Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting: photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton

Cotton produces more biomass and economic yield when cluster planting pattern (three plants per hole) than in a traditional planting pattern (one plant per hole), even at similar plant densities, indicating that individual plant growth is promoted by cluster planting. The causal factors for this improved growth induced by cluster planting pattern, the light interception, canopy microclimate and photosynthetic rate of cotton were investigated in an arid region of China. The results indicated that the leaf area index and light interception were higher in cluster planting, and significantly different from those in traditional planting during the middle and late growth stages. Cotton canopy humidity at different growth stages was increased but canopy temperatures were reduced by cluster planting. In the later growth stage of cluster planting, the leaf chlorophyll content was higher and the leaf net photosynthetic rate and canopy photosynthetic rate were significantly increased in comparing with traditional planting pattern. We concluded that differences in canopy light interception and photosynthetic rate were the primary factors responsible for increased biomass production and economic yield in cluster planting compared with the traditional planting of cotton.     

文冠果枝叶生长与叶幕微气候的关系研究

【目的】探索叶幕微气候因子对文冠果枝条生长发育和光合同化能力的影响,为文冠果树体的整形修剪提供理论依据。【方法】在山东东营选择20株6年生文冠果树,调查其冠层内东西南北4个方向,每方向上层和下层、外侧和内侧4个区域,共16个小区域的温度、湿度、光照等微气候因子,再分别测定各区域文冠果枝叶量及叶片光合色素、光合产物和氮含量,并将其与微气候因子进行相关性分析。【结果】文冠果叶幕内不同区域温度和湿度均无显著差异,但不同区域光照强度差异显著,除北向上层外侧光照强度略低于下层外侧外,其余各方向均有上层外侧最高、下层内侧最低的现象,两区域差异达260.0%。树冠东、南方向1年生枝条数量、长度、基径均大于西、北方向;树冠上层1年生枝条数量少于下层,而上层1年生枝条长度、基径均大于下层;树冠外侧新枝数量和叶片数量均多于内侧,下层叶片数量多于上层,但上下层新枝数量无明显差异。5月为树冠内新枝数量和叶面积增长最快的时段,树冠上层新枝数量和叶面积增长快且明显大于下层,与光照强度增长规律一致。树冠内叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均有西、北方向高于东、南方向的规律;可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和碳氮比均有外侧大于内侧,东、南方向大于西、北方向,且东、南方向各区域差异较大的规律。光照与文冠果树冠枝、叶生长指标和叶片生理指标相关性较大,且与多数树体枝、叶生长指标和叶片生理指标均呈显著正相关关系,但与光合色素含量无显著相关性。【结论】适当对东、南方向和上层、外侧的枝条加以疏除,可以增强透光性,能使树体生长更为均匀,为文冠果产量提高奠定基础。     

土壤水分及环境因子对刺楸叶片气体交换的影响

通过测定不同土壤水分条件下,3a生盆栽刺楸苗木的气体交换参数及其周围环境因子,探讨土壤水分及微气候因子对光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等气体交换参数的影响规律。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,刺楸叶片蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度总体上表现出减小的趋势,且随着胁迫的加剧,下降的幅度越大,蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度在重度、中度、轻度胁迫下日均值分别比对照下降6 6 % ,2 5 %和16 % ,81% ,30 %及5 1% ,70 % ,17%和14 %。随着土壤水分的减少,净光合速率下降逐渐由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制,水分利用效率并未完全表现出下降的趋势,日平均值表现为对照>中度>轻度>重度。逐步回归分析表明,刺楸苗木叶片水气交换参数,不仅受土壤水分的影响,同时也受外界环境因子的综合影响,且影响程度差异较大,回归方程相关系数较好     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部不同下垫面的小气候变化特征

研究沙区不同下垫面小气候特征对充分利用气候资源及保证林业和农业的正常发展具有实践意义。该研究基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站2018年1-12月监测的荒漠区、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和绿洲内部的气温、相对湿度、风速和风向等气象资料,研究了3种下垫面的小气候特征并探讨了产生差异的原因。结果表明:1)荒漠区、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和绿洲内均为白天气温差异较小,夜间相差较大;由于近地层(0～50m)具有明显的逆温现象,使得植被在气温较高季节发挥降温增湿作用,而冬季发挥保温作用;2)绿洲使年均相对湿度增加1.31～2.57个百分点;就季节而言,夏、秋季,绿洲内的相对湿度较荒漠区和过渡带分别高4.04～6.17和0.93～1.94个百分点,春、冬季,由于近地层(0～50 m)存在明显的逆湿现象,因此绿洲内的相对湿度较荒漠区和过渡带分别低0.37～1.41和6.55～8.71个百分点;3)荒漠区、过渡带和绿洲内风向年变化特征均为以偏西风(W,WSW,SW,SSW)为主,荒漠区和过渡带的风向多变,绿洲内风向相对较为集中,绿洲能够使年均风速降低32.99%～37.05%。乌兰布和沙漠东北部过渡带植被和绿洲防护林体系对小气候具有很好的调节作用(降温、增湿、削减风速),研究区局地小气候主要体现在风速和夏秋季湿度上,而气温和冬春季湿度分别主要受逆温和逆湿的影响。     

Measurement variability in soybean water status and soil‐nutrient extraction in a row spacing study in the U.S. southeastern coastal plain

Abstract

Full‐season determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was grown in the field in a humid climate for three seasons (1979–81). The objective was to examine variability in several methods of determining basic relationships between soil and plant water status in a range of canopy configurations and to examine treatment effects on soil‐nutrient extraction. In each year, two cultivars, “Davis” (group VI) and “Coker 338” (group VIII) were planted in four row spacings. In 1980 and 1981 the experiment was expanded and split for irrigation and row orientation (N—S or E‐W). Post‐harvest soil samples were collected and analyzed to determine if irrigation, row spacing, or cultivar influenced K, Ca, and Mg extraction patterns.

During the growing seasons, parallel leaf diffusive resistance (R_s) was poorly correlated with xylem pressure potential (ψ_x), canopy s x temperature (T_c), canopy minus air temperature (?T), leaf vapor pressure deficit (LVPD), and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in single factor correlations. Xylem pressure potential was highly correlated with T_c , ?T, VPD, and LVPD, but was poorly correlated with soil water potential. Both ψ_x and T_c were significantly affected by the imposition of shade from a 60% shading cloth within as little as 1 minute of shade imposition. The impact of cultivar on seasonal ψ_x was significant and was nearly half the magnitude of the observed difference caused by irrigation. Irrigation raised ψ_x by only 2.2 bars over the two—year observation period, in spite of large differences in soil water potential when irrigation was imposed. The impact of canopy configuration was not measureable in any water relations parameter except infrared‐determined T_c. Correlation of T and ψ_x was significantly more reliable when limited to a single variety, row spacing, and row orientation. Aspect of infrared temperature measurement also significantly affected observed T_c.

Analysis of post‐harvest soil samples indicated that narrow (50 cm) row spacing in 1980 and irrigation in 1981 significantly decreased post—harvest Mehlich No. I extractable K, but none of the cultural practices influenced extractable Ca or Mg at P(0.05). In 1980, ex‐tractable K within soybean rows was significantly greater than between rows. Similar trends were observed for Ca and Mg in 1980 and for all 3 nutrients in 1981, but those differences were not significant at P(0.05). Overall, these measurements quantify the difficulty in relating soil and plant water status and identifying nutrient extraction patterns in sandy soils within the humid U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plain.     

日光温室内设保温幕的小气候效应及节能效果分析

为减少夜间日光温室前屋面的热量损失，采用内设保温幕的方法测试其效果。结果表明：①保温幕的保温效果晴天优于阴天，其保温性表现在对气温的提高上，对土壤温度的提高效果不明显。晴天夜间室温平均提高1．5℃，幕上温度降低1．6℃，地表温度提高0．4℃；阴天夜间室温平均提高0．9℃，幕上温度降低0．9℃，地温提高不显著。②保温幕的降湿效果晴天优于阴天。晴天夜间相对湿度平均降低3．7％，绝对湿度降低1．48hPa，统计结果显著；阴天相对湿度平均降低2．9％。绝对湿度降低不显著。③日光温室保温幕能起到一定节能效果，晴天节能6％，阴天节能4％。     

城市公园游人行为与植物群落微气候调节效应适应性研究

以诸暨市体育公园为研究对象,通过测试夏、冬两个季节诸暨城市公园绿地不同样地的小气候要素数值,结合游人行为观测,探究了风、湿、热等小气候要素与人群行为间的复杂关系。结果发现:①高郁闭度对THI有一定调节作用;②乔木、草本植物和水体蒸腾作用强,具有一定保湿作用;③灌木比高大乔木对风的阻碍更明显;④坐憩行为对小气候舒适度较为敏感。为此,提出了对小气候适应性调节的策略:①休憩空间合理栽植落叶乔木或增设景观遮荫小品;②因地制宜设计水体、合理增加乔木面积;③合理设置环境空间朝向;④合理配置景观要素与小气候环境相协调。     

连阴雨寡日照对大棚草莓小气候、产量和品质的影响

为分析冬春季连阴雨寡日照对大棚草莓产量和品质的定量化影响,探究其影响规律,促进草莓生产减灾增收,实验筛选3个连阴雨寡日照天气发生较重的典型受灾年份,将未发生该灾害的相近年份同时段作为对照,对比分析草莓棚内气象要素、果实产量和品质相关指标,根据上述年度数据差异进一步分析了受灾最重年份逐月果实产量品质指标,以探究连阴雨寡日照天气对大棚草莓果实生长、果实产量、品质等相关指标的影响。结果显示,连阴雨寡日照年份与对照年份的棚内各小气候要素差异较明显,与对照年份相比,发生连阴雨寡日照时段的日均温平均偏低2.5 ℃,相对湿度平均偏高13.5%,太阳辐射平均偏低61.4%;连阴雨寡日照年份较对照年份年产量平均减产11.6%,连阴雨导致果实生长迟滞,果实横纵径均较对照年份偏小,果实畸形和病害影响加重,畸、烂果明显比正常年份偏多;连阴雨寡日照年份逐月产量受影响较重,且有滞后发灾特点,该灾害发生时段对可溶性固形物抑制作用较明显,当灾害结束、天气转好后,该指标能在较短时间内反弹。本研究可为下一步开展大棚草莓连阴雨寡日照灾害防御技术研究奠定基础。     

不同孔径防虫网对网室内小气候环境的影响

利用不同孔径的防虫网为覆盖材料,以露地为对照,研究不同孔径防虫网室内小气候环境的变化规律, 从而为利用防虫网进行蔬菜栽培的关键技术提供科学依据。结果表明院防虫网覆盖对小气候环境的影响总体是有利 的,明显降低了光照强度,增加了空气相对湿度,可缓解强光对植株生长的不利影响,孔径越小效果越好,光照强度 越小,空气相对湿度越大。同时,防虫网覆盖可增加空气温度,晴天有降低地温的趋势。不同孔径防虫网在不同的天 气状况下对小气候环境的影响不同,生产上可根据不同时期的不同需要选择比较适宜的防虫网规格来使用。     

不同生态恢复措施下宁南典型草原小气候变化及其与土壤水分的关系

为了探讨不同生态恢复措施对宁南典型草原小气候的影响以及小气候与土壤水分的关系,通过野外测定,研究了水平沟、鱼鳞坑和封育3种恢复措施下地上20 cm气温、空气湿度、风速及地温的变化特征及其与地表水分的关系,发现地上20 cm处气温和0~20 cm土壤含水率为水平沟>鱼鳞坑>封育草地,风速则相反;地上20 cm处湿度、0~15 cm土壤温度为封育草地>水平沟>鱼鳞坑;土壤0~20 cm含水率与地上20 cm处的风速负相关,与空气相对湿度正相关。