多菌灵在茶叶中的残留动态研究

采用田间小区试验方法研究了多菌灵在茶叶中的残留动态和最终残留量。结果表明,在本地特有的自然环境条件下,多菌灵在茶叶中消解较快,其在茶叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.3 d和5.9 d,按照推荐使用和推荐安全间隔期,多菌灵在茶叶中无残留。     

晚稻田深灌条件下水分耗散动态及其生态效应

对前中期晚稻田实施深灌水试验，探讨稻田蓄水抗旱功能的作用过程及其生态效应。设置4种灌水深度，依次为20cm、15cm、10cm、5cm。测算试验期稻田的渗漏量、植物蒸腾量、蒸发量，分析单日总耗水量的日变化动态和不同生育期的阶段性数量构成关系。结果显示：①温度是影响田间耗水量的最为重要的因素，深灌具有蓄水防旱重要作用；②晚稻前中期深灌将增加水分渗漏量，却减少水分蒸发量，而不同灌溉方式下的总耗水量基本维持平衡；③晚稻前中期深灌增加了地下水的补给量，而浅灌增加了空中水蒸气补给量；④加以人为控制的防渗漏处理能减少田间水分的渗漏，达到节水目的，在红壤丘岗区稻田具有可行性；⑤晚稻前中期深灌实质上是利用了稻田的隐形水库功能，有利于抵抗当地秋季的季节性干旱。     

浙江省曹娥江大闸水力特性试验研

通过对整体水工模型和断面水工模型试验以及二维数学模型计算分析，对曹娥江大闸的排涝能力、水流流态、流速分布、闸下消能、闸下局部冲刷、导流堤方案等几个水力学问题进行了系统研究，验证和优化了设计。     

保水剂的开发及应用进展

保水剂的开发及应用进展赵永贵（河南省科学院生物研究所，郑州４５０００３）水土资源是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础。如何经济有效地利用土壤水分，克服干旱对植物生长的不利影响，是一项具有国际影响的科学研究课题。美国在６０年代初期首先研制和应用保水剂，作为“...     

Bioaugmentation and biostimulation effects on PAH dissipation and soil ecotoxicity under controlled conditions

The degradation of spiked anthracene (ANT), pyrene (PYR) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in soil (3000 mg ∑ 3 PAHs kg⁻¹ dry soil) was studied in aerobically incubated microcosms for 120 d. The applied treatments aimed at enhancing PAH removal from the heavily contaminated soils are: (i) bioaugmentation by adding aged PAH-contaminated soil (ACS) containing activated indigenous degraders; and (ii) combined bioaugmentation/biostimulation by incorporating sewage sludge compost (SSC) and decaying rice straw (DRS). The adopted treatments produced higher PAH dissipation rates than those observed in unamended PAH-spiked soils, especially for ANT and PYR in the presence of DRS or ACS (>96%). However, B[a]P was the most recalcitrant hydrocarbon to biodegradation. Extracellular enzyme investigation revealed the existence of ligninolytic activities in all soil treatments, including control but no relationship could be found with PAH dissipation. The ecotoxicological assessment indicated that regardless of applied treatment, PAH-spiked soils were chronically lethal to ostracod Heterocypris incongruens and confirmed the sensitivity of the microcrustacean to the concomitant presence of these three hydrocarbons. Lettuce root elongation inhibition was correlated with PAH level but the presence of SSC conferred a strong phytotoxic capacity to PAH-spiked soils. DRS amendment may constitute a cost-effective alternative for hydrocarbon bioremediation as it has impacted positively on soil microbial activity and enhanced PAH removal with no apparent changes in soil physico-chemical properties.     

Seismic Performance Analysis and Optimum Design of RC Frame Structure Retrofitted by Viscidity Dampers

For a reinforce concrete frame structures which is not satisfied the standard for seismic appraiser of building, viscidity dampers are used to retrofit the structure. Four reinforce schemes are selected in which six same viscidity dampers are located at different position of the structure. Compared seismic performance of the retrofited structure with unretrofited one, an optimum scheme where viscidity dampers should better set is obtained. Then the number and technical parameter of viscidity dampers are adjusted, and seismic performance of the structure are calculated. The results are compared and a more economic scheme is obtained because the cost is lowest and the displacement of the structure under earthquakes is satisfied the standard for seismic appraiser of building. Several rules and advices are gotten about how to use the viscidity dampers to retrofit reinforce concrete frame structures. The conclusion about viscidity dampers are useful for similar actual engineering.     

棉花花青素能量耗散过程维持光合机构稳定性分析

【目的】研究棉花花青素能量耗散过程维持光合机构稳定性。【方法】选取花青素含量差异较大的棉花为材料,测定花青素含量、光合色素含量、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、NDH介导的环式电子流活性、ATP合成酶活性、玉米黄质的合成速率等。【结果】随花青素含量升高,吸光能力逐渐增强,而净光合速率逐渐减弱,将面临较多的过剩激发能;NDH介导的环式电子流活性均逐渐增强,并且环式电子调控的ATP合成也逐渐增强;相对于无花青素的棉花,花青素存在的条件下,叶黄素循环的热耗散明显较弱,并且随花青素含量的增多,叶黄素循环的过程逐渐减弱,可能花青素的耗散能力逐渐增强。【结论】花青素能够作为一种光保护机制起到耗散过剩光能有效保护PSI和PSII。     

不同工作压力下穿孔形灌水器内的旋涡作用分析

为探究穿孔形流道内的旋涡对灌水器的抗堵塞与消能性能的影响,基于试验验证的数值模拟方法,对4种工作压力下流道中的流场分布、旋涡区的几何特征、涡旋强度及压力分布进行了分析,同时分析了该灌水器内不同粒径泥沙颗粒的运动情况.结果表明:旋涡区可对流道边壁进行持续冲刷清洗并减缓颗粒在流道内部的聚积,旋涡区可发挥抗堵塞作用;旋涡区内不同流速的流层间、旋涡区与主流区间、旋涡区与流道边壁间的摩擦作用都会消耗能量,旋涡区可发挥消能作用;旋涡区可在不同压力下形态稳定.以上分析表明,旋涡区在不同压力下稳定存在,并可提高滴灌灌水器的抗堵塞与消能性能,为灌水器的抗堵塞及水力性能优化提供参考.     

Relationships among vertically structured in situ measures of turbulence,larval fish abundance and feeding success and copepods on Western Bank,Scotian Shelf

Using vertically stratified data of the abundance of silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) larvae and concentrations of copepods collected in the field, we examine relationships among the vertical distribution of larval fish, their potential prey, feeding success and water column turbulence. Water column turbulence and associated stratification parameters were estimated from: (i) in situ measures of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation (?) provided by an EPSONDE profiler; (ii) in situ wind speed; (iii) the Richardson number (Ri); and (iv) the buoyancy frequency (N²). Small (< 5 mm total length) silver hake were more abundant in the least turbulent waters (i.e. at a minimum in the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, ? < 10^–7 W kg^?1; Ri > 0.25; N² > 0.001 (rad s^–1)²). Partial correlations amongst ?, N² and small hake larvae were significant only for N². The abundance of larger (> 5 mm total length) hake larvae was positively correlated with depth and was not associated with either ? or N². Vertical distributions of three potential prey (classified by stage) were variable. Early stage copepodids were positively correlated with N² and negatively correlated with ?. We found no evidence of diel distribution patterns for small (< 5 mm total length) hake larvae or for any of the developmental stages of the copepods examined. Neither estimate of water column turbulence inferred from wind speed nor from Ri was meaningfully related to in situ estimates of ? or to larval fish abundance. Feeding success, measured either as prey items (gut)^–1, average prey length, or total prey volume (gut)^–1, was not related to predicted encounter rates between days. However, the average prey length (gut)^–1 was significantly (P < 0.01) related to water column turbulence. These conflicting results suggest that the relationship between larval feeding and the environment is more complicated than assumed. We conclude that without substantial high resolution in situ examination of the relationship between the vertical distributions of turbulence, larvae and their prey, the growing acceptance in the secondary literature that turbulence has a positive and biologically meaningful effect on trophic interactions between fish and their zooplankton prey (a generalization based largely on modelling and laboratory experiments) is premature.     

黄土高原半干旱区辽东栎的树干液流动态

利用Granier树干液流测定系统,长期监测黄土高原半干旱区延安市南郊天然辽东栎林优势木的树干液流,并同步监测环境因子(空气温度、湿度、太阳辐射、土壤含水量)。分析3株优势木边材液流在生长季内各月份的日变化特征以及液流通量密度与环境因子的关系。结果显示:辽东栎液流日变化总体上与太阳辐射和空气水气压亏缺呈相同趋势,但液流峰值出现时间较早,通常为10:00左右。随着生长季内物候变化,液流通量密度总体表现为前期(4—6月)较低、中后期(7—9月)较高、末期(10月)迅速下降的变化趋势。采用指数饱和曲线函数对液流通量密度和空气水气压亏缺进行拟合,有效地反映了各月份液流通量密度对空气水气压亏缺的响应特征。各月份的曲线特征和拟合参数的差异表明,蒸腾耗水过程也受到土壤水分状况等其他因素的影响。