水分胁迫和组合比例对白羊草与达乌里胡枝子叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过盆栽控制试验,采用生态替代法,按照白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)(B)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dauurica)(L)株数比设置7种组合比例(12∶0,10:2,8∶4,6:6,4∶8,2∶10,0∶12)和2种水分处理(正常供水和水分胁迫,分别为田间持水量的80%和40%),测定和比较了不同水分和组合比例下2草种的叶绿素荧光动力学参数。结果表明:短期水分胁迫对白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的F_o,F_m和F_v/F_m影响不显著,但显著降低了单播白羊草和除B81L4外其余混播比例中达乌里胡枝子的φ_(PSⅡ)和qP,说明白羊草和达乌里胡枝子均具有较强的抗旱性,其中白羊草对水分胁迫更为敏感;二者混播时白羊草抗旱性增强,达乌里胡枝子的降低。正常供水下B10L2中白羊草的φ_(PSⅡ)和qP大于单播;水分胁迫下B8L4中白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的φ_(PSⅡ)均大于单播,表明正常供水下B10L2比例有利于提高白羊草PSⅡ活性,水分胁迫下B8L4比例有利于改善白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的PSⅡ活性。     

沙芦草+胡枝子混播草地的生物量及土壤速效养分

采用田间调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,在宁夏盐池县四墩子试验基地以单播沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)、单播达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、同行混播和灌木地同行混播栽培草地为研究对象,研究了不同播种方式对草地生物量和土壤速效养分分布的影响,结果表明,地上生物量表现为同行混播草地单播沙芦草草地灌木地同行混播草地单播达乌里胡枝子草地;随着土层深度的增加,地下生物量和土壤速效养分含量均呈降低的趋势,0-40cm各土层单播达乌里胡枝子草地地下生物量最小;土壤速效氮和速效钾含量均以同行混播草地最低,土壤速效磷含量以灌木地同行混播草地最低,说明混播不利于土壤速效养分的积累。     

白羊草灌丛草地种群生态位的研究

运用以Shannon-Wieren指数为基础的生态位宽度计测公式和Pianka的生态位重叠计测公式,在土壤水分、土壤pH值、土壤全氮含量3个资源维上研究白羊草灌丛草地主要植物种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠关系.建群种白羊草的平均生态位最高,为0.905;达乌里胡枝子的生态位宽度仅次于白羊草.表明白羊草、达乌里胡枝子具有最强的耐受北方寒冷干燥及家畜放牧利用的能力.白羊草在3个资源维上同其他种群的生态位重叠值都较高,表明其在群落中具有较强的占据资源优势能力.因此,在对退化白羊草灌丛草地植被恢复时,白羊草和达乌里胡枝子是首选草种.     

黄土丘陵区白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播的光合生理日变化研究

采用生态替代法,按照白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum,B)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica,D)行比设置了7种混播比例组合(即0∶10, 2∶8, 4∶6, 5∶5, 6∶4, 8∶2和10∶0),比较研究了白羊草在不同混播比例组合下的光合生理日变化特征。结果表明:不同混播比例组合下,白羊草光合速率日变化均呈双峰曲线,具有明显的光合"午休"现象,峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00左右,峰谷出现在12:00左右;除B4D6比例下白羊草蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰曲线外,其他比例下均呈单峰曲线;各混播比例组合下白羊草叶片水分利用效率日变化均呈双峰曲线,峰值和峰谷出现时间与光合速率一致。相比其他组合比例,白羊草在B8D2和B6D4比例下均具有较高的P_n日均值,较低的T_r日均值和较高的WUE_L日均值,说明这2种组合比例有利于改善其光合作用,提高其叶片水分利用效率。     

白羊草灌丛草地种群生态位的研究

运用以Shannon-Wieren指数为基础的生态位宽度计测公式和Pianka的生态位重叠计测公式,在土壤水分、土壤pH值、土壤全氮含量3个资源维上研究白羊草灌丛草地主要植物种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠关系。建群种白羊草的平均生态位最高,为0．905;达乌里胡枝子的生态位宽度仅次于白羊草。表明白羊草、达乌里胡枝子具有最强的耐受北方寒冷干燥及家畜放牧利用的能力。白羊草在3个资源维上同其他种群的生态住重叠值都较高,表明其在群落中具有较强的占据资源优势能力。因此,在对退化白羊草灌丛草地植被恢复时,白羊草和达乌里胡枝子是首选草种。     

香豆素对草地早熟禾等6种补播材料种子萌发特性的影响

香豆素是草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)产生的主要化感物质,为筛选适宜补播草地早熟禾草地的种子材料,本试验采用不同浓度(0,20,40,60,80,100 μg·mL^-1)的香豆素处理'晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica 'Jinnong No. 1’)、'太行’白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum 'Taihang’)、二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus)和3个品种的草地早熟禾：'幸运星’(Poa pratensis 'Luckystar’)、'珠峰’(Poa pratensis 'Everest’)、'新歌莱德’(Poa pratensis 'Nuglade’)进行发芽试验,测定种子萌发、幼苗生长指标,计算综合化感效应指数。结果表明,达乌里胡枝子、白羊草分别在20 μg·mL^-1和40 μg·mL^-1香豆素处理下,种子萌发与幼苗生长受到化感促进作用最显著;随处理浓度升高,白羊草受化感抑制程度最轻,其次是达乌里胡枝子。结合天然草地中的共生情况,推测'晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子和'太行’白羊草适宜与草地早熟禾组合,在草地补播中发挥重要作用。本研究结果可为后续补播试验奠定基础。     

黄土丘陵区草地群落多样性和优势种养分对氮添加的响应

为探究大气氮沉降对黄土丘陵区草地群落多样性及其优势种生长的影响,本研究以白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum, Bi)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica, Ld)为优势种的草地群落为研究对象,设置3个氮添加处理(N0,0 kg ·hm^-2·a^-1;N25,25 kg ·hm^-2·a^-1;N75,75 kg ·hm^-2·a^-1),测定并分析了白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的株高、盖度、地上生物量(Aboveground biomass,AGB),物种多样性和养分含量。结果表明：氮添加处理下,Bi和Ld群落的总AGB显著提高;Bi群落中,氮添加显著降低物种多样性指数,而显著提高白羊草的全氮含量和氮磷比;Ld群落中,氮添加显著增加物种多样性指数,而显著降低达乌里胡枝子的全氮含量和氮磷比;相关性分析表明,物种多样性与白羊草的盖度和生物量呈显著负相关关系,与达乌里胡枝子的高度、盖度和AGB呈显著正相关。综上,氮添加促进了白羊草生长但抑制达乌里胡枝子,其群落优势种的AGB对物种多样性影响更加重要。     

白羊草灌丛草地优势种牧草营养物质及瘤胃降解动态研究

对白羊草灌丛草地优势种牧草白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、尖叶铁扫帚、铁杆蒿和隐子草的营养动态进行了研究,结果表明:随着生育期的延续,牧草粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐降低,而酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维则呈相反的趋势;豆科牧草与铁杆蒿的粗蛋白质含量以现蕾期为转折点,禾本科牧草则以开花初期粗蛋白质含量较高.同时,对白羊草和达乌里胡枝子在绵羊瘤胃内的降解动态的研究表明:粗蛋白质含量高的其粗蛋白质降解率高,白羊草在开花期的粗蛋白质降解率高于抽穗期,但稍低于拔节期,达乌里胡枝子在现蕾期的粗蛋白质降解率高于分枝期;瘤胃降解率在前24h迅速上升,之后则较平缓;8月份白羊草处于开花期,为地上生物量的高峰期,对放牧极为有利.     

山西白羊草草地主要牧草营养价值综合评定

采用模糊数学方法,在测定白羊草草地五种主要牧草生物量和对其营养成分分析(干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、灰分、钙、磷、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维)的基础上进行综合评价,进一步确认其营养价值重要性次序.结果表明:白羊草、隐子草为营养价值较高的牧草,尖叶铁扫帚属于营养价值一般的牧草,达乌里胡枝子、万年蓬属于营养价值较差的牧草.由综合结果S值的大小得出白羊草草地五种主要牧草营养价值排序为:白羊草隐子草尖叶铁扫帚万年蓬达乌里胡枝子.     

黄土丘陵区植被演替中不同草本植物间的化感效应

为了解植被演替过程中不同植物间的化感作用,选取黄土丘陵区退耕地撂荒演替中不同阶段的优势物种茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries)和铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum),分析它们对其他植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同部位水浸提液由于其化感物质及其释放方式的不同,化感作用存在明显差异。演替前期物种茵陈蒿水浸提液对铁杆蒿和白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)种子萌发有明显抑制作用,而对达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)和白羊草幼苗的生长总体表现为促进作用;茵陈蒿根际土和根系水浸提液促进铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子根的生长,而地上部水浸提液可促进白羊草和胡枝子根的生长。演替后期物种铁杆蒿对茵陈蒿和白羊草种子萌发有较强的抑制作用;其根际土和根系水浸提液可促进茵陈蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子幼苗的生长;地上部水浸提液抑制白羊草和达乌里胡枝子幼苗的生长。茵陈蒿和铁杆蒿对于自身种子萌发以及幼苗的生长具有一定的自毒作用,表现为茵陈蒿根系和地上部水浸提液强烈抑制自身种子萌发;高浓度的铁杆蒿根系和地上部水浸提液对自身的种子萌发以及根、芽的生长具有明显抑制作用。综上所述,茵陈蒿和铁杆蒿不同部位水浸提液对4种受体植物种子萌发表现出不同程度的抑制作用,对根和芽的生长呈现出由"高抑低促"的作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.