Dissipation of acetochlor and its distribution in surface and sub-surface soil fractions during laboratory incubations

Pesticides in soil are subject to a number of processes that result in transformation and biodegradation, sorption to and desorption from soil components, and diffusion and leaching. Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental conditions as different horizons with distinct physical, chemical and biological properties are encountered. The many ways in which soil properties influence pesticide retention and degradation need to be addressed to allow accurate predictions of environmental fate and the potential for groundwater pollution. Degradation and sorption processes were investigated in a long-term (100 days) study of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Soil cores were collected from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0-30 cm (surface), 1.0-1.3 m (mid) and 2.7-3.0 m (deep) and treated with acetochlor (2.5, 1.25, 0.67 microg acetochlor g(-1) dry wt soil, respectively). In sterile and non-sterile conditions, acetochlor concentration in the aqueous phase declined rapidly from the surface and subsoil layers, predominantly through nonextractable residue (NER) formation on soil surfaces, but also through biodegradation and biotic transformation. Abiotic transformation was also evident in the sterile soils. Several metabolites were produced, including acetochlor-ethane sulphonic acid and acetochlor-oxanilic acid. Transformation was principally microbial in origin, as shown by the differences between non-sterile and sterile soils. NER formation increased rapidly over the first 21 days in all soils and was mainly associated with the macroaggregate (>2000 microm diameter) size fractions. It is likely that acetochlor is incorporated into the macroaggregates through oxidative coupling, as humification of particulate organic matter progresses. The dissipation (ie total loss of acetochlor) half-life values were 9.3 (surface), 12.3 (mid) and 12.6 days (deep) in the non-sterile soils, compared with 20.9 [surface], 23.5 [mid], and 24 days [deep] in the sterile soils, demonstrating the importance of microbially driven processes in the rapid dissipation of acetochlor in soil.     

挑流泄洪雾化影响范围预测方法的研究介绍

挑流消能作为高水头、大流量、深峡谷水电站的主要消能方式之一,效果比较理想,但同时带来了严重的泄流雾化现象,对枢纽区建筑物及下游岩质边坡的稳定造成极不利的影响,日益引起广泛的关注,迫切需要进行预测研究。主要介绍了挑流消能雾化影响范围的预测方法。     

Soil dissipation and biological activity of metolachlor and S-metolachlor in five soils

The resolved isomer of metolachlor, S-metolachlor, was registered in 1997. New formulations based primarily on the S-metolachlor isomer are more active on a gram for gram metolachlor basis than formulations based on a racemic mixture of metolachlor containing a 50:50 ratio of the R and S isomers. The labelled use rates of S-metolachlor-based products were reduced by 35% to give equivalent weed control to metolachlor. However, several companies have recently registered new metolachlor formulations with the same recommended use rates for weed control as S-metolachlor. This research was done to compare the soil behaviour and the biological activity of metolachlor and S-metolachlor in different soils under greenhouse and field conditions. Although K(d) ranged from 1.6 to 6.9 across the five soils, there were no differences in the binding of metolachlor and S-metolachlor to soil or in the rate of soil solution dissipation in a given soil. However, both greenhouse and field studies showed that S-metolachlor was 1.4-3-fold more active than metolachlor against Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. in five different soils and that S-metolachlor was more active than metolachlor in three Colorado field locations. When the rates of metolachlor and S-metolachlor were adjusted for S isomer concentrations in the formulations, there were no differences between the formulations in field, greenhouse or bioassay studies. Thus herbicidal activity is due to the S isomers, with the R isomers being largely inactive.     

稻田土壤中盐酸吗啉胍液相色谱分析方法及消解动态研究

建立了稻田土壤中盐酸吗啉胍的高效液相色谱检测方法。采用丙酮-水-饱和氯化钠(60∶5∶5,体积比)混合溶液对稻田土壤中盐酸吗啉胍进行振荡提取,不需净化,杂质无干扰,该方法有机溶剂使用少、费用低。盐酸吗啉胍标准溶液在0.10~10.08 mg/L范围时,峰面积(y,m AU)与盐酸吗啉胍的浓度(x,mg/L)呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为:Y=160.83 X+2.516 4,相关系数R2=0.999 2。在稻田土壤样品中的平均加标回收率为84.7%~91.7%,RSD为4.0%~6.6%。盐酸吗啉胍在供试三地的稻田土壤中消解半衰期为8.07~13.62 d。     

不同方法测定三倍体毛白杨整树蒸腾的比较

为了解热扩散法测定速生林蒸腾耗水的准确性,以整树容器法为对照,利用热扩散式边材液流探针（ TDP-30）对5年生三倍体毛白杨整树蒸腾进行测定。结果表明,TDP 法与整树容器法测得的整树蒸腾速率具有一致的“单峰型”日变化趋势,且极显著线性相关（R2＝0.955）。TDP 法较整树容器法测得的整树蒸腾量偏低5.58％。三倍体毛白杨夜间蒸腾显著,两种方法测定的夜间蒸腾量分别为白天的21.24％和31.60％。利用 TDP 法研究三倍体毛白杨蒸腾耗水规律准确、可靠,日间蒸腾耗水量与实际相符而夜间蒸腾量偏小。     

元宝枫树干液流的时空变异性研究

该研究应用热扩散式边材茎流计,对北京植物园绿地中元宝枫树干液流的时空变异特征进行了观测.研究结果显示:树干液流的日变化和季节差异与太阳辐射日变化和季节差异具有较好的一致性,夏季太阳升起比春秋早,落日比春秋晚,相应地树干液流启动夏季比春秋季早,进入低谷比春秋季晚;元宝枫为春季耗水性树种,树干平均液流速率春季0·00188cm/s、夏季0·00112cm/s、秋季0·00086cm/s;元宝枫树干液流存在明显的方位差异,同一样木,液流最大方位的流速可达平均值的122·1%,最小为平均值的86·3%,在同一株样木上,液流的方位差异较为稳定,不同样木液流最大和最小的方位不同,树干液流的方位差异与冠幅大小无关;在垂直高度上,春夏两季上部液流的波动节律明显早于下部和中部,液流速率上部最大,中部次之,下部最小.     

赛丹在棉花和土壤中的残留动态研究

用气相色谱法测定了赛丹在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中的消解动态及最终残留量，结果表明，在本地区特有的气候环境条件下，赛丹在棉叶和棉田土壤中消解速度较快，其半衰期分别为 6.3 d和 15.0 d。最终残留量的测定结果说明，赛丹在棉籽中无残留。     

多菌灵在茶叶中的残留动态研究

采用田间小区试验方法研究了多菌灵在茶叶中的残留动态和最终残留量。结果表明,在本地特有的自然环境条件下,多菌灵在茶叶中消解较快,其在茶叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.3 d和5.9 d,按照推荐使用和推荐安全间隔期,多菌灵在茶叶中无残留。     

晚稻田深灌条件下水分耗散动态及其生态效应

对前中期晚稻田实施深灌水试验，探讨稻田蓄水抗旱功能的作用过程及其生态效应。设置4种灌水深度，依次为20cm、15cm、10cm、5cm。测算试验期稻田的渗漏量、植物蒸腾量、蒸发量，分析单日总耗水量的日变化动态和不同生育期的阶段性数量构成关系。结果显示：①温度是影响田间耗水量的最为重要的因素，深灌具有蓄水防旱重要作用；②晚稻前中期深灌将增加水分渗漏量，却减少水分蒸发量，而不同灌溉方式下的总耗水量基本维持平衡；③晚稻前中期深灌增加了地下水的补给量，而浅灌增加了空中水蒸气补给量；④加以人为控制的防渗漏处理能减少田间水分的渗漏，达到节水目的，在红壤丘岗区稻田具有可行性；⑤晚稻前中期深灌实质上是利用了稻田的隐形水库功能，有利于抵抗当地秋季的季节性干旱。     

浙江省曹娥江大闸水力特性试验研

通过对整体水工模型和断面水工模型试验以及二维数学模型计算分析，对曹娥江大闸的排涝能力、水流流态、流速分布、闸下消能、闸下局部冲刷、导流堤方案等几个水力学问题进行了系统研究，验证和优化了设计。