Macroclimate,microclimate and dune formation along the West European coast

Extremely important to the climate in any region are the radiation balance and the exchange processes of heat, water vapour and momentum. Most climatological parameters (e.g. temperature, humidity, wind speed, cloudiness and precipitation) are the direct or indirect result of the radiation balance and these exchange processes.The weather of the West European coast from Tarifa (Spain) to Skagen (Denmark) is especially suitable for the formation of dunes. Often a wind is blowing, varying widely in force and direction. The conditions are optimal for the formation of high and wide dune complexes, given a large supply of sand by the sea. The annual precipitation surplus is considerable for most of this coast. This favours the establishment of vegetation, and thereby it enhances dune formation. The short distance to the land-sea border causes strong gradients in several climatological parameters. These gradients lead to mesoscale effects, such as land-sea breezes and coastal fronts. The varying vegetation cover and the presence of slopes in all directions induce a strongly varying microclimate. However, this microclimate is not unique to the coastal dunes. Unique is the interaction with the wide range of ambient weather, which is inherent to the coast.It is not possible to be conclusive about the effects of climatic change on coastal dunes because climate models are not yet able to predict the changes adequately and because these models supply information on the expected mean climate, but not on the actual weather.     

华北低丘山地核桃园小气候特征研究

于2009-2010年连续观测了华北低丘山地核桃园内小气候变化特征,并与对照进行了比较,以期为该地区优化核桃园种植模式提供理论依据,为进一步分析果园水碳循环的影响机制提供基础数据。结果表明：与对照相比,试验期间核桃园内平均气温降低了7％,相对湿度增加了6％。受株行距及核桃叶片遮阴影响,园内太阳辐射及风速明显低于对照。与对照相比,园内太阳辐射与风速分别降低了48％和73％。     

麦棉套种对棉行太阳辐射和温度的影响

对３－２式麦棉套种预留棉行的小气候效应进行研究在明，小麦对预留棉行有根强的遮荫作用；致使齐穗期预留棉行中央的光合有效辐射较冠层减少３０％，太阳总辐射削减１９％；小麦黄熟前，预留棉行内风速较一熟棉田小，午后气温也较一熟棉田低；共生前期麦套露地棉田地温较一熟棉田低，小麦黄熟后较一熟棉田高，而麦套地膜棉田的地温一直较一熟棉田高。降低小麦株高，留足预留棉行，麦套棉地膜覆盖。加强小麦生育后期的水分管理，都有利于减轻麦棉套种的不利和小气候的影响。     

云冷杉林风倒区林隙和掘根微立地微气候变化

2013年7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区云冷杉林风倒区1.5 hm2的样地内,选取由掘根倒木形成且包含坑和丘微立地的大、中、小3个代表性林隙。在每个林隙中心安装HOBO自动气象站,测定了7—9月林隙中心以及林隙内丘顶和坑底的总辐射、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和相对湿度,并在郁闭林分和空旷地设置对照。分析了不同大小林隙之间以及林隙内丘顶和坑底之间小气候在生长季的动态变化及其差异。结果表明:林隙总辐射、PAR以及空气温度依照大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次降低;同一林隙内,丘顶的总辐射、PAR和空气温度大于坑底,丘顶空气相对湿度小于坑底;月均气温和月均PAR均为7月>8月>9月,绝大多数按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序递减,仅9月份小林隙的气温大于中林隙。同一林隙的平均气温日较差均为7月>9月>8月,相同微立地(林隙中心、丘顶、坑底)气温日较差均为大林隙>中林隙>小林隙。相同月份丘顶的气温日较差均大于坑底。各林隙空气相对湿度均为8月>9月>7月,并按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序依次递增。7月份大林隙的总辐射、PAR与8、9月份相比均差异显著。9月不同大小林隙之间的总辐射、PAR差异均不显著。7—9月,大林隙和小林隙中心的空气湿度均差异显著。同一林隙相同月份丘顶和坑底的PAR、空气相对湿度差异均显著,空气温度差异不显著;无论是在林隙内还是林隙内的丘顶和坑底,同一林隙不同月份的温度差异均显著。     

冬季温控床垫对人体热舒适的影响机理

为研究温控床垫的不同温控条件对人体冬季热舒适和睡眠质量的影响,以及获得适宜的被褥微环境温度,研制了基于水管和水垫调温的温控床垫,调控的温度分别为29和32℃。通过睡眠实验,测试并记录睡眠过程中人 床界面温度、被褥微环境温度与睡眠各个阶段时间,以及睡前和醒后的主观热反应调查。结果表明,在受试者睡眠期间,受温控条件水垫29℃影响的人 床界面与被褥微环境的温度值最低,热感觉处于稍凉水平,导致睡眠效率较低。水管29℃热感觉处于适中水平,水垫32℃与水管32℃处于稍暖水平,二者之间受试者热感觉差异不显著,而与水垫29℃差异显著。同时,适中或偏暖被褥微环境在人体热舒适和热可接受度方面表现最佳,也实现了较高的睡眠效率。基于睡眠效率、被褥微环境的温度及整体热感觉,得出适宜的被褥微环境温度范围为31.45~32.50℃,受试者的满意率可达85%以上。此外,睡眠时被褥微环境的整体热感觉与各睡眠参数之间显著相关,稍暖或稍凉的热感觉会显著影响人的睡眠质量。     

午潮山常绿阔叶林小气侯特征的初步研究

应用杭州午潮山１９８８～１９９０年的气象观测资料，阐述杭州午潮山常绿阔叶林林内、林外的小气候特征以及小气候差异。     

Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention

Tree seedlings start to suffer stem damage or tissue death when the temperature at the soil surface reaches approximately 52°C. Seedling mortality rate accelerates as temperatures increase. Resistance to heat damage increases with size as the ability of a seedling to shade its base increase. Small newly germinated seedlings are at risk in late spring and early summer, while larger nursery-grown seedlings are at risk in mid to late summer, especially on soils with low heat capacity or conductivity, or with surfaces that are dry, dark colored or covered with organic matter. Heat damage to natural and planted seedlings usually occurs on flat or south-facing sites in regions with hot dry summers and clear skies, but can also occur in wetter regions under dry clear conditions. Shading only the basal portion of the stem appears to be as effective in preventing heat damage as shadingthe entire stem and some foliage, which can also reduce transpiration. Overhead shade and shade from live plants can reduce growth and survival.     

Light modification in a developing silvopastoral system in the UK: a quantitative analysis

Transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in eight-year-old silvopastoral stands at three different locations in the UK by using PAR sensors randomly distributed between four adjacent trees planted in a square pattern. Two densities (100 stems.ha^-1 and 400 stems.ha^-1 were compared. The annual carrying capacity (live weight of the animals that a plot supports) was also recorded as an indirect figure of the overall agricultural production of the system. The silvopastoral plots received less radiation than the agricultural plot without trees, the 400 stems.ha^-1 treatment being more shaded than the 100 stems.ha^-1. Over the measurement period, on some special days, a maximum of 30% of the incoming radiation was intercepted on the 400 stem.ha^-1 treatment with the largest trees. The amount of light intercepted was highly correlated with the type of weather and the leaf area development of the trees: the brighter the day and more expanded the leaf area, the higher was the proportion of radiation intercepted by the tree. However, over the measuring period, a small amount of radiation was intercepted by the tree canopies. As a consequence, no differences were observed in the annual carrying capacity. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同播种方式下苜蓿与无芒雀麦人工草地的小气候特征分析

为指导北方地区人工草地的建植和调控,以不同播种方式的2a生人工草地的头茬草为试验对象,采用田间测定小气候要素的方法,研究了紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L．cv．Algonquin）与无芒雀麦（Bromus innermis Leyss cv．Carlton）在同行混播（TH）、间行混播（JH）和单播（单播紫花苜蓿DM,单播无芒雀麦DW）方式下草地群体的小气候特征。结果表明,在紫花苜蓿处于初花期、无芒雀麦处于孕穗期时,群体内部光照强度和风速均为：单播无芒雀麦〉同行混播、间行混播〉单播紫花苜蓿;温度：单播无芒雀麦〉单播紫花苜蓿〉同行混播、间行混播;相对湿度：同行混播、间行混播〉单播紫花苜蓿〉单播无芒雀麦;浅层地温为单播无芒雀麦明显偏高,其余差异不大。株高是影响田间小气候的关键因素,不同播种方式下平均株高与0cm、20cm和40cm处平均光照强度均呈极显著的负相关（r0cm=-0．973,r20cm=-0．994,r40cm=-0．973,r0.01=0．959）,与30cm和60cm处平均风速负相关也达到极显著水平（r30cm=-0．959,r60cm=-0．973）。单播无芒雀麦由于氮素养分缺乏而植株矮小,群体光截获少,光能利用率低;单播紫花苜蓿群体光截获量最大,基部光照已处于光补偿点,下部叶片净光合速率开始下降;同行混播和间行混播群体下部光照强度适宜,群体保持较高的光合速率,并最终形成了较高的草产量。     

塔城地区日光温室小气候环境的调控研究

[目的]为塔城地区日光温室的优化设计提供理论依据,从而提高北疆日光温室的综合性能.[方法]选取具备代表北疆地域特点的塔城市郊2010年新建的两座日光温室为代表,通过对这两座温室环境参数的测试,分析在地理纬度大、气候特征寒冷的情况下日光温室高度与跨度对日光温室小气候环境(作物栽培环境)的影响.[结果]在相同长度的条件下,温室容积和跨度是影响温室保温性及透光率的主要因子.[结论]增加温室跨度,保持合理的高跨比是提高温室保温性及透光率的主要因素.考虑到建造的经济性,高跨比较低的日光温室要优于较高的日光温室.