8.12O_4.03(OCH₃)_1.65, C₉H_8.10O_4.65(OCH₃)_1.32, C₉H_8.58O_3.74(OCH₃)_1.23 and C₉H_8.31O_3.54(OCH₃)_1.23, respectively. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that syringyl to vanilin ratio of these nonwood varied from 1.1 to 2.9. Jute fiber showed the highest syringyl to vanilin ratio that are consistent with C₉ formula. The β-O-4 units in these nonwood lignins had predominately erythro stereochemistry type. The crystalline structure of these nonwood cellulose was also studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The proportions of crystallinity, crystal size were varied from plant to plant. Jute fiber showed the highest proportion of crystallinity (73.4%) and crystal size (4.2 nm). The degree of polymerization of these nonwoods cellulose has also been studied. Degree of polymerization of jute cellulose was also the highest (3875). FTIR spectroscopy showed that these nonwoods cellulose was monoclinic unit cell structure (I_β). Carbohydrate analysis showed that the main sugar component in the hydrolyzates of these nonwoods were xylose apart from glucose.     

真菌固态载体预处理对不灭菌玉米秸秆降解的影响

采用云芝变色栓菌(Trametes versicolor)、色精木霉菌(Trichoderma chromospermum)、深绿木霉菌(Trichoderma atroviride)和云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌的混合菌对干黄玉米秸秆进行真菌预处理。结果显示,真菌预处理不灭菌秸秆30 d后,木质纤维素的降解率几乎可以忽略,在不灭菌的环境中,接入的真菌对秸秆本身附着的微生物群落不能形成竞争优势,造成较低的木质素降解率。而云芝变色栓菌、色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌以及云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌的混合菌对灭菌秸秆预处理30 d后,木质素的降解率分别为34.0%、38.1%、38.1%、39.1%及40.3%。为降低秸秆的灭菌成本,将真菌预处理30 d后的灭菌秸秆作为真菌固态载体与不灭菌秸秆按照1∶9、1∶4及1∶1的干质量比混合培养30 d,结果显示,采用云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌和深绿木霉菌的混合菌固态载体预处理不灭菌秸秆,木质素降解率可达到30%~40%。因而,真菌固态载体可以较好地适应非灭菌环境并对秸秆中的木质素进行有效降解,是一种有效降低过程成本的预处理手段。     

灌溉处理对苜蓿木质素单体分布影响的研究

为给苜蓿品质改良提供科学依据,选用‘新牧1 号’杂花苜蓿为试验材料,采用组织化学染色方法研究灌溉量对苜蓿茎木质素单体分布的影响。结果表明随灌溉量增加,株高和节数呈递增趋势;灌溉量对苜蓿茎木质素单体厚度和比例具有显著影响,750 m3/hm2灌溉量较其他灌溉处理有较多的木质素单体分布;2种木质素单体分布范围存在显著差异,S木质素单体厚度和比例均高于G木质素单体。     

木质素在三氮唑基离子液体中溶解性能的研究

设计合成并表征了3种三氮唑基离子液体:1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氮唑盐([Bmim]tr)、N-甲基-N-丁基吗啉三氮唑盐([Bmmo]tr)和N-丁基吡啶三氮唑盐([Bpy]tr),其中木质素在[Bmim]tr中的溶解性能最佳,在55℃的微波加热条件下,木质素溶解度达到58.61 g。采用HSQC、GPC、FT-IR和XRD等技术对[Bmim]tr溶解再生前后的木质素进行了表征,结果表明:在溶解过程中微波加热更有利于破坏木质素的氢键和β-O-4'结构,加速木质素的溶解,并导致木质素非晶态化,而其基本结构单元没有发生改变。分析表明:木质素在离子液体中的溶解机理是氢键的破坏与重组、β-O-4'连接结构的断裂。     

Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Silicon(Si) has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate(115.2 g L~(-1) Si and 60.5 g L~(-1) Na_2O) and nanosilica( 200 nm), on Si uptake by rice plants, plant lignification, plant C:N:P stoichiometry, plant physiology, and grain yield using an Oxisol under greanhouse condistions. The treatments included the application of nanosilica and soluble silicate to seeding furrows at Si doses of 0, 605, 1 210,and 2 420 g ha~(-1). Plant uptake and treatment effects were evaluated by measuring C and lignin contents, Si, N, and P accumulation,physiological characteristics, and grain yield of rice. The deposition of silica bodies and amorphous silica in the flag leaves was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Application of liquid Si increased Si accumulation in rice by 47.3% in relation to the control(0 g ha~(-1) Si), regardless of the Si sources used. Nanosilica application increased leaf lignin content by 112.7% when compared to that in the control. Silicon moderately affected the net C assimilation(increased by 1.83%) and transpiration rates(increased by 48.3%);however, Si influenced neither plant growth nor grain yield of rice. These results are explained by the lack of biotic or abiotic stress in rice plants during the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazilian agriculture, this is the first report on the use of nanosilica as a Si fertilizer and its effect on plant nutrition. This study provides evidence that rice plants absorb and accumulate nanoparticles;however, further studies are required to investigate the use of nanoparticles in other plant species.     

基于木质素部分脱除及其含量对生物质热解特性的影响

该研究采用固定床热解炉,研究不同木质素含量花生壳、核桃壳样品的裂解行为,利用元素分析、工业分析、气相色谱-质谱联用以及气相色谱法对原料和热解产物进行分析,探究木质素与综纤维素在原始交联结构下的交互作用及其对热解产物分布特性影响。研究结果发现,300℃热解条件下,随着木质素含量的增加,样品中固体产率增加,液体产率和气体产率下降。500、700℃热解条件下,固体产率相比300℃有大幅度的下降,且随样品中木质素含量的增加,固体产率无明显变化,液体产率稍微增加,气体产率下降。500℃时,H2产率很低,随样品中木质素含量的增加,CO2含量减少,CH4含量增加,CO含量有稍微的上升。而700℃时,综纤维素的脱氢、缩合、成环会生成大量的H2。同时,木质素能够促进综纤维素分解生成大量左旋葡聚糖,并抑制其分解;而综纤维素抑制木质素单体愈创木基的脱甲氧基反应,促进苯丙烷基的脱烷基反应,形成更多的酚类化合物。该研究对于生物质组分间交互和产物形成特性研究具有积极意义。     

结缕草肉桂醇脱氢酶基因家族全基因组序列鉴定和表达分析

肉桂醇脱氢酶(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD, EC 1.1.1.195)是植物木质素合成途径的关键酶,通过消耗NADPH,将松柏醛等复杂醛转化成相应的醇单体,在植物生长发育过程和逆境应答中起到重要作用。本研究从结缕草基因组中鉴定获得了16个肉桂醇脱氢酶(ZjCAD)基因,对其进行了系统进化与基因结构的生物信息学分析。半定量PCR分析显示5个ZjCAD基因在叶片中特异表达,木质素染色结合不同种源材料ZjCAD基因的表达分析进一步表明ZjCAD6的表达与叶片木质素含量正相关,提示ZjCAD6可能为控制结缕草叶片木质素合成的关键基因。ZjCAD6基因全长2736 bp,有3个内含子和4个外显子,开放阅读框为1074 bp,编码357个氨基酸。ZjCAD6蛋白含有两个Zn²⁺结合位点与一个NADP(H)结合结构域,与已报道的其他植物具催化活性的CAD蛋白特征一致。上述结果为进一步研究结缕草叶片木质素含量及其机械强度等性状形成的分子机理提供了重要的参考。     

水青树木材红外光谱特征研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)法测定了水青树等6种木材红外光谱。结果表明,通过各自的特征峰和共有峰相对峰强的比较可以区别6种木材。水青树木材的红外光谱各官能团吸收峰的特征表明,其化学组分交错于针阔叶材之间,木质素含量和结构具有一定针叶材的特征。通过红外光谱共有峰率和变异峰率双指标序列法的分析,在系统位置上,水青树与金缕梅科处于更近的位置,而与木兰科更远。红外光谱在木材分类研究和鉴定领域有较好的应用前景,此技术也有望成为木材司法鉴定体系中的有效方法之一。     

黄孢原毛平革菌发酵稻草秸秆降解木质素的研究

研究利用黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete Chrysosporium Burdsall)对稻草秸秆进行固态发酵,在单因素基础上,通过正交试验得出稻草秸秆木质素的降解最优条件为6.5 g稻草,合成培养液12 mL,接种量0.8 mL(菌悬液浓度5×106 CFU/mL),初始pH值4.5,测得木质素降解率为49.71％.采用扫描电镜SEM对发酵后10d稻草表观形貌进行观察,结果清晰可见,发酵后稻草秸秆表面的空穴增多、增大,表面粗糙度增加,裂解现象明显.     

Carboxymethyl lignin as stabilizing agent in aqueous ceramic suspensions

Identifying new uses for residues of industries that process large quantities of biomass, as in bioethanol production, is essential for a sustainable development with reduced impact on the environment, which is the reason why many efforts have been devoted to find noble uses for lignins. In this study, a lignin obtained from sugarcane bagasse in a bioethanol producing plant was carboxymethylated to yield the water-soluble carboxymethyl lignin (CML), which was then used as stabilizing agent in aqueous alumina (Al₂O₃) suspensions. CML had a degree of substitution 0.46 ± 0.01, in relation to the C9 unit of lignin, and behaved as a polyelectrolyte in a large pH range owing to the dissociation of carboxylic groups. The action of CML as stabilizing agent of alumina aqueous suspensions was investigated using viscometry, zeta potential, and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements, mainly as a function of pH and time. Overall, the results showed that CML had a good performance as a deflocculating agent, because it led to dispersions with low viscosity and small change in particle size as a function of time. The positive effect from the addition of CML was confirmed in the morphological features of the material obtained from the alumina suspensions after elimination of water, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. The stabilization of alumina suspensions afforded by CML opens the way for similar applications of modified lignins, whose electrical and structural properties may be tuned for specific uses in various industries, including the ceramic industry.