德国畜禽产业发展及屠宰管理概述

德国畜牧业发达,在保障本国,甚至欧盟的畜禽产品供应上发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了德国畜禽产业发展的基本情况,总结了德国在畜禽屠宰管理方面的基本原则和成功做法,以期对我国畜禽产业发展和屠宰管理提供参考和借鉴。     

进口原羊毛携带有害生物情况及检疫监管模式探讨

通过对进口原羊毛进行研究分析,认为其可携带许多种动物病原、植物有害生物、病原微生物、害虫、媒介生物以及粪便等,具有携带率高、隐蔽性强、难以预测等特点,会给我国动植物和人类健康造成威胁,也会给我国农畜产品的出口造成严重影响。针对当前检验检疫工作任务较重、人力不足、标准体系不完善、监管难度加大等方面的实际情况,提出需建立包括加工厂注册登记、开展风险分析和分类管理、现场查验、后续监管、提升能力和完善体系等内容的检疫监管模式。     

饲料因素对鸡蛋风味的影响及其改善措施

随着畜牧业的快速发展,畜产品供应日益充裕,人们对畜产品的质量要求不断提高,其安全性、营养性及风味等逐渐成为消费者关注的热点。本文综述了形成鸡蛋风味的前体物质、影响鸡蛋风味的饲料因素及改善鸡蛋风味的措施,旨在为相关研究提供参考。     

RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用进展

反刍动物瘤胃内多种多样的微生物组成一个复杂的微生态系统,它们在瘤胃内物质消化过程中发挥重要作用。RNA-Seq技术的出现为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文主要从新一代高通量测序技术出发,阐述RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物代谢酶特性、瘤胃微生物的多样性、瘤胃微生物新功能基因方面的应用,以期为瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考。     

内质网应激和氧化应激在纳米氧化铈所致肺损伤中的作用

观察不同剂量纳米氧化铈颗粒染毒后对大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响及大鼠肺组织GRP78蛋白表达情况,探讨其导致肺损伤的作用机制。将粒径为35nm±3nm的纳米氧化铈颗粒悬液以不同剂量(100mg/kg、400mg/kg)给大鼠气管滴注,染毒28d后,测定大鼠血清中SOD活力、MDA含量及肺组织GRP78蛋白表达情况。与对照组相比,高低剂量纳米氧化铈染毒组大鼠血清中SOD活力及MDA含量均无明显改变(P0.05),GRP78蛋白表达均显著增高(P0.05)。纳米氧化铈染毒大鼠所致肺损伤与内质网应激有关,与氧化应激的关系有待进一步研究。     

小型猪复合麻醉颉颃剂对大鼠各脑区p-p38蛋白及c-myc mRNA表达的影响

旨在研究小型猪复合麻醉颉颃剂对大鼠不同脑区p-p38蛋白及c-myc mRNA表达的影响,探讨小型猪复合麻醉颉颃剂的催醒机制。将18只大鼠随机分为C组(对照组)、J组(麻醉颉颃剂组)。J组又分为2个亚组,即J1组(注射小型猪专用复合麻醉颉颃剂5min)、J2组(注射小型猪专用复合麻醉颉颃剂1h)。各组大鼠到达相应的时间点后断头处死,分离大脑皮层、小脑、海马、脑干和丘脑,用Western blot的方法检测p-p38蛋白的表达量,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测c-myc基因mRNA的转录量。试验结果显示大鼠大脑皮层、丘脑和脑干的p-p38蛋白和c-myc mRNA的相对表达量显著升高,而小脑和海马的p-p38蛋白和c-myc mRNA的相对表达量显著降低。综合试验结果,小型猪复合麻醉颉颃剂能够影响p-p38蛋白和c-myc mRNA的表达,这可能是其产生催醒作用的机制之一。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from wild birds in the Poyang Lake region of China

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious viral disease in poultry and wild birds, and it can cause significant economic loss worldwide. Eight viral strains were isolated by inoculating embryonated chicken eggs from the Poyang Lake region of China with swab samples. All eight of the NDV isolates were identified as class I genotype 3 strains, but they diverged notablely from class II viruses. Further analysis revealed that all eight NDV isolates were lentogenic strains containing the ¹¹²ERQER↓L¹¹⁷ motif at the F protein cleavage site. The strains were highly identical and were more species specific (chicken and waterfowl) than site specific (Nanchang and Duchang regions). The close phylogenetic proximity of these isolates indicates that viral transmission may happen between poultry and wild birds. Our study demonstrates that lentogenic class I NDVs exist in clinically healthy wild waterfowl and poultry within the Poyang Lake region. Active surveillance of these viruses to determine their evolution and origin is one of the most realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks.     

人工圈养紫貂(Martes zibellina)行为谱构建及行为节律研究

2014年5月~2015年2月,采用全事件取样法和扫描取样法(scan sampling method)对人工圈养的8只紫貂进行行为学观察,定义了休息、运动、采食、排泄、警戒以及其他行为等行为谱。通过对雌雄紫貂在不同季节行为节律研究发现:除了睡眠行为、卧息行为和玩耍行为外,其他行为在时间分配上均表现出雄性高于雌性,卧息行为和其他行为时间分配雌雄之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。人工圈养紫貂行为的日节律表现为19:00到次日5:00处于活动高峰期,日行为具有一定节律性。不同季节紫貂的日节律表现为夏季最高,冬季最低。     

黄土丘陵区白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播草地土壤呼吸日变化特征

土壤呼吸是反映土壤质量和肥力性状的重要指标,阐明禾―豆混播草地土壤呼吸作用的变化规律及其影响因素,可以为准确评估混播草地的环境效应及响应提供依据。在2011和2012年6月份,采用动态密闭气室分析法,比较了白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)与达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)不同比例间作混播草地总土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征、混播植物贡献率以及温度敏感性等。结果表明,不同混播比例草地的总土壤呼吸速率日变化为单峰型曲线,峰值出现在12:00~14:00。总土壤呼吸速率日均值高低顺序为单播白羊草白羊草和达乌里胡枝子间作单播达乌里胡枝子。不同间作比例草地的总土壤呼吸速率与白昼气温相关显著(P0.05),而与5、10和15 cm土层白昼土壤温度关系不明显;单播条件下,白羊草草丛的土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性高于达乌里胡枝子;各草地土壤呼吸Q10值的变化范围为1.48~2.61,以单播白羊草最高,单播达乌里胡枝子和两者间作混播草地间无显著差异(P0.05)。     

Effects of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Yellow breed × Simmental cattle

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Yellow breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that final weight, average daily gain, average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in the high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group but that the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. The glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein in the high‐energy group were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group. With dietary energy increasing the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased, whereas hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), ACC, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and adipocyte‐fatty acid binding proteins (A‐FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, and HSL and CPT‐1 gene expression were significantly decreased. These results indicated that with dietary energy increasing, the subcutaneous fat accumulation mainly increased due to adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.