鸭坦布苏病毒和产蛋下降综合征病毒二重PCR检测方法的建立

参考Gen Bank上已发表的鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)NS5基因序列和产蛋下降综合征病毒(EDSV)五邻体(penton)基因序列,分别设计了检测DTMUV和EDSV的特异性引物,扩增目的片段大小分别为242 bp和181 bp。通过退火温度及引物浓度的优化,建立了针对这两种病毒的二重PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果表明,该方法可以同时检测DTMUV和EDSV,且不与鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒、番鸭呼肠孤病毒、小鹅瘟病毒、番鸭细小病毒、H9亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒以及大肠杆菌的核酸发生交叉反应;敏感性试验表明,该方法对DTMUV的最低检出限为590个拷贝,对EDSV的最低检出限为3 260个拷贝;该方法重复性良好,对不同批次的样品扩增效果良好。通过检测两种病毒感染的阳性病料各10份,结果显示,该二重PCR检测方法对阳性样品的检出率可达100%。这表明该方法可以用于鸭坦布苏病毒和产蛋下降综合征病毒的检测。     

植物文化性及其在园林景观中表达的研究

随着人类文明的不断进步,人类社会的不断发展,文化的地位越发显得举足轻重。形成了许多独特的文化体系。如茶文化、企业文化等等名词渐渐为人们所熟悉。于是,越来越多的人在越来越多的领域开始关注文化,研究文化。文化也变得流行起来,并且渗透到了园林景观的领域。植物是园林景观的重要组成部分,植物配置的水平在一定程度上决定了园林景观设计的优劣程度。在景观建设不断发展的今天,植物的文化性作为考察植物配置水平的重要因素,越来越引起景观工作者的重视。在不同的园林景观环境中,合理的利用植物文化性能够体现整体环境的文化氛围。让人们在自然环境中品味文化,达到提升审美情趣,感悟世界观、人生观和了解人文历史的目的。目前,对于植物文化性的概念还没有统一的定义。本篇论文目的在于对植物文化性的概念进行定义,并且在此基础上,创新性的提出植物文化性的分类和评价依据。最后,引入在不同地域环境中,植物文化性的实例分析,对植物文化性展开讨论。旨在使读者系统的了解植物的文化性,弘扬民族文化,使园林工作者在植物配植造景中更好的运用植物的文化性。     

用酶法制备藏羊血食用蛋白粉的研究

采用四因素三水平正交试验,对藏羊血制备食用蛋白的工艺进行了分析。经分析食用蛋白粉水解最佳条件为：酶解用酶量4.5g,酶解温度为46℃,酶解时间为7.5h,酶解的pH值为10.5,活性炭作用于水解液时由室温升至80℃所需最佳时间为6～8min。     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

Effect of ammonia and nitrite on vigour,survival rate,moulting rate of the blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> zoea

The effects of ammonia and nitrite on vigour, survival rate, moulting rate of zoea of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, were studied. A total of five nitrite-N treatments (26.67, 53.34, 106.68, 213.36, 426.72 mg/l) and a control (no nitrite-N added) were set up for the acute nitrite-N toxicity experiment; a total of five ammonia-N treatments (8.43, 16.86, 33.72, 67.44, 134.88 mg/l) and a control (no ammonia-N added) were set up for the acute ammonia-N toxicity experiment. The results showed that the vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 53.34 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of nitrite-N were 179.47, 76.56, 66.70, 37.49, 25.01, 25.35, 25.34 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 16.86 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of ammonia-N were 51.04, 39.62, 38.72, 24.43, 16.90, 13.42, 11.16 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The zoeae are highly sensitive to ammonia and nitrite, and the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on Portunus pelagicus decrease with development of this crab.     

Ultrastructure of stridulating organ of Xylotrechus rusticus L. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and behavioral responses to alarm sounds

We used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the ultrastructure of stridulating organs in Xylotrechus rusticus L. We compared the morphological structure and size of stridulating organs, the numbers of a tooth-like part used in stridulation and its presence in females and males of this beetle. The alarm sound of X. rusticus was recorded first when it was stimulated, then we tested behavioral responses to this alarm sound. The alarm sound of X. rusticus has a warning effect on conspecifics.     

植物低聚糖提取和生物活性鉴定

应用酶解法从小麦细胞壁中提取出低聚糖。经过活性鉴定,具有诱导大豆和小麦抗毒素产生,特别是从小麦代谢、细胞、植株等水平上改善该作物体内防御功能等生物作用。水解酶的种类、纯度、酶活值与所降解低聚糖的活性程度密切相关;高纯度、高酶活单位的水解酶提取的低聚糖,具有较强的生物功能。对来源不同的低聚糖进行了活性差异的比较,同时还讨论了其它因素——诸如小麦细胞的生理状态,低聚糖保存条件等对低聚糖活性的影响。     

白酒糟饲料化开发利用及其对贵州石漠化地区的启示

根据国家石漠化综合治理草地畜牧业工程的需要,应用营养学、饲料学等学科理论,本文对贵州喀斯特石漠化地区白酒糟资源的利用价值进行了综合评价,包括其营养价值、饲用价值、生态价值和经济价值。同时针对白酒糟饲料化开发利用过程中存在的加工技术滞后、理论研究不足、地域条件限制等问题进行了分析,提出了运用青贮法和微生物发酵等关键技术、强化基础理论研究、构建饲料加工中心等相应解决对策,并指出大力发展以白酒糟为原料的非常规饲料加工业是喀斯特石漠化地区发展生态畜牧业的重要举措,也是巩固石漠化治理成果的有效办法。     

不同养殖模式翘嘴鲌肌肉营养品质比较

为评价池塘与大湖不同养殖模式翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)肌肉营养品质差异,试验分析了商品翘嘴鲌肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物元素含量等营养指标。结果表明:大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉水分含量显著低于池塘翘嘴鲌(P<0.05),粗蛋白质含量高于池塘翘嘴鲌,差异不显著(P>0.05)。池塘与大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉,除了赖氨酸和组氨酸以外(P<0.05),绝大部分氨基酸含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉的总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量分别较池塘翘嘴鲌高出2.72%、2.87%和2.50%。根据氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果,池塘与大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,赖氨酸相对含量最高,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为68.81和69.62。池塘翘嘴鲌的棕榈油酸(C16:1)含量显著高于大湖翘嘴鲌(P<0.05),而大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFAs)、高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFAs)、必需脂肪酸(EFA)、EPA+DHA含量则高于池塘翘嘴鲌(P>0.05)。试验检测了池塘与大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉11种矿物元素,其中镁有显著差异(P<0.05),重金属元素(铬、镉、铅)含量均在限量范围以内。综上所述,大湖养殖翘嘴鲌营养品质优于池塘养殖。     

非洲猪瘟自然弱毒株演变进程

自2018年非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)传入中国以来疫情得到了有效控制。但2021年以后,我国的ASF流行情况出现了新的变化,临床中出现了“自然变异株”。这些毒株可能导致感染后临床症状不典型,容易与其他疫病混淆等问题。这与国外的流行演变规律一致,即当ASF在一个国家或地区流行较长时间后,其临床表现将由急性发病转变为缓慢发病或出现新的临床表现。经过多年的观察积累,国外已经对该病毒的流行规律特别是自然弱毒株的演变进程有了大量记载,但国内目前尚无这方面的描述。为此,就ASF自然弱毒株的演变进程进行综述,从而提出加强血清学诊断产品研发、加快产业化报批进程、适时开展血清学监测追溯等建议,以期为我国ASF科学防控提供参考。